The opinion
Filed 10/1/24 Scarborough v. City of Lancaster CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
AMANDA JOLENE-REBECCA B328379
SCARBOROUGH et al.,
(Los Angeles County
Plaintiffs and Appellants, Super. Ct. No. 21AVCV00041)
v.
CITY OF LANCASTER,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County. Stephen T. Morgan, Judge. Affirmed.
Keosian Law LLP and Natalie Hairabedian Suri for
Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Law Office of Christopher Ramsey and Christopher
Ramsey for Defendant and Respondent.
______________________________
Plaintiffs Amanda Jolene-Rebecca Scarborough
(Scarborough) and Jeffrey Woodfin (Woodfin) suffered severe
injuries following a two-car collision with Charles Michael
Spurgeon (Spurgeon) in the City of Lancaster (City). Plaintiffs
filed the instant lawsuit against Spurgeon and the City; as
against the City, plaintiffs alleged a dangerous condition of public
property (Gov. Code, § 835). The City successfully moved for
summary judgment and plaintiffs appeal.
We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
I. The location
Challenger Way is a north/south rural roadway, with one
lane of traffic in each direction and with a posted speed limit of
55 miles per hour. As is relevant to the issues in this appeal,
Challenger Way intersects with the northern entrance/exit to
Brierwood Estates Mobile Home Park (Brierwood Estates),
approximately 578 feet south of Avenue H. The subject
intersection is a three-directional T-intersection with northbound
and southbound through traffic on Challenger Way; northbound
and southbound traffic on Challenger Way at the intersection do
not have a stop sign. There is a stop sign for traffic at the
northern entrance/exit to Brierwood Estates.
In the area of the subject intersection, Challenger Way is
flat and straight. It is free of obstructions and has more than
adequate sight distances in both northbound and southbound
directions. There is no corner sight issue at the northern
entrance/exit to Brierwood Estates. Challenger Way has two 12-
foot lanes, meeting the minimum standards of the California
Highway Design Manual.
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II. The accident
On September 1, 2020, Spurgeon was driving southbound
on Challenger Way; Scarborough was driving northbound on
Challenger Way, and Woodfin was a passenger in Scarborough’s
car. As Spurgeon was making a left turn from Challenger Way
towards the northern entrance/exit of Brierwood Estates, his
vehicle collided with Scarborough’s vehicle.
Scarborough testified that she was driving at around 40 to
45 miles per hour prior to the collision. Spurgeon testified that
he was traveling at approximately 10 to 20 miles per hour prior
to the collision, and “probably about maybe less than five miles
an hour” “when[he] started to make [his] left turn.”
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
I. The lawsuit
Plaintiffs filed the instant lawsuit on January 15, 2021.
The first amended complaint alleges a dangerous condition of
public property against the City.
II. The City’s motion for summary judgment
On August 23, 2022, the City filed a motion for summary
judgment. It argued that (1) plaintiffs could not establish that a
dangerous condition existed at the location of the accident; and
(2) it was immune from liability pursuant to Government Code
sections 830.4 and 830.8.
The City further pointed out that pursuant to Vehicle Code
section 21400, all public agencies in California are required to
follow the Standards and Guidance of the California Manual of
Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CA-MUTCD). Section 2B.07
governs “Multi-Way Stop Applications.” (Bolding omitted.)
Pursuant to section 2B.07, “[m]ulti-way stop control is used
where the volume of traffic on the intersecting roads is
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approximately equal.” Criteria to be considered for multi-way
stop sign installation includes “[f]ive or more reported crashes in
a 12-month period that are susceptible to correction by a multi-
way stop installation.” (Italics omitted.) Because there was only
one similar collision in the six years prior to September 1, 2020,
the CA-MUTCD did not require additional traffic investigations
and/or controls.
In support, the City offered the expert declaration of
Allen G. Bourgeois (Bourgeois), a traffic engineering expert. He
opined “that the available sight lines afforded to drivers on
Challenger Way attempting to turn into Brierwood Estates were
more than adequate for drivers using the roadway in a
reasonable foreseeable manner.” He also asserted that in his
professional opinion, “the lane widths on Challenger Way met the
minimum standards set forth in the California Highway Design
Manual.” Furthermore, after reviewing the Statewide Integrated
Traffic Records System (SWITRS), he averred that “Challenger
Way in the area of the subject collision as configured on the date
of the subject collision shows no signs of operational safety
deficiencies with respect to southbound left-turners and
northbound through vehicles.”
Finally, Bourgeois “investigated whether an all-way stop
would have been appropriate along Challenger Way at the
subject Brierwood Estates entrance.” Citing section 2B.07 of the
CA-MUTCD, “an all-way stop installation at the Brierwood
Estates entrance and Challenger Way would not be appropriate
and could not be justified.”
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III. Plaintiffs’ opposition
Plaintiffs opposed the City’s motion.1 They argued that the
subject intersection constitutes a dangerous condition as a matter
of law or, at a minimum, a triable issue of fact on this issue
exists. Plaintiffs largely based their argument upon the absence
of an all-way stop at the intersection.
Specifically, plaintiffs directed the trial court to section
2B.06, which governs stop sign applications, of the CA-MUTCD.
According to plaintiffs, pursuant to section 2B.06, an all-way stop
is necessary if “[c]rash records indicate that three or more
crashes that are susceptible to correction by the installation of a
STOP sign have been reported within a 12-month period, or that
five or more such crashes have been reported within a 2-years
period.” (Italics omitted.) Because there were five or more
crashes susceptible to correction by a multi-way stop sign, the
City was not entitled to summary judgment. At a minimum,
there is a dispute as to whether section 2B.06 or 2B.07 governed
this intersection, and that dispute should be given to the jury.
They further argued that the City was not immune from
liability.
In support, plaintiffs offered an expert declaration from
Brad P. Avrit (Avrit), who opined that the “intersection of
Challenger Way and the entrance/exit to [Brierwood Estates] is
an unsafe intersection and requires the installation of a STOP
Sign. Analysis of [SWITRS] for Challenger Way between the
intersection of Avenue ‘H’ and an approximate distance of 1700
feet south of Avenue ‘H’ between 2011 and 2021 indicates a total
1
Spurgeon joined in plaintiffs’ opposition.
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number of 23 known accidents with one fatal incident.”
Furthermore, “[t]he subject location of Challenger Way adjacent
to the entrance/exist of [Brierwood Estates] between 2011 and
2021 has had a total of 12 incidents, including the incident
involved in this litigation.” “Between June 2015 and October
2016, the subject location . . . had a total of five incidents.”
Avrit also opined that the City “knew or should have known
of the unsafe condition this region of Challenger Way presents to
drivers, passengers, bicyclists, and pedestrians.” And, he
believed that the City “could . . . decrease the posted speed limit
from 55 MPH to 40 MPH.”
IV. The City’s reply
Among other things, the City argued that Avrit too broadly
identified the relevant area for collision history. While Avrit’s
declaration “refers to a collision history which includes the entire
one mile stretch of Challenger Way between Avenue I and
Avenue H, rather than the area at or near [the subject
intersection], [it] includes no evaluation of the facts or causes of
any of the collisions he refers to; therefore his declaration
contains no evidence that any of the collisions he refers to are
susceptible to correction by the installation of a STOP Sign.”
Setting that aside, the City argued that section 2B.06 does
not apply. “A reading of Section 2B.06 establishes that this
section applies only to intersections where a full stop of all
vehicles is not required, and provides for the placement of a
STOP Sign only on the minor-street approach to the main
highway, which in this case would be the entrance/exit road from
‘Brierwood Estates’ . . . where a Stop sign was already in place at
the time of the” accident. Multi-way stop signs are governed by
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section 2B.07, as set forth in the City’s motion and supported by
Bourgeois’s declaration.
Finally, because speed was not a causal factor in the
accident, the speed limit in the area of the subject intersection is
irrelevant.
V. Initial trial court hearing
On December 15, 2022, the trial court ordered the parties
to meet and confer and then submit a joint document reflecting “a
satellite view of where the accident occurred demonstrating the
relative distance from the street in feet.” It seems that the trial
court was concerned about the appropriate area to consider when
assessing prior collisions.
The parties complied, submitting a stipulation with
photographs depicting various distances on Challenger Way.
Picture No. 3 is a photograph of 1317.74934 feet south of Avenue
H on Challenger Way.
VI. Second trial court hearing
On December 22, 2022, the trial court advised the parties
that it intended to focus on picture No. 3 of the parties’
stipulation in determining whether there were prior incidents
within that distance. After discussion with counsel, the trial
court instructed the parties to submit supplemental expert
declarations focusing on the specific distance outlined in picture
No. 3.
One month later, the parties simultaneously filed
supplemental expert declarations.
Bourgeois reviewed all traffic collisions identified on the
SWITRS report attached to Avrit’s declaration filed in support of
plaintiffs’ opposition to the City’s motion for summary judgment.
Bourgeois opined that “in the approximately 9 year period from
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2011 up to August 31, 2020 the day before [plaintiffs’] collision,
there were only 4 collisions that occurred at or near the [subject
intersection] that were potentially correctable with the
installation of an ‘All Way Stop’ at the [subject intersection].”
Bourgeois also explained that section 2B.07, not 2B.06, of the CA-
MUTCD applied. But, even if section 2B.06 were used, it did not
require the installation of an all-way stop because in the nine-
year period preceding the accident here, there were only four
collisions at the subject intersection that were potentially
correctable by an all-way stop, and there was never a 12-month
period in which there were more than two potentially correctable
collisions.
Avrit reiterated his opinion that the subject intersection
was unsafe and required the installation of a multi-way stop sign.
His review of SWITRS showed 16 known accidents, including five
accidents in between June 2015 and October 2016.2 He also
stated that the speed limit should be reduced.
VII. Final trial court hearing
After entertaining oral argument, the trial court granted
the City’s motion. It found that the subject intersection did not
constitute a dangerous condition as a matter of law. “Despite
Plaintiffs’ presentation that a stop sign is needed and that the
accidents in the relevant area fulfill the requirements of CA-
MUTCD § 2B.06, Plaintiffs[’] argument fails as they, themselves,
do not dispute that there was a stop sign at the intersection
where the incident and the sign was present at the time of the
2
Unlike Bourgeois, Avrit did not declare which, if any, of
these accidents were potentially correctable with the installation
of an all-way stop.
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incident.” The stop sign at the entrance/exit of Brierwood Estates
“follows CA-MUTCD 2B.06.”
In addition, the trial court rejected plaintiffs’ argument
regarding speed. After all, “[t]he posted speed limit on
Challenger Way was 55 mph, as provided for by statute.” And,
“[t]here were no speed hazards or sight distance problems.”
Moreover, “[i]t has been held that volume and speed alone do not
constitute a dangerous condition.”
VIII. Appeal
Plaintiffs’ timely appeal ensued.
DISCUSSION
I. Summary judgment and standard of review
A “motion for summary judgment shall be granted if all the
papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) A
defendant moving for summary judgment bears the burden of
showing that at least one element of a cause of action “cannot be
established, or that there is a complete defense to the cause of
action.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (p)(2).)
We review the trial court’s order de novo, liberally
construing the evidence in support of the party opposing
summary judgment and resolving doubts concerning the evidence
in that party’s favor. (Gonzalez v. Mathis (2021) 12 Cal.5th 29,
39.) We affirm an order granting summary judgment if it was
correct on any ground that the parties had an adequate
opportunity to address in the trial court. (Securitas Security
Services USA, Inc. v. Superior Court (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 115,
120.)
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That said, we review the trial court’s evidentiary rulings for
abuse of discretion. (Mitchell v. United National Ins. Co. (2005)
127 Cal.App.4th 457, 467.)
II. Plaintiffs’ procedural objection
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in considering the
simultaneously filed supplemental expert reports without giving
them the opportunity to respond to this new evidence. We are
not convinced. Plaintiffs conceded below that the parties agreed
to submit supplemental expert declarations simultaneously.
They cannot now complain that the expert declarations should
have been submitted separately so that they could be responsive
to one another. (Mayes v. Bryan (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1075,
1091 [the appellant bears the “burden of presenting a sufficient
record to establish that the claimed error was not invited by [it],
or be barred from complaining about it on appeal”].)
Setting that aside, as plaintiffs point out in their appellate
briefs, a “trial court’s consideration of . . . additional evidence is
not an abuse of discretion so long as the party opposing the
motion for summary judgment has notice and an opportunity to
respond to the new material.” (Plenger v. Alza Corp. (1992)
11 Cal.App.4th 349, 362, fn. 8.) Here, plaintiffs did have notice
and an opportunity to respond—they were served with the City’s
supplemental expert declaration on January 23, 2023, over a
week before the hearing on the motion for summary judgment.
And, not only were plaintiffs allowed to submit their own
competing expert declaration, they were also permitted to present
argument at the hearing. In fact, at the hearing, plaintiffs
addressed the parties’ dispute over whether section 2B.06 or
2B.07 applied and argued that section 2B.06 governed—as it had
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in its opposition to the City’s motion. It follows that plaintiffs’
due process rights were not violated.
We thus turn our attention to the substantive merits of the
City’s motion.
III. Relevant law
Government Code section 835 provides: “Except as
provided by statute, a public entity is liable for injury caused by a
dangerous condition of its property if the plaintiff establishes
that the property was in a dangerous condition at the time of the
injury, that the injury was proximately caused by the dangerous
condition, that the dangerous condition created a reasonably
foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred, and
that either: [¶] (a) A negligent or wrongful act or omission of an
employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment
created the dangerous condition; or [¶] (b) The public entity had
actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition under
[Government Code] Section 835.2 a sufficient time prior to the
injury to have taken measures to protect against the dangerous
condition.” (See also Garcia v. American Golf Corp. (2017)
11 Cal.App.5th 532, 539–540.)
Government Code section 830, subdivision (a), defines a
dangerous condition as a “condition of property that creates a
substantial (as distinguished from a minor, trivial or
insignificant) risk of injury when such property or adjacent
property is used with due care in a manner in which it is
reasonably foreseeable that it will be used.” Stated differently,
“[a]ny property can be dangerous if used in a sufficiently
abnormal manner; a public entity is required only to make its
property safe for reasonably foreseeable careful use. [Citation.]”
(Mathews v. City of Cerritos (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1380, 1384; see
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also Fuller v. State of California (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 926, 940
[“‘a public entity should not be liable for injuries resulting from
the use of a highway—safe for use at 65—at 90 miles an hour,
even though it may be foreseeable that persons will drive that
fast’”].)
“A condition is not a dangerous condition . . . if the trial or
appellate court, viewing the evidence most favorably to the
plaintiff, determines as a matter of law that the risk created by
the condition was of such a minor, trivial or insignificant nature
in view of the surrounding circumstances that no reasonable
person would conclude that the condition created a substantial
risk of injury when such property or adjacent property was used
with due care in a manner in which it was reasonably foreseeable
that it would be used.” (Gov. Code, § 830.2.) “A condition is not a
dangerous condition within the meaning of this chapter merely
because of the failure to provide regulatory traffic control signals,
stop signs, yield right-of-way signs, or speed restriction signs, as
described by the Vehicle Code or distinctive roadway markings as
described in Section 21460 of the Vehicle Code.” (Gov. Code,
§ 830.4.)
By statute, “the happening of the accident which results in
the injury is not in and of itself evidence that public property was
in a dangerous condition.” (Gov. Code, § 830.5, subd. (a).)
In determining “whether a given condition of public
property is minor or insignificant as a matter of law,” we
“consider both the physical description of the condition, and
‘whether there existed any circumstances surrounding the
accident which might have rendered the defect more dangerous
than its mere abstract [description] would indicate.’ [Citation.]
Where appropriate, the court should consider not only the
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intrinsic nature and quality of the condition, but also other
factors such as the time and place of the occurrence. [Citation.]
‘Furthermore, the court should see if there is any evidence that
other persons have been injured on this same defect.’ [Citation.]”
(Sambrano v. City of San Diego (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 225, 234.)
Although the question of whether a dangerous condition
exists is often one of fact, the issue may be resolved as a question
of law when reasonable minds can only draw one conclusion from
the facts. (Chowdhury v. City of Los Angeles (1995)
38 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1194.) In other words, “‘[i]t is for the court
to determine whether, as a matter of law, a given defect is not
dangerous.’” (Davis v. City of Pasadena (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th
701, 704.) “This is to guarantee that [public entities] do not
become insurers against the injuries arising from trivial defects.”
(Fielder v. City of Glendale (1977) 71 Cal.App.3d 719, 734.)
IV. Analysis
Applying these legal principles, we conclude that the trial
court properly granted the City’s motion for summary judgment.
The location of the accident did not constitute a dangerous
condition as a matter of law. Challenger Way, at the location of
the accident, is a two-lane, rural undivided highway with a
posted speed limit of 55 miles per hour. In the area of the subject
intersection, Challenger Way is flat and straight. It is free of
obstructions and has more than adequate sight distances in both
northbound and southbound directions. There is no corner sight
issue at the northern entrance/exit to Brierwood Estates.
Challenger Way has two 12-foot lanes, meeting the minimum
standards of the California Highway Design Manual. And,
importantly, even though the intersection does not have an all-
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way stop, there is a stop sign for traffic at the northern
entrance/exit to Brierwood Estates.
Urging us to conclude otherwise, plaintiffs rely upon
section 2B.06 and argue that an all-way stop was required. We
disagree. Rather, as the trial court found, section 2B.06 does not
require the City to install an all-way stop at the subject
intersection. All that section requires is the installation of a stop
sign on the street with less traffic (the minor street approach),
which in this case would be the entrance/exit of Brierwood
Estates. And it is undisputed that such a stop sign exists.
Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that based upon Bourgeois
and Avrit’s competing declarations, there is a triable issue of fact
as to whether section 2B.06 applies3 (and presumably whether it
requires an all-way stop at the subject intersection).
The “‘rule that a trial court must liberally construe the
evidence submitted in opposition to a summary judgment motion
applies in ruling on both the admissibility of expert testimony
and its sufficiency to create a triable issue of fact. [Citations.]’”
(Michaels v. Greenberg Traurig, LLP (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 512,
524.) “However, even when [a] witness qualifies as an expert, he
or she does not possess a carte blanche to express any opinion
within the area of expertise. [Citation.] For example, an expert’s
opinion based on assumptions of fact without evidentiary support
3
For the sake of completeness, we address this argument,
even though this question is actually an issue of law for the court
to decide de novo. (See, e.g., Vidrio v. Hernandez (2009)
172 Cal.App.4th 1443, 1452 [proper interpretation of statute or
rule of court is a question of law]; Missionary Guadalupanas of
Holy Spirit Inc. v. Rouillard (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 421, 436
[interpretation of a regulation is a question of law].)
14
[citation], or on speculative or conjectural factors [citation], has
no evidentiary value [citation] and may be excluded from
evidence. [Citations.] Similarly, when an expert’s opinion is
purely conclusory because unaccompanied by a reasoned
explanation connecting the factual predicates to the ultimate
conclusion, that opinion has no evidentiary value.” (Jennings v.
Palomar Pomerado Health Systems, Inc. (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th
1108, 1117.)
Here, both of Avrit’s declarations cite to and rely upon
section 2B.06. But he fails to offer any explanation as to why
section 2B.06, and not 2B.07, applies. Under these
circumstances, there is no triable issue of fact for the jury.
(Sanchez v. Kern Emergency Medical Transportation Corp. (2017)
8 Cal.App.5th 146, 155.)
Certainly, an inquiry into the question of dangerousness
involves the consideration of such matters as whether the
condition has been the cause of other accidents. (Lane v. City of
Sacramento (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1337, 1346.) But, even
liberally construing Avrit’s declarations regarding the number of
accidents, plaintiffs offer no evidence that the absence of a multi-
way stop at the subject intersection caused any of those accidents.
To the extent plaintiffs contend that subject intersection
constitutes a dangerous condition because of the posted speed
limit, they still cannot defeat the City’s motion for summary
judgment.
“An essential element of a cause of action for damages
based on a dangerous condition of public property is causation”
and “the issue can be decided as a matter of law where the facts
of a case can permit only one reasonable conclusion.” (Milligan v.
Golden Gate Bridge Highway & Transportation Dist. (2004)
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120 Cal.App.4th 1, 8–9; see also Zelig v. County of Los Angeles
(2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1135 [“liability is imposed only when
there is some defect in the property itself and a causal connection
is established between the defect and the injury”].) To establish
causation, the plaintiff must present evidence that “the
defendant’s conduct was a ‘substantial factor’ in bringing about
his or her harm.” (Bowman v. Wyatt (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 286,
312.)
Here there is no evidence that speed contributed to the
collision. Both drivers testified that they were driving at speeds
below the posted speed limit. Thus, decreasing the speed limit
from 55 miles per hour to 40 miles per hour would not have
potentially avoided the accident.
All remaining arguments are moot.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The City is entitled to costs on
appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
_____________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST
We concur:
________________________, P. J.
LUI
________________________, J.
HOFFSTADT
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