observing “it is proper to 27 take judicial notice” of “any state court dockets”
How later courts described this case
- observing “it is proper to 27 take judicial notice” of “any state court dockets”
- a finding that there was no constitutional violation 2 | means the qualified immunity defense is moot
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 ERLINDO RODRIGUEZ JR., Case No. 1:21-cv-0410 JLT BAM (PC)
12 Plaintiff, ORDER ADOPTING FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS, GRANTING
13 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT, AND DIRECTING THE
14 MENDOZA, et al., CLERK OF COURT TO CLOSE THE CASE
15 Defendants. (Docs. 44, 56)
16
17 Erlindo Rodriguez, Jr. asserts that the defendants, correctional officers at Kern Valley
18 State Prison, violated his civil rights arising under the Eighth Amendment. This action proceeds
19 against Mendoza for failure to protect and excessive force and against Campbell1 for excessive
20 force in violation of the Eighth Amendment. (See Docs. 1, 16.) Defendants seek summary
21 judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. 44.) For the reasons
22 set forth below, the magistrate judge’s Findings and Recommendations (Doc. 46) are adopted in
23 full, and the motion is GRANTED.
24 I. Findings and Recommendations
25 As an initial matter, the magistrate judge took judicial notice of court records from
26 Plaintiff’s criminal conviction in Kern County Superior Court, Case No. DF015911A, People of
27 the State of California v. Erlindo Rodriguez. (Doc. 56 at 5.) The criminal charges arose from the
28 1 Erroneously sued as “Cambell.”
1 incident involving Plaintiff and Mendoza on May 21, 2020, and based upon “Mendoza’s claim
2 that Plaintiff assaulted Mendoza by grabbing Mendoza’s arm and attempting to take Mendoza’s
3 pepper spray can.” (Id. at 14.) The magistrate judge found it was undisputed that “Plaintiff pled
4 guilty and was convicted of willfully and unlawfully attempting by means of threats or violence
5 to deter or prevent … Mendoza from performing his duties as an officer, and/or knowingly
6 resisting Defendant Mendoza by the use of force or violence while [he] was in the performance of
7 his duty as an officer, in violation of Penal Code § 69” (Id. at 7, citing RJN Exh. B “Felony
8 Abstract of Judgment” [Doc. 44-2 at 10]2.)
9 The magistrate judge found that Plaintiff did “not explicitly oppose Defendants’ argument
10 that the excessive force claim against Defendant Mendoza is Heck-barred,” although he disputed
11 certain facts of the criminal case. (Doc. 56 at 11, citing Doc. 48 at 1.) The magistrate judge
12 determined that accepting Plaintiff’s disputed version of the facts underlying the criminal
13 action—namely, that Plaintiff did not grab Mendoza’s wrist or attempt to take the pepper spray—
14 “would necessarily imply the invalidity of Plaintiff’s criminal conviction for the opposite version
15 of events.” (Id.) Because this would affect the duration of Plaintiff’s determinate sentence, the
16 magistrate judge found the excessive force claim is Heck-barred. (Id.)
17 The magistrate judge also determined undisputed facts did “not support a failure to protect
18 claim” against Mendoza. (Doc. 56 at 9.) Although Plaintiff asserted Mendoza failed to protect
19 Plaintiff by placing him in a cell with an inmate named Tran, the undisputed facts established
20 “Tran never struck or hit Plaintiff.” (Id. at 10.) The magistrate judge noted that Plaintiff told
21 Mendoza he was “incompatible” with his cellmate Tran, “Plaintiff did not give … any reason” as
22 to the incompatibility. (Id. at 6; see also id. at 10.) In addition, the magistrate judge noted that
23 Plaintiff admitted during his deposition that he, not Tran, was the aggressor in the underlying
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2 Although the magistrate judge indicated Plaintiff plead “guilty,” this information was not found on the cited
Abstract. Rather, the judgment indicates only that Plaintiff was convicted by plea. (Doc. 44-2 at 10.) According to
25 the docket of the Kern County Superior Court, Plaintiff entered a plea of nolo contendere to the charge of a violation
of Penal Code § 69 in Case No. DF015911A on November 9, 2021. The accuracy of the official records of Kern
26 County Superior Court—as contained on the court’s official website—cannot be questioned, and judicial notice may
be taken of the court docket. See Porter v. Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 954-55 (9th Cir. 2010) (observing “it is proper to
27 take judicial notice” of “any state court dockets”); see also Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Auth. v. City of
Burbank, 136 F.3d 1360, 1364 (9th Cir. 1998) (taking judicial notice of court filings in a related state court case).
Accordingly, the Court takes judicial notice of the docket in Case No. DF015911A, including the plea entered and
28 disposition date.
1 incident. (Id., citing Depo. 38:21- 39:1.) The magistrate judge determined that “Mendoza’s
2 intervention was required to protect Inmate Tran from Plaintiff’s attack, and at no point did
3 Plaintiff indicate he was in any danger from Inmate Tran.” (Id.) Consequently, the magistrate
4 judge found Plaintiff failed to establish that Mendoza violated his constitutional rights. (Id.)
5 Finally, the magistrate judge found “based on the undisputed facts, Plaintiff has failed to
6 show an actual connection between Defendant Campbell’s actions—helping to decontaminate
7 Plaintiff with water after his pepper spray exposure after Plaintiff regained consciousness—and
8 the alleged violation of Plaintiff’s rights[,] the use of force prior to Plaintiff’s loss of
9 consciousness.” (Doc. 56 at 12.) The magistrate judge noted:
10 Plaintiff states for the first time in his opposition that he knows he
was unconscious for about 4 seconds, and he is sure that the same
11 officers who told him “shut the fuck up” were the same officers who
assaulted him. (ECF No. 48, p. 1.) Although not explicit, it appears
12 Plaintiff now asserts that he is sure that Defendant Campbell is one of
the officers who assaulted him, because Plaintiff was only
13 unconscious for 4 seconds before he regained consciousness and saw
Campbell’s nametag.
14
Plaintiff provides no corroborating evidence for his assertion that he
15 was only unconscious for 4 seconds, despite testifying during his
deposition that he did not know how much time passed while he was
16 unconscious. UMF 22. As Plaintiff testified under penalty of perjury
that he was unconscious, the identification of Defendant Campbell
17 cannot be based on his personal knowledge, and Plaintiff has
provided no other method by which he could have discovered how
18 much time passed (such as looking at a clock, or conferring with an
individual who witnessed the events).
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20 (Id.) Thus, the magistrate judge found Plaintiff failed “to create a dispute of fact” based upon his
21 statement in opposition to the motion. (Id.)
22 The magistrate judge found it was not necessary to Defendants’ arguments related to
23 qualified immunity because Plaintiff failed to establish the defendants violated his constitutional
24 rights. (Doc. 56 at 10, 13.) The magistrate judge concluded Mendoza and Campbell are entitled
25 to summary judgment, and recommended the motion be granted. (Id. at 13.)
26 II. Objections
27 Plaintiff filed timely objections to the Findings and Recommendations. (Doc. 60.)
28 Plaintiff raises several arguments, including: (1) the Court erred by not addressing his claim
1 against a Doe defendant; (2) his claim against Mendoza for excessive force is not subject to a
2 Heck bar; (3) he “did a general negating of all contentions of Defendants[’] summary judgment;”
3 (4) there are disputes of material fact related to his claims; and (5) Defendants are not entitled to
4 qualified immunity. (See generally id. at 1-8.) Plaintiff also requests the Court take judicial
5 notice of his state court proceedings, testimony of Mendoza related to underlying use of force
6 incident, and CDCR records. (Id. at 7-8.)
7 III. Discussion and Analysis
8 A district judge may “accept, reject or modify, in whole or in part, the findings and
9 recommendations...” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). If a party files objections, “the court shall make a
10 de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed finding or
11 recommendations to which objection is made.” Id. A de novo review requires the Court to
12 “consider[] the matter anew, as if no decision had been rendered.” Dawson v. Marshall, 561
13 F.3d 930, 932 (9th Cir. 2009).
14 A. Ability to communicate with the Court
15 Plaintiff argues that he gave a “general negating of all contentions,” which the Court
16 should accept because “he does not read English properly [and] only made it to 8th grade.” (Doc.
17 60 at 2.) In addition, Plaintiff contends he is a “severe [emotionally disturbed person]- mental
18 health patient.” (Id.) The clarity of Plaintiff’s pleadings in this action—including the objections
19 raised in response to the Findings and Recommendations—contradicts the suggestion that he is
20 unable to read English sufficiently or communicate effectively with the Court due to his mental
21 health. Regardless, Plaintiff’s version of the incidents and arguments were properly considered
22 by the magistrate judge, who did not recommend summary judgment purely on the basis that
23 Plaintiff conceded arguments. (See Doc. 56 at 8-13.) Plaintiff’s objections related to his “general
24 negating” of contentions and his ability to communicate with the court are unpersuasive.
25 B. Request for judicial notice
26 Plaintiff requests the Court take judicial notice of transcripts of testimony from his
27 criminal court case, #DF015911A and “CDCR generated records relating to this case and facts.”
28 (Doc. 60 at 7.) The Federal Rules of Evidence permit judicial notice of a fact when it is “not
1 subject to reasonable dispute because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s territorial
2 jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot
3 reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). The Court previously took judicial notice of
4 the preliminary hearing testimony, as it was included in Defendants’ request for judicial notice
5 granted by the magistrate judge. (Doc. 44-2 at 13-21; Doc. 56 at 5.) The Court need not do so
6 again, and the request is denied as moot as to the preliminary hearing testimony. Plaintiff’s
7 request for judicial notice of the “CDCR generated records” is also denied, because he did not
8 identify specific records or their contents, such that the Court may find the records are not subject
9 to reasonable dispute.
10 C. New assertions in the objections
11 Plaintiff raises new facts under penalty of perjury in his objections. For example, Plaintiff
12 asserts that his failure to protect claim against Mendoza should proceed because Plaintiff
13 informed Mendoza that Plaintiff’s previous cellmate raped him, and Plaintiff and could not be
14 safely housed with any cellmate. (Doc. 60 at 3, 7.) In addition, Plaintiff contends he told
15 Mendoza that “Tran was part of [the] SNY-STG gang.” (Id. at 7.) However, Plaintiff did not
16 previously state—in his complaint, during his deposition, or in his opposition to the motion for
17 summary judgment—that he gave Mendoza a specific reason for the reported incompatibility
18 with Tran before being placed in the cell with him. (See generally Docs. 1, 44-4, 48.) Similarly,
19 Plaintiff now argues that he never doubted, or stated that he could not confirm, that Campbell was
20 one of the officers who used excessive force on Plaintiff after he was blinded by the pepper spray.
21 Plaintiff’s assertion is contradicted by his own deposition testimony when he testified that he did
22 not look at the officers who took him out to the yard, where he was reportedly assaulted by
23 correctional officers. (Doc. 44-4 at 29.) Plaintiff testified that he was knocked unconscious—and
24 he did not know for how long— and he identified Campbell for the first time after he regained
25 consciousness as the officer holding Plaintiff up while he was being decontaminated.3 (Id. at 23-
26 24, 25-26.)
27 3 Plaintiff’s deposition testimony was consistent with the verified complaint, in which he alleged he saw Campbell
after officers poured water on his face and he was “able to open [his] right eye and see” the name tag of the officer.
28 (See Doc. 1 at 4.)
1 Though the Court may not weigh the credibility of evidence on summary judgment, “[t]he
2 general rule in the Ninth Circuit is that a party cannot create an issue of fact by an affidavit
3 contradicting his prior deposition testimony.” Kennedy v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 952 F.2d 262, 266
4 (9th Cir. 1991). The Ninth Circuit explained, “[I]f a party who has been examined at length on
5 deposition could raise an issue of fact simply by submitting an affidavit contradicting his own
6 prior testimony, this would greatly diminish the utility of summary judgment as a procedure for
7 screening out sham issues of fact.” Id. While the “sham affidavit” rule “should be applied with
8 caution,” Sch. Dist. No. 1J v. ACandS, Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1264 (9th Cir. 1993), the Court finds the
9 new facts that should have been previously available to Plaintiff—which are now raised for the
10 first time in his objections and contradict all prior versions of events presented under penalty of
11 perjury in this action— are a “sham.” See Kennedy, 952 F.2d at 266–67. The identified
12 inconsistencies are clear, and the new facts now asserted by Plaintiff in the objections to identify
13 material disputes of fact will be disregarded.
14 D. Applicability of the Heck-bar
15 A claim against a law enforcement officer or agency is barred where “a judgment in favor
16 of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence.” Heck v.
17 Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994). If a criminal conviction “is fundamentally inconsistent
18 with the unlawful behavior for which section 1983 damages are sought, the 1983 action must be
19 dismissed.” Beets v. County of Los Angeles, 669 F.3d 1038, 1042 (9th Cir. 2012).
20 Plaintiff’s criminal case was based upon the incident between Plaintiff and Mendoza on
21 May 21, 2020— the same incident for which Plaintiff now seeks to hold Mendoza liable for
22 excessive force. Plaintiff was charged with a violation of Cal. Pen. Code § 69, which provides
23 “attempts, by means of any threat or violence, to deter or prevent an executive officer from
24 performing any duty imposed upon the officer by law, or … knowingly resist[ing], by the use of
25 force or violence, the officer, in the performance of his or her duty.” Plaintiff plead nolo
26 contendere to the charge. He now asserts the use of force by Mendoza during the incident was
27 excessive, and he “was pepper sprayed a second time with no good cause.” (Doc. 48 at 1; see
28 also Doc. 60 at 2.)
1 Plaintiff contends the magistrate judge failed to appreciate that he alleges two uses of the
2 pepper spray by Mendoza, and that his criminal case involved only the first spray. (Doc. 60 at 2.)
3 Plaintiff’s assertions are contradicted by the preliminary hearing record. During the preliminary
4 hearing, Mendoza reported that he first directed pepper spray towards Plaintiff’s face when
5 Plaintiff was fighting with Tran, after which Tran assumed a prone position. (Doc. 44-2 at 19-20;
6 Doc. 48 at 3-4.) Mendoza testified Plaintiff ran toward the cell door and grabbed Mendoza’s right
7 wrist, and Plaintiff was pepper sprayed a second time.4 (Id.) Thus, the criminal case clearly
8 involved the second use of pepper spray. The actions that formed the basis of Plaintiff’s
9 conviction cannot be separated from the alleged use of excessive force by Mendoza. Rather, as
10 the magistrate judge found, “[a]ccepting Plaintiff’s version of events—that Plaintiff did not grab
11 Defendant Mendoza’s wrist or attempt to take the pepper spray can, such that … [the] second
12 pepper spray burst was for no reason—would necessarily imply the invalidity of Plaintiff’s
13 criminal conviction for the opposite version of events.” (Doc. 56 at 11.) Consequently, the Court
14 adopts the finding of the magistrate judge that Plaintiff’s claim for excessive force against
15 Mendoza is barred by Heck.
16 E. Failure to protect claim against Mendoza
17 “[P]rison officials have a duty … to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other
18 prisoners.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994) (citation omitted). “The failure of
19 prison officials to protect inmates from attacks by other inmates may rise to the level of an Eighth
20 Amendment violation if prison officials know of and disregard a substantial risk of serious harm
21 to the plaintiff.” Thomas v. Hernandez, 2022 WL 1173339, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 20, 2022)
22 (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 847, Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036 (9th Cir. 2005)). Importantly,
23 a “plaintiff cannot demonstrate that prison officials were deliberately indifferent to a substantial
24 risk of harm if [the] plaintiff initiated the harm.” Farley v. Virga, 2013 WL 3992392, at *6 (E.D.
25 Cal. Aug. 1, 2013) (emphasis added).
26 The undisputed evidence before the Court does not establish Mendoza knew of, and
27 4 Mendoza testified that it was his partner, J. Morales, who used the pepper spray the second time to help Mendoza
break free from Plaintiff’s grasp. (Doc. 44-2 at 20; Doc. 48 at 3-4.) Regardless, it is undisputed that pepper spray
28 was used twice by officers during the underlying incident.
1 disregarded, a risk to Plaintiff if he was housed in a cell with Tran. Once placed in the cell,
2 Plaintiff pushed Tran to fight. (Doc. 44-4 at 13-14.) Plaintiff testified:
3 Tran didn’t want to fight. He didn’t want to fight. And I told him
that he needed to fight. And he raised his foot, and I punched his
4 foot, and that’s -- that’s when I grabbed him, and I put him in a
headlock, and the officer was watching the whole time. And when
5 I put him in the headlock, that’s when -- that’s when the Officer
Mendoza came and opened the tray slot door and started pepper
6 spraying us the first time.
7 (Id., Rodriguez Depo. 36:19- 37:3.) As the magistrate judge determined, the “undisputed
8 evidence in the record shows that Plaintiff was the aggressor in the fight with Inmate Tran,” and
9 “the evidence in the record does not support a failure to protect claim by Plaintiff against
10 Defendant Mendoza.” (Doc. 56 at 10.) Because Plaintiff was the aggressor and initiated the fight
11 with harm, he is unable to show Mendoza exhibited deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of
12 harm to Plaintiff. See Farley, 2013 WL 3992392, at *6.
13 Plaintiff now attempts to argue that “Mendoza had the constitutional duty to protect the
14 other inmates and to immediately single cell Plaintiff so that he won’t hurt others or himself.”
15 (Doc. 60 at 3, emphasis added). However, Plaintiff is unable to state a claim on behalf of “other
16 inmates,” such as Tran. See Jorss v. Schwarzenegger, 168 Fed. App’x 825, 826 (9th Cir. 2006)
17 (pro se litigants lack standing to bring claims on behalf of other prisoners). Furthermore, there is
18 nothing in the record to support a conclusion that Plaintiff was at a risk of harming himself, and
19 Plaintiff is unable to advance this new theory for his failure to protect claim at this juncture. See
20 Oden v. California, 2019 WL 397992, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2019) (“New legal theories are
21 not properly raised in objections to a [report and recommendation]”).
22 F. Excessive force claim against Campbell
23 Plaintiff contends Defendants did “not offer evidence to meet their burden” related to his
24 excessive force claim against Campbell. (Doc. 60 at 6.) Plaintiff misunderstands the burdens on
25 a motion for summary judgment. A party seeking summary judgment bears the “initial
26 responsibility” of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v.
27 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). However, “summary judgment should be entered, after
28 adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing
1 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
2 party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. The Supreme Court
3 explained that “failure of proof concerning an essential element of the ... case necessarily renders
4 all other facts immaterial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Since Plaintiff had the burden to identify
5 sufficient evidence to establish all elements of his claim against Campbell, his argument that
6 Defendants failed to offer any evidence to disprove his claim is unavailing.
7 As the magistrate judge determined, “based on the undisputed facts, Plaintiff has failed to
8 show an actual connection between Defendant Campbell’s actions—helping to decontaminate
9 Plaintiff with water after his pepper spray exposure after Plaintiff regained consciousness—and
10 the alleged violation of Plaintiff’s rights—the use of force prior to Plaintiff’s loss of
11 consciousness.” (Doc. 56 at 12.) Because Plaintiff failed to meet his burden to identify evidence,
12 including his own deposition testimony, that supported all elements of a claim for excessive force
13 against Campbell, the Court adopts the findings of the magistrate judge.
14 G. Claim against “John Dow”
15 Plaintiff notes that he originally named a “Doe” defendant, identified as “John Dow” and
16 “Jonh Dow” in the complaint. (Doc. 60 at 1; see also Doc. 1 at 1, 4.) Plaintiff contends the
17 magistrate judge improperly dismissed the Doe defendants. (Id., citing Docs. 14, 16.) According
18 to Plaintiff, he “made a timely objection to the magistrate judge authority to dismiss John Does
19 and requested that the District Judge review the dismissal order and also requested the
20 opportunity [for] discovery to identify by the name the John Does that also use[d] unnecessary
21 force along with Defendant Campbell.” (Id.) He asserts, “This Court has not made a ruling on
22 this motion.” (Id.) Further, Plaintiff reports that he learned the identity of “John Dow” is officer
23 J. Barraza. (Id. at 6.)
24 Significantly, Plaintiff’s assertions related to the dismissal of the “John Dow” defendant
25 are contradicted by the record. The magistrate judge screened Plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to
26 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), and found he stated cognizable claims against Mendoza and Campbell.
27 (Doc. 10 at 3-6.) The magistrate judge found Plaintiff failed “to state a cognizable claim against
28 the unnamed officer,” because Plaintiff did not allege facts supporting a conclusion that “there
1 were two officers involved in the incident when Plaintiff was taken outside and beaten.” (Id. at
2 6.) The magistrate judge granted Plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint. (Id. at 8.) The
3 Court informed him that alternatively, “he may file a notice informing the Court that he does not
4 intend to amend and he is willing to proceed only on his cognizable claims.” (Id.) On August 23,
5 2021, Plaintiff filed a notice stating: “I respectfully request to proceed only on the cognizable
6 claims.” (Doc. 12 at 1.) After receiving this response, the magistrate judge issued Findings and
7 Recommendations, reiterating the findings of the Screening Order and recommending the action
8 proceed only on the claims against Mendoza and Campbell, and “[a]ll other claims and
9 defendants be dismissed based on failure to state claims upon which relief may be granted.”
10 (Doc. 14 at 8.) The Court granted Plaintiff the opportunity to object to the recommendations—
11 including the dismissal of the “John Dow” as a defendant—but he did not. On October 6, 2021,
12 the assigned district judge reviewed the Findings and Recommendations, and adopted them in
13 full. (Doc. 16.) Thus, the defendant was dismissed by the district judge, not the magistrate judge,
14 and the magistrate judge did not take any action beyond the scope of her authority.
15 Moreover, Plaintiff did not at any time file an objection related to the authority of the
16 magistrate judge. Plaintiff also did not seek reconsideration of the order dismissing claim against
17 “John Dow,” or request permission to pursue discovery related to the identity. Even if Plaintiff
18 has since identified the “Doe” defendant, the dismissal was not due to the lack of a certain
19 identity, but rather Plaintiff’s failure to state a cognizable claim. To the extent Plaintiff now
20 seeks reconsideration of the dismissal, he has not identified any legal basis to support such a
21 request. Accordingly, the objections related to the Doe defendant are unavailing.
22 H. Qualified immunity
23 Plaintiff argues that Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity on the claims
24 raised. (Doc. 60 at 6-7.) The Court need not reach the issue of qualified immunity because
25 Plaintiff failed to meet his burden to show all elements are satisfied for his alleged constitutional
26 violations. See Dehne v. City of Reno, 222 Fed. App’x 560, 562 (9th Cir. 2007) (“The issue of
27 qualified immunity does not arise where there was no violation of a statutory or constitutional
28 right”); see also C.F. v. Capistrano Unified Sch. Dist., 656 F. Supp. 2d 1190, 1194 (C.D. Cal.
1 | 2009), aff'd 654 F.3d 975 (9th Cir. 2011) (a finding that there was no constitutional violation
2 | means the qualified immunity defense is moot).
3 | IV. Conclusion and Order
4 In accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the Court performed a de
5 || novo review of this case. Having carefully reviewed the matter, including Plaintiff's objections,
6 | the Court concludes the Findings and Recommendations are supported by the record and by
7 | proper analysis. Thus, the Court ORDERS:
8 1. The Findings and Recommendations issued on August 30, 2024 (Doc. 56), are
9 ADOPTED in full.
10 2. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (Doc. 44) is GRANTED.
11 3. Judgment SHALL be entered in favor of Defendants Mendoza and Campbell and
12 against Plaintiff Erlindo Rodriguez, Jr.
13 4. The Clerk of Court is directed to close this case.
14
15 IT IS SO ORDERED.
16 Dated: _ September 30, 2024 Charis [Tourn
TED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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