Varro and Varro

716

Argued and submitted September 20, affirmed November 27, 2019

In the Matter of the Marriage of

Zoltan A. VARRO,

Petitioner-Appellant,

and

Cynthia VARRO,

Respondent-Respondent.

Josephine County Circuit Court

14DR09069; A166157

454 P3d 35

In this domestic relations case, husband appeals a general judgment of disso-

lution, an order, and two supplemental judgments. Among other rulings, husband

assigns error to the trial court’s award of transitional spousal support to wife

and the trial court’s denial of his motion to modify that award. Husband argues

that modification of the award is appropriate because wife obtained employment.

Held: The trial court did not err. With regard to the trial court’s award of transi-

tional spousal support, the trial court adequately considered the factors provided

in ORS 107.105(1)(d)(A) in fashioning its award and did not abuse its discretion.

With regard to the trial court’s denial of husband’s motion to modify the award

of transitional spousal support, when the trial court made that award, it antic-

ipated that wife would obtain employment and, consequently, wife obtaining

employment was not an unanticipated change in economic circumstances.

Affirmed.

Thomas M. Hull, Judge. (Judgments)

Michael Newman, Judge. (Order)

John C. Howry argued the cause for appellant. Also on

the briefs was The Law Office of John C. Howry, P. C.

Kendell H. Ferguson argued the cause for respondent.

Also on the brief was Sorenson, Ransom, Ferguson & Clyde,

LLP.

Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Tookey, Judge,

and Aoyagi, Judge.

TOOKEY, J.

Affirmed.

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 717

TOOKEY, J.

In this domestic relations case, which turns on evi-

dence presented during the dissolution proceedings con-

cerning the nature of dental training and the business of

dentistry, husband appeals a general judgment of dissolu-

tion, an order, and two supplemental judgments. Husband

assigns error to, among other things, the trial court’s

(1) award of transitional spousal support to wife, and specif-

ically the amount and the duration of that award; (2) denial

of husband’s motion for reconsideration regarding the award

of transitional spousal support to wife, which husband filed

after wife found employment as a dentist; and (3) denial of

husband’s motion to modify the award of transitional spou-

sal support to wife, which husband argued was appropriate

due to wife’s employment as a dentist.1 For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

I. FACTS, STANDARD OF REVIEW, AND

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Husband requests de novo review; however, because

we do not consider this to be an exceptional case, we decline

to exercise our discretion to apply such review. See ORS

19.415(3)(b) (we have discretion to apply de novo review in

equitable actions); ORAP 5.40(8)(c) (stating that we will

exercise our discretion to apply de novo review only in

“exceptional cases”).

Having declined husband’s request for de novo

review, “we are bound by the trial court’s express and

implicit factual findings if they are supported by any evi-

dence in the record.” Stewart and Stewart, 290 Or App 864,

866, 417 P3d 438 (2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).

If the trial court did not make express findings on a partic-

ular issue in dispute, “we assume that the trial court found

the facts in a manner consistent with its ultimate conclu-

sion.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). We state the

facts consistently with that standard.

1

Husband also assigns error to various trial court rulings concerning par-

enting time, custody, and attorney fees. We reject those assignments of error

without discussion.

718 Varro and Varro

In 2003, wife graduated from dental school. In 2004,

wife met husband and they married in April 2006. At that

time, wife was employed full time as a dentist, and husband

was completing a radiology residency at Oregon Health &

Science University (OHSU) in Portland, Oregon, the city

in which wife was raised, and wife’s mother and stepfather

reside.

During their marriage, wife discussed with hus-

band the possibility of opening her own dental practice.

During the dissolution proceedings, evidence was presented

that wife wanted to open her own dental practice for sev-

eral reasons, including “being successful as a dentist” and

because owning a practice gives dentists an opportunity to

“pick [their own] salary,” insofar as they get to determine

how many hours per week they work. Wife also believed

that she would have greater control over her schedule if

she owned a practice than if she pursued other avenues of

employment in the dental field, and that would allow her to

cater to her children’s schedules. Additionally, wife believed

that she might be able to earn more money working a few

days a week in a dental practice that she owned than in a

dental practice that she did not own. In short, her ideal sit-

uation would be owning her own practice.

In June 2007, a little over a year after they were

married, wife and husband moved to Vacaville, California,

so that husband could complete a four-year commitment to

the United States Air Force (USAF). Husband made that

commitment prior to beginning his residency at OHSU,

because he believed that it would make him a more compet-

itive candidate when applying for radiology residencies.

After wife and husband moved to Vacaville, wife did

not immediately start working outside the home because, as

husband explained during the dissolution proceedings, wife

and husband had just moved and they were trying to start a

family. In June 2008, wife and husband had their first child.

Beginning in January 2009, husband was deployed

overseas, and wife started working as a dentist one day per

week. Around June or July 2009, when husband returned

from deployment, wife began working two days per week

as a dentist, primarily treating pediatric patients, which

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 719

differs in many respects from treating adult patients. Wife

stopped working around June 2010. In November 2010, the

parties had their second child.

Around June 2011, after husband’s USAF commit-

ment ended, the parties returned to Portland so that hus-

band could complete a one-year radiology-related fellowship

at OHSU. Wife was not working outside the home during

husband’s fellowship in Portland.

In June or July 2012, after husband had completed

his fellowship, wife and husband moved to Grants Pass,

Oregon, where husband had received a job offer to work

as an associate in a radiology practice. Wife and husband

would have preferred to stay in Portland, but the job market

for radiologists did not allow for it.

In August 2012, wife obtained employment working

one day per week as a dentist in Grants Pass.2 Wife expe-

rienced difficulty in that position. During the dissolution

proceedings, wife explained that, in that position, she per-

formed only the dental procedures that she felt she could

perform without engaging in malpractice, which were “very

limited,” given her sporadic and limited work as a dentist

following wife and husband’s move to Vacaville. She also

explained that she was not confident with the procedures

that she was performing at that job.

In August 2013, husband became a partner at the

radiology practice in Grants Pass. As a result, husband’s

income increased. He earned $496,266 in 2014 and approxi-

mately $542,000 in 2015.3

In contrast to husband’s continued career success

and upward advancement, in April 2014, wife’s position at

the dental clinic where she worked was eliminated. Wife

explained during the dissolution proceedings that her posi-

tion was eliminated by her employer’s chief financial officer,

2

Wife increased her schedule to two days a week during a subsequent two- or

three-month period.

3

During the dissolution proceedings, husband testified that his salary in

2015 was an outlier, because it included an approximately $42,000 payment that

he would not receive in future years. As noted below, however, husband’s income

remained significant in 2016 and 2017.

720 Varro and Varro

and that there was “probably a correlation” between the

elimination of her position and her failure to “produce[ ]” at

that job, and that at that job she “fell short” of the dental

clinic’s goals.

In December 2014, husband filed a petition for dis-

solution and took the position that wife should be “awarded

limited and reasonable transitional spousal support.” Wife,

for her part, sought spousal support and asked the trial

court to allow her to move to Portland.

Wife explained that she sought spousal support

because she would “need help with transitioning back into

[her] field” and she believed that husband had left her in

a very bad position. She had, in her view, sacrificed her

career for her family so that husband could build his career,

but once he reached the “top of his field” and was making

“over half a million a year,” husband “kicked [her] to the

curb.” She had “stopped everything” and “followed [hus-

band] around,” trusting that husband would “be [there] for

[her],” but, instead, he was not. Wife explained that she was

47 years old and was “starting from scratch.”

With regard to relocating to Portland, wife believed

that relocating to Portland would increase the likelihood

that she would be able to “actually really make it” as a

dentist.4 During the dissolution proceedings, evidence was

presented that the demographics of the Portland market

would increase the likelihood of wife being able to open

a successful dental practice. That is, in part, because the

patient-to-dentist ratio in the Rogue Valley, where Grants

Pass is located, makes it a “bad market” for someone to open

a dental practice, and the demographics in Portland are

“much better.”5 As a result, a dentist opening a practice in

the Rogue Valley would need to spend a substantial amount

of money and time marketing the practice for it to become

successful.

4

Wife also sought to move to Portland to be closer to her family.

5

Specifically, evidence was presented during the dissolution proceedings

that for a full-time dentist to be successful she or he needs 1500 to 1800 active

patients, but the ratio of dentists to patients in the Rogue Valley is one dentist per

620 patients. Further, the “target population” for dentists in private practice is

patients with an annual income of $50,000 or more, and once that is considered,

the ratio in the Rogue Valley is one dentist per 220 patients.

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 721

Evidence was also presented during the dissolu-

tion proceedings that the Rogue Valley is a better market

in which to purchase an existing practice than it is to open

a new practice. But, while approximately 32 dental practices

were for sale in Portland around the time of the dissolution

proceedings, only one dental practice was for sale within a

60-mile radius of Grants Pass, and that practice was listed

at $815,000. As one witness observed during the dissolution

proceedings, $815,000 is “a lot of dentistry.”

During the dissolution trial, the parties thoroughly

litigated wife’s employability and earning potential as a

dentist, and presented evidence regarding various aspects

of the dental industry; as is relevant to our analysis, we

summarize some of the evidence below.

Husband called the manager of a vocational reha-

bilitation firm, Stan Potocki, who husband’s attorney had

been retained to “do an assessment of the employability of”

wife. Potocki opined that wife was “of course” employable as

a dentist, because she was licensed to practice dentistry, and

that wife needed no additional training to reenter the labor

market. Potocki also opined that wife could find part-time

employment in three months and full-time employment in

six months.

Potocki also explained that there are different niches

in the labor market for dentists. Specifically, according to

Potocki, dentists can (1) open their own practice and be

self-employed, (2) work as an associate dentist at a private

practice as, “in essence,” an employee, or (3) work in the pub-

lic sector at a clinic. In his view, wife would be employable in

any of those scenarios, but noted that “opening a practice[ ]

would take quite a bit more of an endeavor businesswise.”

Potocki also stated that public sector dentistry typically

pays less than private sector dentistry.

With respect to what wife could earn as a dentist,

Potocki opined that wife, working full time as an associate

dentist, would have an “initial wage-earning capacity” of

$145,000 in the “Southern Oregon area.” He explained that

“earnings for dentists are sometimes driven by production”—

i.e., how many patients you see per day and how many

procedures you do—and that a dentist can attain higher

722 Varro and Varro

earnings, “in the hundred and seventy-five-thousand-dollar

range * * * if they’re moderately productive,” and “on task

quite regularly.”

Additionally, Potocki acknowledged that wife’s skills

might be “rusty” and that certain procedures might take

her longer initially than they would have had she not taken

time away from the practice of dentistry.

Husband also called a dentist, John Hendy, who

testified that it is “pretty common” for associate dentists

to make $250,000 per year, but, to do so, the “number one

thing is[ ] efficiency.” He also testified that some associate

dentists make as much as $300,000 per year and that it is

possible to start a dental practice and to work only two or

three days per week.

Wife and wife’s witnesses took a less optimistic view

of wife’s employability.

Wife testified that she believed that, if she applied

for jobs as a dentist she could obtain employment, but she did

not believe that she would be able to stay employed because

her “skill level” and her “knowledge ha[d] declined,” her

“production was low [at her] last job,” and she was not sure if

she would be able to “produce” or “perform the procedures.”

Additionally, wife testified that she would need at

least a year, and possibly two years, of continuing education

courses to practice dentistry successfully without commit-

ting malpractice, and that she needed to take a lot of con-

tinuing education courses before she could perform dentistry

at a level commensurate with “today’s standard of practice.”

The cost for such courses could be around $100,000, includ-

ing travel and lodging. Wife explained that she had grad-

uated in 2003, and that since that time there have been

developments in dentistry, insofar as the technology of den-

tistry has changed. She had, in her view, “missed out on

major concepts” since “taking time off for the children.” Wife

testified that she could not currently “do” “braces,” “bridges

and implants,” “crowns and caps,” “dentures” “complex

[extractions],” “gum surgery,” “oral cancer examinations,”

“root canals,” “teeth whitening,” “veneers,” “X-rays,” “laser

dentistry,” and had never used a “CEREC” machine. (Some

capitalization omitted.).

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 723

Wife further testified that, after she completed the

continuing education she required so as to not commit mal-

practice, she would like to buy a practice, but, if she could

not buy an existing practice because she was in Grants Pass,

she ideally would find a job in private practice.

Wife also called a consultant for dental businesses,

Rhonda Savage, a dentist, who testified that, given wife’s

current skill level, wife was “unemployable.” In Savage’s

view, wife’s “skills are fillings,” and Savage noted that wife

does not even “feel she does those well.” Savage testified

that, without further training, if wife did any dental proce-

dure other than fillings, wife would be at risk of malpractice

and that, even if wife only did fillings, she might be at risk

of malpractice if the quality was poor. Savage testified that

based on wife’s work history and “what [wife] has produced,”

wife did not have the skill set required to work in corporate

dentistry or private practice.

Savage also opined on the difference between den-

tistry in a rural area and a more urban environment. She

explained that, especially in rural areas, patients “like the

general dentist to do as much as they can” because there

are fewer specialists available, and because many patients

in rural areas do not have income sufficient to pay for treat-

ment by specialists.

Further, in Savage’s view, general dentists who are

“really successful” have a variety of skills and, although

they “may refer core complex cases,” successful general den-

tists are able to do “moderate to minor surgical procedures,”

“treat [mild to moderate] periodontal disease,” and have the

ability to do orthodontics. But to do those things, Savage

explained, general dentists must “have the training to do

[them] at the level of the specialist” or the dentist perform-

ing them is at risk of malpractice.

Savage also testified that wife needs additional

training, that wife’s skills would take time to develop, and

that if wife is “not at the same level of knowledge as a spe-

cialist, an orthodontist, an[ ] endodontist, or root canal spe-

cialist, a periodontist, and she’s treating these cases inap-

propriately, it would increase her risk of malpractice.”

724 Varro and Varro

Savage also opined that wife was “11 years behind

[the] colleagues” that wife went to dental school with, and

that it would take wife “a lot of time” to develop the skills

necessary to run a practice. Savage noted it would take two

years to “learn not only the business side” of dentistry, but

also “to present the dentistry to support [a] practice.” Savage

explained that for wife to successfully attract and keep

patients—as is necessary for a dentist to run a successful

dental practice—wife would need to “project confidence and

have confidence in her skills,” and that in a “private practice

setting it typically takes two years before a dentist is really

competent.”

Savage opined that, if wife were to purchase the

$815,000 practice that was for sale in the Rogue Valley, wife

would “set herself up for failure and bankruptcy” because

wife does not have the “skills that could support that type

of production, the knowledge to diagnose, [or] the knowledge

to produce the dentistry.” She explained that to maintain a

practice of that size, given wife’s current skill level, Savage,

as a consultant, “would need to almost come and live in her

practice.” And, Savage added that, if wife was to open her

own practice at her current skill level, wife would likely “go

bankrupt” and “lose some money.”

Savage testified that full-time coaching would be

beneficial to wife in running her own practice, which annu-

ally, for someone with wife’s limited experience, would cost

approximately $54,000, for a minimum of two years, and

that many of Savage’s clients use her as a consultant for

“five or six years” after “the initial level.”

Savage further opined that “[h]ands-on courses”

would be very important for wife to build her skills and a

“continuum of practice would be important where she would

work with a mentor and review cases.” She noted a person

can “easily” spend “$20,000, $30,000, $40,000 on a class like

that,” if they own a practice, “because you have to step away

from the practice.” That is, there is “the actual cost of the

classes, * * * lost production, and * * * travel time and costs

that are also involved in that kind of a learning practice.”

Wife also called another witness, who testified that,

in her experience, public dentistry, as a “type of practice,” is

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 725

typically not a “long-term thing” for dentists, in part because

the procedures performed tend to be more physically taxing

than those performed in private dentistry.

On January 26, 2017, the trial in the dissolution pro-

ceeding concluded. During closing argument, wife renewed

her requests for permission to move to Portland and an

award of spousal support. Husband argued that the court

should deny wife’s request to relocate to Portland and not

award wife any spousal support going forward, but that, if

the court was going to award transitional support, it should

be for a short duration.

On March 29, 2017, the trial court issued a letter

opinion addressing the multitude of issues that were liti-

gated during the dissolution proceedings. As relevant here,

the trial court denied wife’s request for permission to move

to Portland and ordered that wife obtain the approval of the

court before moving more than 60 miles from Grants Pass.

The trial court explained that it reached that determination

for the following reasons:

“The parties as well as the experts who testified in

regard to custody and parenting time, both favor the par-

ties to reside close to each other to allow for parenting

exchanges often and with the most reasonable and lim-

ited amount of time consumed by exchanges/transfers.

[Husband] wishes to restrict the parties to close proximity

and that [wife] not move to Portland, at least not with-

out [husband] having a comparable position and income

in Portland. It is clear that [husband] is able to and he

has fashioned his job’s timing and days off to allow for

the most flexible schedule possible to provide for limited

exchange time. Living in the same location is an advan-

tage to the children without doubt. It was clear that there

was no present position available in the Portland area

that would provide the same income, or the same flexibil-

ity [to husband] to facilitate parenting. He has considered

Portland work and has applied but with no success.

“It is difficult to discuss parenting and a limitation

on [wife] in regard to Portland, without considering

her position as a licensed dentist. Evidence was signif-

icant from [husband] with regard to the present ability

of [wife] to obtain employment and to work now. [Wife]

presented witnesses as well as testimony that she is

726 Varro and Varro

currently unable to practice dentistry at this time or

without additional training and for up to two years. Her

establishing a private dentist office is more difficult,

would require additional investment, and more time.

It is also clear that opportunities for [wife] in dentistry

are more in number, and would strongly suggest that

Southern Oregon would be more limited and less condu-

cive for her success given her circumstances.

“I am inclined and do order that [wife] before mov-

ing more than 60 miles from Grants Pass, must obtain

approval of the court to do so at further hearing. I con-

clude it is in the best interests of the children, especially

at their current age, that both parties remain residing

within that 60-mile radius. And this limitation applies

to both parties.”

The court then explained that its conclusion that

wife would need to obtain the approval of the court before

moving more than 60 miles from Grants Pass had an effect

on “the amount and tenure of spousal support” that it

intended to award to wife.6 It explained that, because

wife “is being limited from access [to] the Portland mar-

ket for dentists, support should be more significant in

time and amount. The location of the family, while bene-

ficial, it has a cost to [wife] as well.”

The court then explained why it was awarding

transitional spousal support, but not compensatory spousal

support:

“I am not awarding compensatory support as I do not

find the purposes therefore a part of the facts of this case.

I likewise do not find that indefinite support is appropri-

ate. [Wife] has a license to practice dentistry. Given time

she can hone her skills to become a competent dentist and

develop and maintain a practice. Therefore I focus on tran-

sitional support in order for [wife] to re-engage her profes-

sion that she effectively left almost 10 years ago to have

children and raise them, for the most part being a stay

at home mom, and to alter her lifestyle to accommodate

that profession.

6

The general judgment of dissolution of marriage provides that both hus-

band and wife “should obtain prior approval of the court before moving outside

the urban growth boundary for the city of Grants Pass.”

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 727

“This is not what I call a high current asset divorce

however it is one of high income and a potential for con-

servation and accumulation of assets. While [wife’s]

income may become significant it will not approach

[husband’s] income. [Wife] has been relying in signifi-

cant part or in most part upon [husband’s] income, while

raising the parties’ two boys. She did work outside the

home before the children and after the marriage, but

since then, her time in gainful employment has been

very limited.

“There was testimony from [husband] that both

parties expected [wife] to become gainfully employed

at some point. [Wife] contradicts this perspective, and

she advises that there was no agreement when or if she

would re-establish her practice. After birth of the chil-

dren [wife] attempted to work up to 1 day a week, which

employment failed and she withdrew therefrom.

“* * * * *

“The law in Oregon does not favor or expect the court

to categorize marriage as long, mid or short term. The

length of marriage has probably more to do with prop-

erty division than support, however, it is clear the law

expects a youthful party that can work or educate and

support themselves to do so. Here, [wife] is 47 years of

age. She has an extensive education, though she has

never developed a dentistry practice and certainly so far

has given up the opportunity to do so during the mar-

riage. The court expects her to become self­supportive

over a period of time.

“Of significant importance also is the court’s obliga-

tion to leave the parties with a lifestyle not over dispro-

portionate to the lifestyle enjoyed during the marriage.

While the court with all of its objectives cannot do so

for the life of [wife] it is a consideration. Also overall the

court [has] defined divisions of assets and support that

is just and equitable, which I have attempted to do so

with the consideration of a property division, and sup-

port as follows.”

The trial court’s letter opinion then awarded transi-

tional spousal support as follows:

• $10,000 per month for the first two years (February

2017 through January 2019);

728 Varro and Varro

• $5,000 per month for the following three years

(February 2019 through January 2022); and

• $2,500 per month for the following two years

(February 2022 through January 2024).

In May 2017, wife signed an employment agreement

to work three days per week as a dentist at a public health

dental clinic, earning approximately $127,509 per year.

That agreement took effect in June 2017, and wife started

seeing patients in July 2017, approximately six months after

the end of the trial in the dissolution proceedings.

Also in July 2017, husband filed a motion titled

“Motion to Reconsider Spousal Support, Child Support,

Parenting Time and Attorney Fees and Order New Evi-

dentiary Hearing.” In that motion, husband argued that

wife’s “lack of employment was a relevant if not one of the

most important factors in the court reaching its decision on

Spousal Support, Child Support, Parenting Time and pay-

ment of Attorney Fees.” Husband took the position that the

court should reconsider the conclusions it reached in its

March 29, 2017, letter opinion, because wife “was able to

find employment as a dentist within 3 months of the court’s

decision.”

On September 29, 2017, the court issued a letter

opinion denying husband’s motion for reconsideration. In

that letter opinion, the court explained that

“[t]he primary issues raised in the motion[—]support, cus-

tody and parenting time[—]are certainly significant, but

have also been raised and thoroughly litigated multiple

times. Truly the issue of [wife’s] ability to earn an income

and reenter dentistry practice was also thoroughly contem-

plated during this case and trial.”

Around the same time, a draft judgment of disso-

lution of marriage was prepared. Husband objected to a

provision of the draft judgment providing that, “[b]ecause

wife is being limited from access [to] the Portland market

for dentists, [transitional spousal] support should be more

significant in time and amount.” After considering hus-

band’s objection, in a July 14, 2017, letter opinion, the trial

court denied husband’s request to remove that language,

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 729

explaining that wife’s limited access to the Portland mar-

ket was relevant to its award of transitional spousal support

because it impacted “how long it may take [wife] to establish

herself as a dentist and with a private practice.” The court

also noted that as “a result of the children [wife] worked

less, gave up the opportunity to become an established den-

tist or develop her own private practice.”

On October 9, 2017, husband filed a motion to show

cause seeking to, among other things, terminate or reduce

husband’s “spousal support obligation due to the change in

[wife’s] income.” At a March 19, 2018, evidentiary hearing

concerning that motion, husband argued that the “basis for

the modification is that [wife] now has employment” and “a

substantial income,” which is a “change from the time of the

trial and that qualifies for a change in circumstance.”

Additionally, at that evidentiary hearing, wife testi-

fied that, although she was employed as a dentist, her skills

remained limited and she needed “a lot” more continuing

education to be able to do “everything a regular dentist

would do.” She also explained that at work she was doing

“just really simple stuff,” like “simple filings” and “[s]imple

extractions,” but even with respect to extractions, she was

“probably the weakest of all the dentists” in the clinic where

she worked. Wife also testified that she was unable to do all

of the procedures offered by the clinic where she worked.

Additionally, wife testified that, since the trial, she

had taken continuing education courses and was working

to develop the skills that she needed to work as a dentist

in the public sector. She explained that she needed fewer

continuing education courses to start practicing in the pub-

lic sector than in the private sector. She also testified that

the majority of dentists own a practice, and with regard to

the cost of continuing education for dentists, that it can cost

“$15,000 to $20,000 just to learn how to do an implant” and

“everybody is doing implants nowadays.”

Husband provided testimony reflecting that his

income in 2016 was $536,417 and in 2017 it was $580,270.

In a May 7, 2018, letter opinion, the trial court

denied husband’s motion to modify the transitional spousal

730 Varro and Varro

support award. The trial court explained its reasoning as

follows:

“It is evident that [wife] has taken employment, that is,

public employment as opposed to her own private office,

as a dentist. She is earning approximately $120,000 per

year, having begun employment in July of 2017. [Husband]

has moved to amend the terms of the judgment regard-

ing spousal support. I have previously noted at trial and

hearing also, support for [wife] was established with a view

to the future, and with the assumption that [wife] would

find work, and frankly, if she did not, the judgment inten-

tionally provided a means for [wife] to become adequately

trained/refreshed in her dentistry skills to enable her, at

her choice to become employed or begin her own private

practice. In all circumstances the choice was hers, but she

was given a limited amount of resources and time to reach

an employable point. This was based upon consideration of

the future as to availability for employment, training, edu-

cation and the like. The judgment was clearly reached from

that standpoint and point of view.

“[Husband’s] position is that she is now employed as

anticipated and that support should be ended. Case law

requires that a change in economic circumstances must not

have been contemplated at the time of judgment. I point out

that [wife] is in a limited practice and that she still is in

need of additional training, which training and time was

anticipated in the judgment * * *. There was no set time for

[wife] to become employed and the judgment was entered in

order to encourage her to become trained and self­sufficient.

Presumably, [husband] would have moved to end support

at any time [wife] got a job, no matter when employed or

what job. There was certainly no expectation in the judg-

ment that support would end as soon as she did find or

accept a position, as the judgment could have easily said

same if that was my conclusion and intention. This is a case

where the future for [wife] was completely and sufficiently

litigated. Nothing was left out or to speculation. There has

been no change in circumstances to warrant a change in

support.

“That being the case, I find no evidence to suggest

the judgment did not cover the situation of [wife] gain-

ing employment and at any time. And certainly the level

of income and more than [wife] is currently earning was

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 731

anticipated in the evidence at trial. There is no suggestion

of fraud or untoward conduct on [wife’s] part.

“The motion to change support is denied and the judg-

ment stands.”

II. ANALYSIS

A. The Trial Court’s Award of Transitional Spousal Support

Under ORS 107.105(1)(d), when a trial court renders

a judgment of marital dissolution, the court may provide in

the judgment for spousal support in “an amount of money

[and] for a period of time as may be just and equitable.” As

relevant here, pursuant to ORS 107.105(1)(d)(A), a trial court

in a dissolution action may order

“[t]ransitional spousal support as needed for a party to

attain education and training necessary to allow the party

to prepare for reentry into the job market or for advance-

ment therein. The factors to be considered by the court in

awarding transitional spousal support include but are not

limited to:

“(i)        The duration of the marriage;

“(ii)    A party’s training and employment skills;

“(iii)  A party’s work experience;

“(iv)   The financial needs and resources of each party;

“(v)      The tax consequences to each party;

“(vi)   A party’s custodial and child support responsibil-

ities; and

“(vii) Any other factors the court deems just and

equitable.”

We have stated that “[t]ransitional spousal support

is typically awarded when one spouse has been out of the

workforce for an extended period of time and needs educa-

tion or on-the-job training to prepare for reentry into the job

market.” Stuart and Ely, 259 Or App 175, 181, 313 P3d 317

(2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The wording of

ORS 107.105(1)(d)(A) limits the purposes for which transi-

tional support may be awarded to those needed for a party

to attain education and training for job market reentry or

advancement.” Id. (internal quotation marks and brackets

732 Varro and Varro

omitted). “In other words, transitional support is appropri-

ate only where it is contemplated that a party will obtain

education and/or training to facilitate reentry or advance-

ment in the job market.” Id.

The court’s determination regarding “what amount

and duration of support is just and equitable is discretion-

ary and we, accordingly, review for abuse of discretion.”

Id. at 180 (internal quotation marks omitted). We will not

“disturb the trial court’s discretionary determination unless

the trial court misapplied the statutory and equitable con-

siderations required by ORS 107.105.” Logan and Logan, 270

Or App 176, 183, 347 P3d 337, rev den, 357 Or 550 (2015)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “The general rule is

that the amount of a support award is not justified if it is

outside the range of reasonableness by a significant enough

margin so as not to be just and equitable in the totality of

pertinent circumstances.” Boatfield and Boatfield, 297 Or

App 716, 720, 447 P3d 35 (2019) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Further, there must be some “nexus” between the

duration of the award of transitional spousal support and

the time needed for reentry or advancement in the job mar-

ket. Id. at 723 (remanding for trial court to “consider the

appropriate factors and make an appropriate record” where

“nothing in the record provide[d] an evidentiary basis for a

nexus between the duration of transitional support ordered

(12 years) and the two and a half years that wife testified it

will take her to retrain”); see also Johnson and Johnson, 277

Or App 1, 11, 370 P3d 526 (2016) (trial court erred in award-

ing indefinite transitional spousal support to wife where

that award was unmoored from the “markers” that the trial

court had from which to gauge an appropriate timeframe for

wife to transition back to employment).

In our review, we “take seriously our practice of not

micro-managing trial court decisions that disentangle the

economic affairs of divorcing spouses, unless we can mean-

ingfully improve on such decisions.” Cullen and Cullen, 223

Or App 183, 190, 194 P3d 866 (2008) (internal quotation

marks and brackets omitted). “Recognizing that a mari-

tal dissolution involves the calibration of multiple socio-

economic objectives with respect to which trial courts have

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 733

a range of reasonable discretion to fashion an equitable

outcome, we assume that there often can be more than one

overall economic solution that would withstand an appeal

from a dissolution judgment.” Id. (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). “This jurisprudential approach serves

both as an invitation to principled arguments and a state-

ment of self-restraint in favor of stability.” Id. “Our role * * *

is not to make our own determination of the ‘just and equi-

table’ amount of spousal support.” Morgan and Morgan, 269

Or App 156, 166, 344 P3d 81, rev den, 357 Or 595 (2015).

In this case, we conclude that the trial court’s

award falls within “the range of discretion accorded by

the statutory scheme.” Logan, 270 Or App at 184. As noted

above, we will not “disturb the trial court’s discretionary

determination unless the trial court misapplied the statu-

tory and equitable considerations required by ORS 107.105.”

Id. at 183. In this case, it is apparent from the trial court’s

March 29, 2017, letter opinion, that it adequately consid-

ered, among other factors, wife’s training and employment

skills (e.g., wife “has a license to practice dentistry,” but her

most recent effort at employment had “failed” and she had

not yet “hone[d] her skills to become a competent dentist”),

wife’s work experience (e.g., wife “effectively left” the prac-

tice of dentistry “almost 10 years ago”), the financial needs

and resources of each party (e.g., “[w]hile [wife’s] income

may become significant it will not approach [husband’s]

income”), and equitable considerations (e.g., wife gave up

the opportunity to develop a dentistry practice during

the parties marriage and wife was being limited from

access to the Portland market for dentists, in part due to

husband’s employment success in Grants Pass). Accordingly,

we will not disturb the trial court’s discretionary determi-

nation. See id. at 184 (affirming “generous” award of tran-

sitional and maintenance spousal support where the trial

court’s ruling demonstrated consideration of the statutory

factors listed in ORS 107.105(1)(d)(A) and (C)); cf. DeAngeles

and DeAngeles, 273 Or App 88, 95, 359 P3d 371 (2015) (the

trial court “committed legal error” in awarding transitional

spousal support where it “did not make any findings to sup-

port a transitional support award, nor was there evidence in

the record to support such an award”).

734 Varro and Varro

Further, given the evidence presented to the trial

court regarding the significant cost associated with the

training and continuing education needed for wife to suc-

cessfully reenter and advance in the field of dentistry, the

amount of transitional spousal support awarded in this case

was not “outside the range of reasonableness by a signifi-

cant enough margin so as not to be just and equitable in the

totality of pertinent circumstances.” Boatfield, 297 Or App

at 720 (internal quotation marks omitted). In that regard,

we observe that wife was not awarded any other form of

spousal support, that there is a “rather substantial” dispar-

ity in earning capacity between the parties, and, as the trial

court stated, that this was not a “high current asset divorce”

but one of “high income.” See Carlson and Carlson, 236 Or

App 291, 309, 236 P3d 810 (2010), rev den, 349 Or 602 (2011)

(noting that, in awarding spousal support, “the court must

consider the other financial provisions of the judgment, and

none can be considered in isolation”); Bean and Bean, 223

Or App 108, 112, 195 P3d 412 (2008) (noting a “rather sub-

stantial” earning disparity during “transitional period” in

determining “appropriate” award of transitional spousal

support).

We also note that there is some nexus between the

duration of the transitional spousal support awarded by the

trial court in this case, seven years, and the evidence that

was presented at trial concerning the time it would take

wife to successfully re-enter and advance in the dental field:

Savage opined (1) that wife was 11 years behind her col-

leagues, (2) that if wife was to open or purchase a practice,

professional coaching by a consultant would help to facil-

itate wife’s success, and (3) that that coaching would take

two years at a minimum, but many clients use her services

for “five or six years” after “the initial level.”7 See Bean, 223

Or App at 111-12 (concluding transitional spousal support

for a period of “three years from the date of the original dis-

solution judgment is appropriate” where wife testified that

7

We note that wife’s need for additional training distinguishes this case

from Stuart, where we concluded an award of transitional spousal support to wife

was inappropriate where wife needed time to “continue her professional develop-

ment and build[ ] experience,” but there was not evidence that wife “require[d]

or intend[ed] to seek additional education or training in order to facilitate her

advancement in the job market.” 259 Or App at 182.

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 735

she expected to find full-time employment “within the next

two years”).

Husband argues, among other points, that the trial

court abused its discretion regarding the amount and dura-

tion of spousal support in this case, because wife is capa-

ble of being “self-supporting” and does not “require further

education or training.” We recognize that much of the evi-

dence presented at trial—including wife’s own testimony—

indicated that wife would be able to attain employment as

a dentist. But the evidence also raised significant questions

regarding whether wife would be able to keep that employ-

ment, at least without significant additional training and

education: As the trial court found in its March 29, 2017,

letter opinion, wife’s prior employment in Grants Pass had

“failed.” As a result, it is not clear that wife—at least with-

out significant additional training and education—is “self-

supporting,” as husband argues.

Moreover, husband points to no authority that awards

of transitional spousal support are inappropriate merely

because a party is capable of obtaining employment. To the

contrary, ORS 107.105(1)(d) expressly allows for awards of

spousal support as are “just and equitable” to allow for a

party’s “advancement” in the job market. The record con-

tains evidence that, for wife to advance in the dental field—

indeed, to merely do “everything a regular dentist would

do”—wife would need certain training and education, and

would need to expend substantial sums of money to obtain

such training and education.

Husband also argues that wife does not “need to

open her own practice or purchase an existing practice in

order to support herself.” The trial court’s March 29, 2017

and July 14, 2017, letter opinions do suggest that the trial

court, in fashioning its award of spousal support, considered

what it would take for wife to establish a dental practice. In

that regard, we note that the record contains evidence from

which the trial court could determine that opening or pur-

chasing a dental practice, at least for wife in the particular

circumstances presented in this case, would be “advance-

ment” in the field of dentistry: Wife testified that she might

earn more money working a few days per week in a practice

736 Varro and Varro

that she owned than in a practice owned by someone else;

that owning a practice would allow her to “pick” her salary

insofar as she could determine how many hours per week

she wanted to work; and that owning a practice would pro-

vide her a more flexible schedule, which would allow her to

cater to her children’s schedules.

In sum, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when awarding transitional spousal support in

this case.8

B. The Trial Court’s Denial of Husband’s Motion to Modify

the Award of Transitional Spousal Support

As stated above, husband also assigns error to the

trial court’s denial of his motion to modify the award of

transitional spousal support. Husband argues that wife’s

employment “qualifies as a substantial change in economic

circumstances for the purposes of modifying the Transitional

Spousal Support.” Husband also contends that, because the

“statutory purpose of the Transitional Spousal Support has

been met, the Court of Appeals should terminate the spou-

sal support as a matter of law.”

Under ORS 107.135(3)(a), a court “may set aside or

modify a spousal support award if there has been a substan-

tial change in economic circumstances sufficient to justify

the court’s reconsideration of the award.” Luty and Luty,

245 Or App 393, 399, 263 P3d 1067 (2011). The “substantial

change in economic circumstances,” however, “must have

been unanticipated when the court entered the last relevant

judgment in the dissolution proceeding.” Id. at 399-400.

Whether there has been a “substantial change in

[the] economic circumstances of a party sufficient to war-

rant reconsideration of an award of spousal support under

8

As noted above, husband also assigns error to the trial court’s denial of

his motion for reconsideration regarding the award of transitional spousal sup-

port. That assignment of error is resolved by our discussion of the trial court’s

award of transitional spousal support and the resulting judgment. In any event,

we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in adhering to its award of

transitional spousal support after husband filed his motion for reconsideration.

See Lang v. Rogue Valley Medical Center, 361 Or 487, 497 n 8, 395 P3d 563 (2017)

(considering whether “the trial court abused its discretion in adhering on recon-

sideration” to an earlier ruling).

Cite as 300 Or App 716 (2019) 737

ORS 107.135(3)(a) presents a mixed question of fact and

law.” Tilson and Tilson, 260 Or App 427, 431, 317 P3d 391

(2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We review the

trial court’s implicit and explicit findings of historical fact

regarding the parties’ economic circumstances to deter-

mine whether those findings are supported by any evidence

in the record.” Id. “We review the court’s determination [of

whether] those facts constitute a ‘substantial change in eco-

nomic circumstance of a party’ under ORS 107.135(3)(a) for

legal error.” Id. at 431-32.

In this case, we conclude that the trial court did not

err when it determined in its May 7, 2018, letter opinion,

that there had been “no change in circumstances to war-

rant a change in [spousal] support.” A party’s income from

employment is not an “unanticipated” change in economic

circumstances where a trial court anticipated such employ-

ment and income when making the award of spousal sup-

port. Bliven and Bliven, 106 Or App 93, 96 n 1, 806 P2d

177 (1991) (“[W]e conclude that her obtaining employment

was anticipated and that her earnings from that employ-

ment do not constitute an unanticipated change.”). As indi-

cated in the trial court’s May 7, 2018, letter opinion, when

making the transitional spousal support award in this case,

the trial court anticipated that wife would find employment

and, further, the level of income wife is earning (and more)

was anticipated in the evidence that was introduced at trial.

As the trial court observed in its September 29, 2017, letter

opinion, wife’s “ability to earn an income and reenter den-

tistry practice was * * * thoroughly contemplated.”

Nor do we agree with husband that the “statutory

purpose of the Transitional Spousal Support has been met.”

Wife’s testimony during the hearing on husband’s motion to

modify the transitional spousal support award supports the

trial court’s determination that wife “is in a limited practice

and that she still is in need of additional training.” We also

note that the record contains evidence from which the trial

court could determine that wife still had room to “advance”

in the dental field: Wife was employed in public dentistry,

but evidence was presented that public dentistry typically

pays less than private dentistry, is typically not a “long-term

thing” for dentists, and that, without additional training and

738 Varro and Varro

education, wife does not have the skills to transition into pri-

vate dentistry. Further, one of husband’s witnesses, Hendy,

testified that it was “pretty common” for associate dentists

to earn more than wife was earning.9

In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not err

when it determined in its May 7, 2018, letter opinion, that

there had been “no change in circumstances to warrant a

change in [spousal] support.”

Affirmed.

9

On appeal, husband does not argue that wife initially finding employment

in public dentistry rather than immediately opening or purchasing her own

dental practice is relevant to our analysis. We note, however, that wife needed

fewer continuing education courses to start practicing in the public sector than

the private sector—making her decision to start there understandable. Further,

as noted above, evidence was presented during the dissolution proceeding that

public-sector dentistry is typically not a “long-term thing” for dentists.