“If the 7 testimony is otherwise admissible under Rule 702, the fact that Waters worked for PSA does not 8 preclude his appearance as an expert witness for Hingson.”
How later courts described this case
- “If the 7 testimony is otherwise admissible under Rule 702, the fact that Waters worked for PSA does not 8 preclude his appearance as an expert witness for Hingson.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 PACIFIC STEEL GROUP, Case No. 20-cv-07683-HSG
8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’
MOTIONS TO EXCLUDE EXPERT
9 v. WITNESSES AND PLAINTIFF’S
MOTION TO STRIKE
10 COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY, et
al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 153, 156, 160, 205
11
Defendants.
12
13 Before the Court are Defendants Commercial Metals Company and its subsidiaries’
14 (collectively, “CMC”) motions to exclude expert witnesses and Plaintiff Pacific Steel Group’s
15 (“Pacific Steel”) motion to strike expert sur-reply report. Dkt. Nos. 153, 156, 160, 205. For the
16 reasons below, the Court DENIES the motions.
17 I. LEGAL STANDARD
18 Federal Rule of Evidence 702 allows a qualified expert to testify “in the form of an opinion
19 or otherwise” where:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
20 will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c)
21 the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable application of the principles
22 and methods to the facts of the case.
23 Fed. R. Evid. 702. Expert testimony is admissible under Rule 702 if it is both relevant and
24 reliable. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993). “[R]elevance
25 means that the evidence will assist the trier of fact to understand or determine a fact in
26 issue.” Cooper v. Brown, 510 F.3d 870, 942 (9th Cir. 2007); see also Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d
27 558, 564 (9th Cir. 2010) (“The requirement that the opinion testimony assist the trier of fact goes
1 testimony must “ha[ve] a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of the relevant
2 discipline.” Primiano, 598 F.3d at 565. To ensure reliability, the Court “assess[es] the [expert’s]
3 reasoning or methodology, using as appropriate such criteria as testability, publication in peer
4 reviewed literature, and general acceptance.” Id. at 564.
5 II. CMC’S MOTIONS
6 A. Theodore Griswold
7 CMC first contends that Theodore Griswold is unqualified to offer an opinion as to the
8 regulatory requirements for constructing a steel mill in California or anywhere else. Dkt. No. 153
9 (“Mot.”) at 2. According to CMC, Mr. Griswold has never worked on obtaining permits for a
10 minimill or any other type of rebar mill in California or elsewhere. See id. (citing Ex. 3 Griswold
11 Tr. at 84:2–6). Next, CMC argues that Mr. Griswold’s opinions should be excluded because his
12 extensive relationship with Pacific Steel makes him biased. See id. at 4.
13 Mr. Griswold is a partner at the Procopio Law Firm in San Diego and has over 30 years of
14 experience representing clients as an environmental attorney in California. Griswold Report at ¶
15 6. His work has entailed assisting clients with obtaining project approvals and permits, and in
16 opposing permit applications in connection with infrastructure, economic development, industry
17 and renewable energy projects. Id. Additionally, he assists clients in gaining project approvals
18 from federal, state, and local governments, and contests projects (mining, land fill, industrial, and
19 shipping) on behalf of clients seeking to address environmental concerns. See id. at ¶ 7–8. He
20 has won awards as a top-rated lawyer in energy law, environmental law, land use, and zoning. See
21 id. at Ex. 1 (“CV”) at 6.
22 Based on the proffered information, the Court finds that Mr. Griswold is qualified to offer
23 an opinion regarding the process for obtaining regulatory clearance for a large industry project (in
24 this case, a minimill). Mr. Griswold has extensive practical and legal experience in handling
25 complex matters for clients seeking regulatory clearance for industrial-scale projects. While CMC
26 is correct that none of Mr. Griswold’s representations explicitly involved “minimills,” the Court
27 finds his lack of prior experience with this particular type of project goes to the weight of his
1 1993) (“Ms. Clashin’s lack of particularized expertise goes to the weight accorded her testimony,
2 not to the admissibility of her opinion as an expert.”).
3 The Court finds that any purported bias also clearly goes to weight rather than
4 admissibility. “[E]vidence of bias goes toward the credibility of a witness, not his competency to
5 testify, and credibility is an issue for the jury.” United States v. Abonce-Barrera, 257 F.3d 959,
6 965 (9th Cir. 2001); see Hingson v. Pac. Sw. Airlines, 743 F.2d 1408, 1413 (9th Cir. 1984) (“If the
7 testimony is otherwise admissible under Rule 702, the fact that Waters worked for PSA does not
8 preclude his appearance as an expert witness for Hingson.”). Accordingly, the Court finds that
9 Mr. Griswold is qualified to offer testimony regarding the regulatory steps that Pacific Steel would
10 need to take to secure a mill in the greater Los Angeles Basin.1
11 B. Dominick DeSalvo and John Stanich
12 Next, CMC argues that the Court should exclude the expert opinions of Dominick DeSalvo
13 and John Stanich. See Dkt. No. 156 (“Mot.”). DeSalvo and Stanich submitted a joint expert
14 report opining that CMC blocked Pacific Steel from entering a binding contract with Danieli for a
15 MiDa micro mill for 487 days. According to DeSalvo and Stanich this delayed Pacific Steel from
16 constructing its mill project and caused damages (in the form of increased costs of labor, material,
17 equipment, and services necessary for the construction of the mill) totaling at least $17,985,961.
18 See Dkt. No. 156-5, Ex. 3 (“DeSalvo and Stanich Report”) at ¶ 6. They also opine that to the
19 extent Pacific Steel theoretically could have turned to alternative contractors rather than working
20 with Danieli, such “experienced, highly specialized contractors” were unavailable due to the large
21
22
1 CMC contends that if Mr. Griswold is permitted to testify, the Court should grant supplemental
discovery given his refusal to answer questions at his deposition on certain topics, specifically the
23
advice he personally provided to Pacific Steel with respect to its regulatory prospects of
constructing different kinds of steel mills. See id. at 6–7. To the extent Mr. Griswold refused to
24
answer questions during his deposition, he will be precluded from testifying as to those topics.
Oracle America, Inc. v. Google Inc., Case No. C 10-03561-WHA, 2012 WL 1189898, at *4 (N.D.
25
Cal. Jan. 4, 2012) (“In the interest of fairness, Mr. Lindholm cannot testify on matters he refused
to address during his deposition.”). The Court also finds that CMC has not shown that Mr.
26
Griswold “selectively disclos[ed]” attorney opinion or waived the attorney-client privilege
generally by testifying as he did. See Genentech, Inc. v. Insmed, Inc., 236 F.R.D. 466, 469 (N.D.
27
Cal. 2006) (“Waiver is not likely to be found when the statements alleged to constitute waiver do
1 number of mill projects under construction across the United States. According to DeSalvo and
2 Stanich, this means that Pacific Steel’s only alternative would be to work with “inexperienced
3 contractors,” and doing so would result in great financial loss. See id. at ¶¶ 17–25. CMC
4 challenges both conclusions, arguing that the 487-day delay conclusion is disconnected from the
5 facts and is unreliable, and that the “inexperienced contractors” argument is speculative and rests
6 on a suspect methodology. See generally Mot. The Court denies the motion as to both grounds.
7 As to the first opinion, CMC contends that DeSalvo and Stanich’s conclusion that CMC
8 delayed Pacific Steel’s mill construction by at least 487 days “follows from a single implausible
9 and counter-factual premise” that Pacific Steel could not make “even a single day’s worth of
10 progress towards constructing its anticipated mill during those 487 days.” Mot. at 4. CMC says
11 this opinion is fatally flawed because Pacific Steel actually undertook several necessary pre-
12 construction projects during the 487-day delay period. But the report focuses on the delay
13 impacting the “critical path of Pacific Steel’s mill project,” meaning that while Pacific Steel could
14 conduct certain preconstruction activity, there were certain critical tasks that could not be
15 completed prior a fully executed agreement. DeSalvo and Stanich Report at ¶ 6; see also Dkt.
16 180-3, Ex. 1 (“DeSalvo Tr.”) at 33:14-34:5 (“So it’s things that are progressing the project, but
17 they’re not progressing the important part of the project.”). The Court agrees with Pacific Steel
18 that CMC’s challenge is “an attempt to repackage its anticipated cross-examination” of DeSalvo
19 and Stanich as a Daubert motion. JH Kelly, LLC v. AECOM Tech. Servs. Inc., 605 F.Supp.3d
20 1295, 1318 (N.D. Cal. 2022). The inquiry into the admissibility of expert testimony is “a flexible
21 one” where “[s]haky but admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross examination, contrary
22 evidence, and attention to the burden of proof, not exclusion.” Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558,
23 564 (9th Cir. 2010).
24 CMC also argues that DeSalvo and Stanich’s damages calculation (based on the purported
25 487-day delay) is independently defective and “heaps additional unreliability onto an already
26 collapsed foundation.” Mot. at 8. DeSalvo and Stanich predicate their damages opinion on their
27 estimate, compiled by Stanich, of the increased construction costs Pacific Steel would incur in
1 planned in February 2023. DeSalvo and Stanich Report at ¶¶ 7, 44-45. CMC argues that their
2 estimate is “based on an exercise lacking anything approaching an appropriate methodology.” Id.
3 Specifically, CMC contends that the damages calculation relies on a uniform wage labor rate of
4 $100 per hour for seven different construction specialties. According to CMC, this is a
5 “contrived” and “shoddy” methodological approach that does not take into consideration the
6 varying prices rates for different specialties. Id. at 8–9. But this again goes to weight, not
7 admissibility. See United States for Use & Benefit of BergelCorp. v. Sauer, Inc., No. 5:18-CV-
8 00612-EJD, 2020 WL 470273, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 29, 2020) (“[E]xperts’ decisions about what
9 data to use in their analysis bear on the weight, not the admissibility of expert testimony.”).
10 CMC also seeks to exclude DeSalvo and Stanich’s expert testimony regarding the
11 unavailability of qualified contractors and the increased costs Pacific Steel would incur based on
12 having to wait for them to become available. Mot. at 12. CMC argues that this opinion is “sheer
13 speculation” and based on unreliable methodology. See id. at 12–19. Specifically, CMC contends
14 that DeSalvo and Stanich “rely in part on press releases disclosing various current and anticipated
15 steel mill construction projects around the country to infer that steel mill contractors must be
16 busy.” Mot. at 13. CMC contends that this is a conclusory and arbitrary assumption. According
17 to CMC, “those press releases do not specify the contractors working on the projects, the resources
18 or personnel committed by the contractors, or when they were retained, much less show that
19 particular contractors who are purportedly unavailable now would have been available had
20 [Pacific Steel] contacted them sooner.” Id. But DeSalvo and Stanich represent that they “(1)
21 researched all steel mill projects projected to start in 2023 and 2024, . . . (2) researched the
22 availability of steel mill contractors, . . . (3) obtained the costs of materials that would be used on
23 the project, . . . (4) obtained union labor rates, . . . [and] (5) reviewed contractor quotations
24 received by Pacific Steel.” DeSalvo and Stanich Report at ¶ 22. This is an adequate basis for the
25 opinion, and CMC will be able to test the validity of the assumptions through cross-examination.
26 Finally, CMC argues that the method DeSalvo and Stanich used to quantify the delta in
27 cost between using “inexperienced” versus “experienced” contractors is “novel, untested, and
1 DeSalvo and Stanich opine that if Pacific Steel had to hire inexperienced contractors, it would
2 result in at least 11% higher costs than it would incur working with experienced ones. DeSalvo
3 and Stanich Report at ¶ 25. They rely on their “own industry experience and the learning curve
4 theory.” Id. at ¶ 26. The learning curve theory explains “that with each repetition of a task, the
5 time taken to complete that same task again will decrease at a certain, observable rate.” Id. at ¶
6 27. “This decrease in time is due to the learning and experience gained by the individual or
7 organization performing the repeated task.” Id. The quantitative analysis takes the form of a
8 percentage that increases with the difficulty of improving efficiency. For example, in an “80%
9 Learning Curve,” each doubling of repetitions results in a 20% efficiency gain, whereas in a “90%
10 Learning Curve,” each doubling results in just a 10% efficiency gain. See id. at ¶ 27–30. CMC
11 argues that DeSalvo and Stanich’s opinion that a 90% Learning Curve applies to this case is
12 unsupported by any scholarly sources or publications. In response, Pacific Steel argues that CMC
13 ignores DeSalvo and Stanich’s “citation to several additional scholarly papers (one as recent as
14 2018) that apply the Learning Curve in a variety of industries, including the construction
15 industry.” Opp. at 15. This is an adequate basis to support the reliability of the opinion. “At the
16 end of the day, the appropriate way to discredit [this] theory [is] through competing evidence and
17 incisive cross-examination.” Murray v. S. Route Mar. SA, 870 F.3d 915, 925 (9th Cir. 2017).
18 C. Patrick Kennedy
19 Pacific Steel claims that the only viable way to compete in the proposed market is to have
20 a MiDa mill. It argues that the Danieli non-MiDa mills were inferior alternatives to the MiDa
21 technology. Patrick Kennedy, an economist hired by Pacific Steel, supports this conclusion. His
22 expert report opines that had Pacific Steel opted for a non-MiDa mill, it would have been “at a
23 material disadvantage when compared to technology that was available to [its] competitors.” Dkt.
24 160-7, Ex. 5 (“Kennedy Report”) at ¶ 117. According to Dr. Kennedy, an alternative mill would
25 have committed Pacific Steel to a technology with an earnings capacity that “was approximately
26 $19 million less per year than with the MiDa Mill at full capacity.” Id. CMC argues that the
27 Court should “exclude Dr. Kennedy’s opinion that it would have been irrational for [Pacific Steel]
1 Dr. Kennedy does not adequately explain how he reached his conclusions such that the Court
2 cannot assess whether his methods are reliable; and (2) Dr. Kennedy’ conclusions rest solely on a
3 profitability metric – Return on Capital Employed (“ROCE”) – that is not generally accepted in
4 the relevant community. Id. at 7–15.
5 “As a prerequisite to making the Rule 702 determination that an expert’s methods are
6 reliable, the court must assure that the methods are adequately explained.” United States v.
7 Hermanek, 289 F.3d 1076, 1094 (9th Cir. 2002) (collecting cases). The district court has a duty to
8 “act as a ‘gatekeeper’ to exclude junk science that does not meet Federal Rule of Evidence 702’s
9 reliability standards.” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 982 (9th Cir. 2011).
10 CMC argues that “Dr. Kennedy made no attempt to explain how he used some
11 combination of Pacific Steel’s WACC [(weighted average cost of capital)] and the ROCE tables
12 he calculated” to conclude that building a MiDa mill was viable but building Danieli’s alternative
13 mill was not. Mot. at 7. CMC also contends that Dr. Kennedy never articulates how he concluded
14 that building a MiDa mill is economically rational. Id. at 8. But Dr. Kennedy’s report explains
15 operating costs differences between the MiDa mill and the alternative mill. See Kennedy Report
16 at Figure 15. Dr. Kennedy explains how he arrived at various costs differences in personnel,
17 maintenance, supplies, gas, electrodes, rolling, and melt shop between the MiDa and alternative
18 mill. See id. And his analysis considered that over a range of historical average metal spreads, the
19 financial performance of the alternative mill would have dropped below Pacific Steel’s cost of
20 capital and comparable market-based required returns. See Kennedy Report at ¶¶ 48, 87–88, 103,
21 Figure 16. Unlike in Hermanek, where the “district court relied solely on [the expert’s] general
22 qualifications without requiring the [plaintiff] to explain the method [the expert] used to arrive at
23 his [conclusions],” Dr. Kennedy has adequately explained his methodologies here. Hermanek,
24 289 F.3d at 1094.
25 CMC also argues that ROCE is not an accepted economic basis for evaluating project
26 investment, making Dr. Kennedy’s opinion “contrived and unreliable.” Mot. at 10–15. But Dr.
27 Kennedy’s report details that ROCE is a methodology applied routinely in the steel industry. Dr.
1 investment decisions.” Kennedy Report at ¶ 67. He notes that Geradu (a leading global steel
2 producer) has represented that ROCE is a “critical consideration” in evaluating the profitability of
3 its business lines. Id. Several steel companies and other “capital-intensive companies” use
4 ROCE as well. See Dkt. No. 160-8, Ex. 6 (“Kennedy Reply Report”) at ¶¶ 26–35 (citing
5 statements on companies’ websites characterizing ROCE as (1) “the central performance measure”
6 for allocating capital expenditures; (2) “the key management indicator used to assess []
7 profitability”; and (3) “the one and only ratio to measure value creation”). Based on these
8 representations, the Court finds that there is sufficient evidence that this method is “generally
9 accepted in the relevant community,” see Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 119 S.Ct.
10 1167, 1176 (1999), and is not the type of “unreliable nonsense” warranting exclusion, see Alaska
11 Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Avis Budget Grp., Inc., 738 F.3d 960, 969 (9th Cir. 2013). Again, any
12 purported defects in the application of the methodology can be attacked on cross examination. See
13 Pelican Int’l., Inc. v. Hobie Cat Co., 2023 WL 2130379, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2023) (“[W]here
14 the methodology is reasonable . . . the gatekeeping role of the court is satisfied, and the inquiry on
15 the correctness of the methodology and of the results produced thereunder belongs to the
16 factfinder.”).
17 III. PACIFIC STEEL’S MOTION
18 A. Ramsey Shehadeh
19 In compliance with the Court’s Scheduling Order, Pacific Steel filed Dr. Kennedy’s
20 opening expert report, CMC filed Ramsey Shehadeh’s (“Dr. Shehadeh”) rebuttal expert report,
21 and Pacific Steel filed Dr. Kennedy’s reply expert report. Though the Court’s Scheduling Order
22 did not contemplate additional expert filings, CMC filed a “Declaration” of Dr. Shehadeh because
23 Dr. Kennedy’s expert reply “presented updated and wholly new calculations and methods.” Dkt.
24 190-14, Ex. 12 (“Shehadeh Decl.”) at ¶ 1. Pacific Steel moves to strike Dr. Shehadeh’s
25 declaration arguing that his “misleadingly styled” declaration is an expert sur-reply report that is
26 impermissible because the Court’s Scheduling Order did not allow sur-replies and the declaration
27 was filed after the close of expert discovery. Dkt. 205 (“Mot.”) at 3.
1 Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D). Expert rebuttal reports are “intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence on
2 the same subject matter identified by another party” in that other party’s expert disclosures.” Fed.
3 R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D)(ii). Accordingly, under Rule 26, parties are not allowed to use a rebuttal
4 report as a “backdoor to introduce analysis that could have been included in the opening report.”
5 City & Cnty. of S.F. v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. 18-CV-07591, 2022 WL 1203075, at *2 (N.D.
6 Cal. Apr. 22, 2022). Under Rule 26(e), a party may supplement expert reports “in a timely manner
7 if the party learns that in some material respect, the disclosure or response is incomplete or
8 incorrect.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e). Rule 37 provides that if a party fails to provide the information
9 required by Rule 26(a), “the party is not allowed to use that information or witness to supply
10 evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or
11 harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). When considering whether an untimely expert report is
12 substantially harmless or justified, the Court may consider various factors, including: (1) prejudice
13 or surprise to the party against whom the evidence is offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure
14 the prejudice; (3) the likelihood of disruption of the trial; and (4) bad faith or willfulness involved
15 in not timely disclosing the evidence. See Lanard Toys Ltd. v. Novelty, Inc., 375 F. App’x 705,
16 713 (9th Cir. 2010).
17 The Court denies Pacific Steel’s motion to strike. Dr. Kennedy’s reply report plainly
18 included significant new NPV and IRR analyses. Pacific Steel argues that these additional
19 analyses were advanced solely to explain that Dr. Shehadeh’s critique was immaterial because
20 NPV and IRR calculations lead to the same conclusions as Dr. Kennedy’s initial ROCE analyses.
21 See Dkt. 222 (“Reply”) at 4. But this “immateriality” argument is based on entirely new,
22 previously undisclosed analyses and calculations that were not included in the opening report.
23 This meant that Dr. Shehadeh was not able to respond to them in his rebuttal report. Courts in this
24 district have found that reply reports cannot raise new theories or analyses, because this practice
25 makes a fair response impossible. See e.g., Purdue Pharma L.P., 2022 WL 1203075, at *1–2
26 (“Dr. Keyes is responding to an identified omission in her report by performing a new analysis in
27 an attempt to fill the hole that Defendants' experts identified. This is not proper rebuttal
1 adverse party.’ She is offering a new model based on a new methodology in response to a
2 criticism of her opening report.”); Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, No. C-10-03561-WHA, 2011
3 WL 5572835, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2021) (“A party with the burden of proof on an issue
4 should not be allowed to secretly prepare an army of “rebuttal” experts to attack the opposition
5 reports. . . If they were allowed to do so, their work would not be subject to a direct response from
6 any opposing expert. This immunity, combined with the element of surprise, would be unfair.”).
7 Dr. Kennedy’s reply report offered “a new model based on a new methodology in response
8 to a criticism of [his] opening report.” Purdue Pharma L.P., 2022 WL 1203075, at *1–2. In
9 response, CMC submitted Dr. Shehadeh’s declaration, which principally addresses the NPV
10 analysis in Dr. Kennedy’s expert reply. In that declaration he claims that “Dr. Kennedy’s NPV
11 calculations yield results that contradict his ROCE-based analysis.” Shehadeh at ¶ 18. This filing
12 was “substantially justified” as a matter of basic fairness.2 Accordingly, the Court DENIES
13 Pacific Steel’s motion to strike.3
14
\\
15
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16
17
2 Courts have cited this element of simple fairness in allowing similar supplemental expert filings.
18
See, e.g., United States ex rel. Brown v. Celgene Corp., No. CV 10-3165 GHK (SS), 2016 WL
6542730, at *9 (C.D. Cal. June 29, 2016) (permitting sur-reply “to address any possible prejudice”
19
caused by plaintiff’s late disclosed report); Cellspin Soft, Inc. v. Garmin Int’l., Inc., No. 17-cv-
05934-YGR, 2021 WL 12171867, at *2–4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2021) (permitting two
20
supplemental rebuttal reports under Rule 26(e) based on incomplete information); Nat’l. Fire Prot.
Ass’n., Inc. v. UpCodes, Inc., No. 2:21-CV-05262-SPG-E, 2023 WL 5505888, at *7 (C.D. Cal.
21
Aug. 8, 2023) (permitting sur-rebuttal to remedy plaintiff’s late expert discovery disclosure).
22
3 Ordinarily, instead of filing what amounts to a sur-declaration, a party confronted with an expert
rebuttal report that it believes offers new analysis or theory not previously disclosed would simply
23
move to strike the new opinions. See e.g., Purdue Pharma L.P., 2022 WL 1203075, at *1
(“Defendants move to strike sections of the rebuttal reports of Plaintiff's experts Dr. Keyes and Dr.
24
Waldman. Defendants argue that the relevant sections of the reports offer new analyses and new
opinions that are improper for rebuttal reports.”). For whatever reason, CMC did not do so here,
25
and in the current posture, Dr. Shehadeh’s declaration is a necessary and fair response as
explained above. But fundamentally, the Court questions why the newly added analyses in Dr.
26
Kennedy’s reply report should not simply be stricken. Accordingly, the Court ORDERS the
parties to submit simultaneous briefs of no more than five pages explaining why the proper course
27
is not simply to strike both the new analyses in Dr. Kennedy’s reply report and Dr. Shehadeh’s
IV. CONCLUSION
CMC’s motions to exclude are DENIED. See Dkt. Nos. 153, 156, 160. Pacific Steel’s motion
2
to strike is also DENIED. See Dkt. No. 205.
3
IT IS SO ORDERED.
4
Dated: 6/25/2024
6 5. GILLIAM, JR. □□
7 United States District Judge
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