City of Cookeville Ex Rel. Cookeville Regional Med. Ctr. v. Humphrey

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

October 1, 2003 Session

CITY OF COOKEVILLE, TN by and through COOKEVILLE REGIONAL

MED. CTR. v. WILLIAM M. HUMPHREY, M.D., ET AL.

Appeal by Permission from the Court of Appeals

Chancery Court for Putnam County

No. 99-219 Billy Joe White, Chancellor

No. M2001-00695-SC-R11-CV - Filed February 20, 2004

In this declaratory judgment action, the plaintiff, a private act hospital authority established pursuant

to Tennessee Code Annotated sections 7-57-601 to -604, seeks a declaration that it has the authority

to enter into an exclusive contract for professional imaging services. The defendants, four

radiologists who currently have clinical privileges at the Imaging Department of a hospital operated

by the plaintiff, filed a counterclaim. We affirm the judgments of the lower courts, holding that

Tennessee Code Annotated section 7-57-603 permits the hospital authority to enter into an exclusive

provider contract, that the Board of Trustee’s decision to close the staff of the Imaging Department

did not violate the medical staff bylaws, and that the defendants are not legally or constitutionally

entitled to a hearing if their clinical privileges are terminated upon the entry of an exclusive provider

contract.

Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Appeals Affirmed

JANICE M. HOLDER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK F. DROWOTA , III, C.J.,

and E. RILEY ANDERSON , ADOLPHO A. BIRCH , JR., and WILLIAM M. BARKER, JJ., joined.

William H. West, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, Daniel F. Coonce, M.D., William M.

Humphrey, M.D., John P. Limbacher, M.D., George O. Mead, M.D., and Putnam Radiology, P.C.

Andrée Sophia Blumstein, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, City of Cookeville by and through

Cookeville Regional Medical Center.

William B. Hubbard, Nashville, Tennessee, for the amicus curiae, Tennessee Hospital Association.

Brian W. Holmes and David L. Steed, Nashville, Tennessee, for the amici curiae, American College

of Radiology, American Medical Association, Medical Staff of Cookeville Regional Medical Center,

Putnam County Medical Society, and Tennessee Medical Association.

OPINION

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Cookeville Regional Medical Center (“CRMC”) is a private act hospital – commonly known

as a “public hospital” – operated by the City of Cookeville, Tennessee, by and through the

Cookeville Regional Medical Center Authority (“the Authority”). CRMC is established under the

provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated sections 7-57-601 to -604, the Private Act Hospital

Authority Act of 1996 (“Hospital Authority Act”). The defendants are four radiologists who are the

sole shareholders in Putnam Radiology, PC (“Putnam”). The defendants are the only radiologists

employed by Putnam. The defendants have staff privileges at CRMC’s Imaging Department, which

has historically operated as an “open staff” department. The Imaging Department staff is currently

“open” to all qualified physicians with medical staff privileges who specialize in imaging services

rather than “closed” pursuant to an exclusive provider contract.

In early 1999, the defendants, through an affiliated limited liability company, Premier

Diagnostic Imaging Center, LLC (“Premier”), applied for a certificate of need to perform outpatient

diagnostic imaging services in competition with CRMC. The Authority’s Board of Trustees

(“Board”) decided to oppose Premier’s certificate of need application. In addition, at its March 25,

1999 meeting, the Board determined that it would close the medical staff of CRMC’s Imaging

Department by seeking an exclusive provider contract for in-hospital imaging services.

A certificate of need was obtained by Premier in April of 1999.1 That same month CRMC

issued a request for a proposal (“RFP”) from qualified radiology groups to operate and administer

its Imaging Department under an exclusive provider contract. The medical staff of CRMC voted to

support Putnam in becoming the providers of radiology services under an exclusive provider contract

if an agreement could be reached.

Putnam objected to several provisions in the RFP, including a provision that medical staff

access to the Imaging Department would terminate once an exclusive contract for the Imaging

Department’s operation and administration was executed. A letter written on behalf of Putnam

stated, “It is our position that the medical staff bylaws of CRMC do not give the hospital the power

to exclude radiologists on its staff from access to the devices and staff of the hospital.”

In July of 1999, the plaintiff filed this action for declaratory judgment seeking a declaration

of the right of CRMC to close the staff of its Imaging Department by means of an exclusive provider

contract. The defendants filed a counterclaim, stating, among other things, that the medical staff

bylaws of CRMC do not give CRMC power to exclude them from access to its Imaging Department

and that the decision to close the staff of the Imaging Department was done in retribution against the

defendants for their actions in obtaining a certificate of need for the establishment of an outpatient

1

Premier began providing outpatient diagnostic imaging services in Cookeville in December of 1999. Premier

is staffed solely by Putnam through the four defendant radiologists.

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diagnostic imaging center in Cookeville. The case was heard on stipulated facts and cross motions

for summary judgment. The competency of the defendant physicians is not at issue.

The trial court granted the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. It found that the

Hospital Authority Act permits the Authority to close the staff of a hospital department for

competitive and economic reasons. In addition, the trial court found that the bylaws do not give the

medical staff the right to veto a decision by the Authority to close the staff of a previously open

department and that the defendants’ contractual and due process rights were not violated. The Court

of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court.

We granted permission to appeal.

II. ANALYSIS

The issues before this Court are as follows: 1) whether the Hospital Authority Act permits

the Authority to close the staff of the Imaging Department at CRMC by means of an exclusive

provider contract, thereby overruling previous case law; 2) if such closing is authorized, whether the

Board’s decision to close the staff of the Imaging Department violates the medical staff bylaws; 3)

whether closing the staff of CRMC’s Imaging Department in the absence of a hearing constitutes a

breach of contract with the defendants; and 4) whether closing the staff of CRMC’s Imaging

Department in the absence of a hearing violates the due process or impairment of contract provisions

of the state and federal constitutions.

We review an appeal from a grant of summary judgment de novo, according no presumption

of correctness to the trial court’s disposition. See Edwards v. Hallsdale-Powell Util. Dist., 115

S.W.3d 461, 464 (Tenn. 2003); Godfrey v. Ruiz, 90 S.W.3d 692, 695 (Tenn. 2002). Summary

judgment is proper only when no genuine issues of material fact exist and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. In this case, the facts are stipulated, so that

only questions of law are before the Court.

A. Authority to Close the Staff of the Imaging Department

When construing a statute, this Court’s role is “to ascertain and give effect to the legislative

intent without unduly restricting or expanding a statute’s coverage beyond its intended scope.”

Houghton v. Aramark Educ. Res., Inc., 90 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting Owens v. State,

908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995)). Legislative intent is determined “from the natural and ordinary

meaning of the statutory language within the context of the entire statute without any forced or subtle

construction that would extend or limit the statute’s meaning.” State v. Flemming, 19 S.W.3d 195,

197 (Tenn. 2000). “When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we apply the plain

language in its normal and accepted use.” Boarman v. Jaynes, 109 S.W.3d 286, 291 (Tenn. 2003).

CRMC operates pursuant to the Hospital Authority Act. This act extends the powers granted

to private act metropolitan hospital authorities under Tennessee Code Annotated sections 7-57-501

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to -504 to private act hospital authorities. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 7-57-603 (1998). Tennessee Code

Annotated section 7-57-502(c) provides in pertinent part that a metropolitan hospital authority, in

the exercise of its powers, may “contract for or otherwise participate solely or with others” in

furtherance of the hospital’s operation. Additionally, the plain language of this statute permits

private act metropolitan hospitals to enter into a contract “regardless of the competitive

consequences [of the contract].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 7-57-502(c) (1998) (emphasis added).

Therefore, it is clear that private act metropolitan hospital authorities are statutorily authorized to

execute exclusive provider contracts. Tennessee Code Annotated section 7-57-603 explicitly states

that “[a] private act hospital authority . . . has . . . all powers granted to private act metropolitan

hospital authorities in title 7, chapter 57, part 5.” Thus, it is also clear that public hospitals share the

power of metropolitan hospitals to enter into exclusive provider contracts.

Moreover, Tennessee Code Annotated section 7-57-501(b) explains the policy behind the

Private Act Metropolitan Authorities Act of 1995. According to this statute, the General Assembly

found

that the demand for hospital, medical and health care services is

rapidly changing as is the way and manner in which such services are

purchased and delivered; that the market for hospital and health care

services is becoming increasingly competitive; and that the hospital

and other health care providers need flexibility to be able to respond

to changing conditions by having the power to develop efficient and

cost-effective methods to provide for hospital, medical and health

care needs.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 7-57-501(b) (1998). The Legislature concluded that public hospitals in

metropolitan areas are unable to effectively compete against private hospitals in the health care

market without the removal of “legal constraints” and “limitations upon the power granted to public

hospitals under existing law.” Id.

The Hospital Authority Act broadened the powers of public hospitals. Eye Clinic, P.C. v.

Jackson-Madison County Gen. Hosp., 986 S.W.2d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Case law at the

time the Hospital Authority Act was passed held that private hospitals “have the right to exclude

licensed physicians and surgeons from the use of the hospital for any cause deemed sufficient by its

managing authorities.” Nashville Mem’l Hosp., Inc. v. Binkley, 534 S.W.2d 318, 320 (Tenn. 1976).

In our view, the Hospital Authority Act was clearly intended to overrule Henderson v. Knoxville,

9 S.W.2d 697 (Tenn. 1928), which held that the state’s public hospitals could not exclude licensed

physicians who comply with hospital rules and regulations. The apparent intent of the Legislature

was that public hospitals be authorized, like private hospitals, to contract exclusively with particular

providers, even if it is to the disadvantage of other physicians. The Hospital Authority Act shows

this intent by specifically granting public hospitals the power previously granted to public hospitals

in metropolitan areas to “contract for or otherwise participate solely or with others in the . . .

operation of [a] hospital.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 7-57-502(c) (1998). We therefore hold that the

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Hospital Authority Act permits the Authority to close the staff of the Imaging Department of CRMC

by means of an exclusive provider contract. We accordingly hold that Henderson v. Knoxville has

been legislatively overruled by the Hospital Authority Act.

B. Decision to Close the Staff of the Imaging Department

The parties in this case agree that they are contractually bound by the medical staff bylaws.

See Lewisburg Cmty. Hosp., Inc. v. Alfredson, 805 S.W.2d 756, 759 (Tenn. 1991) (holding that “a

hospital’s bylaws are an integral part of its contractual relationship with the members of its medical

staff”). The defendants allege that the medical staff bylaws were violated because the Board decided

to close the staff of the Imaging Department without first receiving input from the medical staff.

This contention is without merit.

“When resolving disputes concerning contract interpretation, our task is to ascertain the

intention of the parties based upon the usual, natural, and ordinary meaning of the contractual

language.” Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn. 1999). If a contract’s language is clear

and unambiguous, then the literal meaning of the language controls the outcome of the contract

dispute. See Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress & Warehouse Co., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn.

2002).

Section 14.1D of the bylaws gives the medical staff a consultative role in exclusive

contracting. The plain language of this provision states that “[t]he Medical Staff, through the

Medical Executive Committee, with medical staff approval, shall review and make recommendations

to the Board regarding issues related to the exclusive arrangements for physician and/or professional

services, prior to . . . the decision to execute an exclusive contract in a previously open department

or service.” (Emphasis added).

The Board decided to seek proposals for an exclusive provider contract for the Imaging

Department. An RFP was sent out prior to any feedback from the medical staff. The RFP

specifically stated that it “does not constitutes [sic] an offer” and that the hospital “is not obligated

hereby or by any response to enter into any particular agreement or any agreement whatsoever.”

Each of the defendants was present when the medical staff, in accordance with section 14.1D,

reviewed the RFP and gave its recommendation to the Board. The medical staff voted conditionally

to approve the closure of the staff of the Imaging Department and to support Putnam as the

contracting party. At the time of this appeal, the Board had not selected an exclusive provider nor

negotiated a contract for exclusive services; thus, no decision to execute an exclusive contract has

been made. Moreover, it is clear under the bylaws that the medical staff’s input is advisory only and

that the Board retains the ultimate decision-making authority. Therefore, we conclude that there was

no violation of section 14.1D of the bylaws.

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C. Necessity of a Hearing

If the Authority executes an exclusive provider contract with a competing group of

radiologists, the defendants contend that they are entitled to a hearing under the medical staff bylaws

because this exclusive contract would effectively terminate their privileges. This contention is

without merit.

Article XVI of the medical staff bylaws contains a “fair hearing plan.” Under the bylaws,

only certain recommendations or actions,2 if deemed “adverse,”3 entitle a member of the medical

staff to a hearing. For example, if deemed adverse, the reduction, suspension, or revocation of

clinical privileges would entitle a physician to a hearing under the bylaws.

2

Section 16.1-1 lists the recommendations or actions that entitle the practitioner to a hearing:

The following recommendations or actions shall, if deemed adverse pursuant to Section

16.1-2, entitle the practitioner affected thereby to a hearing:

A. Denial of initial staff appointment,

B. Denial of reappointment,

C. Suspension of staff appointment,

D. Revocation of staff appointment,

E. Denial of requested modification of staff category,

F. Reduction in staff category,

G. Limitation of admitting prerogatives,

H. Denial of requested department assignment,

I. Denial of requested clinical privileges,

J. Reduction in clinical privileges,

K. Suspension of clinical privileges,

L. Revocation of clinical privileges,

M. Terms of probation,

N. Requirement of consultation,

AND/OR

O. Letter of admonition or letter of reprimand.

3

Section 16.1-2 of the bylaws provides when a recommendation or action is deemed adverse:

A recommendation or action listed in Section 16.1-1shall be deemed adverse action only

when it has been:

A. Recommended by the Medical Executive Committee,

OR

B. A suspension continued in effect after review by the Medical Executive Committee

and/or the board,

OR

C. Taken by the board contrary to a favorable recommendation by the Medical Executive

Committee under circumstances where no prior right to a hearing existed,

OR

D. Taken by the board on its own initiative without benefit of a prior recommendation by

the Medical Executive Committee,

OR

E. Imposed automatically.

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According to the RFP, medical staff access to the Imaging Department would terminate when

an exclusive contract for the Imaging Department’s operation and administration is executed. Thus,

if an exclusive provider contract is awarded to a group of physicians other than Putnam, the

defendants’ clinical privileges will necessarily be terminated. The defendants contend that this

automatic loss of clinical privileges would be an adverse action under section 16.1-2 of the bylaws,

and so they would be entitled to a hearing. We disagree.

Section 14.1D of the bylaws plainly contemplates the Board entering into an exclusive

provider contract. It provides that the medical staff’s input regarding the closure of a department’s

staff is advisory only and that the Board retains the ultimate decision-making authority. “The

cardinal rule for interpretation of contracts is to ascertain the intention of the parties and to give

effect to that intention . . . .” Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521

S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975). All contractual provisions should be construed in harmony with each

other, if possible, “to promote consistency and to avoid repugnancy between the various provisions

of a single contract.” Guiliano, 995 S.W.2d at 95. Accordingly, we hold that the loss of clinical

privileges resulting from the execution of an exclusive provider contract does not constitute the

reduction, suspension, or revocation of clinical privileges for purposes of the fair hearing procedures

mandated by the medical staff bylaws.

This construction is consistent with the intent of the Hospital Authority Act. A hearing under

the present circumstances would be futile because the Hospital Authority Act gives public hospitals

the authority to make a business decision to close the staff of a hospital department by means of an

exclusive provider contract. See, e.g., Tenet Health Ltd. v. Zamora, 13 S.W.3d 464, 471 (Tex. App.

2000) (noting that “if each and every decision that affected a physician’s practice were deemed to

‘revoke’ or ‘modify’ staff privileges, a hospital could make precious few decisions without becoming

mired in hearings”); E. Tex. Med. Ctr. Cancer Inst. v. Anderson, 991 S.W.2d 55, 63 (Tex. App.

1998) (stating that “[t]he purpose of such a hearing could not be to override administrative decisions

regarding the operation of [a hospital]”). A hospital’s business judgment, such as a decision to close

the staff of a department, is due great deference. See, e.g., Armstrong v. Bd. of Dirs., 553 S.W.2d

77, 79 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1976). Therefore, if the Authority executes an exclusive provider contract

under the present circumstances, the defendants would not be entitled to a hearing on this matter.

Lewisburg Community Hospital, Inc. v. Alfredson, 805 S.W.2d 756, 759 (Tenn. 1991), does

not demand a different result. In Alfredson, we concluded that a radiologist, Alfredson, was entitled

to a hearing under the medical staff bylaws when his clinical privileges were significantly reduced

due to the hospital entering into a new exclusive provider contract. Id. at 762. In addition to the

medical staff bylaws, however, the contractual relationship between Alfredson and the hospital was

defined by a separate written contract. There was a breach of contract in Alfredson because: 1) the

separate written contract between the parties did not permit the hospital to reduce Alfredson’s

privileges without cause; and 2) a reduction in Alfredson’s privileges for cause triggered a right to

a hearing under the bylaws. Our conclusion that there was a breach of contract was based in part

upon the removal of a provision in the parties’ separate contract that would have automatically

terminated Alfredson’s clinical privileges if his exclusive provider contract was terminated without

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cause. We explained that “[h]ad [the hospital] not made that business decision, Alfredson would

have no claim for breach of contract.” Id. at 759.

By agreeing to remove the contractual provision permitting automatic termination of

Alfredson’s privileges, the hospital was agreeing to either continue his privileges after termination

of his exclusive provider contract or to provide him with some type of process prior to the

termination of his privileges. Because Alfredson’s privileges could not be reduced without cause,

the bylaws entitled him to a hearing on the question of cause. At a hearing, Alfredson could

presumably show that there was, in fact, no cause to reduce his privileges. The contractual

relationship between the parties in the present case does not preclude the Authority from closing the

staff of a department for reasons unrelated to cause. Here, the Board has the express authority to

enter into an exclusive provider contract. Thus, unlike Alfredson, the defendants in the present case

have no issue to be heard.

In summary, the bylaws’ fair hearing provisions are inapplicable to the defendants in this

case. Accordingly, there will be no breach of contract if the defendants are not afforded a hearing

upon the closure of the Imaging Department’s staff.

Finally, the defendants contend that Tennessee Code Annotated section 68-11-227 governs

the ability of the hospital to terminate medical staff privileges in this case. The defendants, however,

failed to raise this argument in the courts below. As a general rule, “questions not raised in the trial

court will not be entertained on appeal.” Lawrence v. Stanford, 655 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tenn. 1983);

see also Chadwell v. Knox County, 980 S.W.2d 378, 384 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (refusing to consider

a theory that was raised for the first time on appeal). Therefore, we decline to address whether

Tennessee Code Annotated section 68-11-227 governs this case.

D. Constitutionality of Closure without a Hearing

1. Impairment of Contract

The defendants argue that the Hospital Authority Act impairs the contract between

themselves and CRMC. This argument is without merit. Both the federal and state constitutions

prohibit laws that impair the obligation of a contract. See U.S. Const. art I, § 10, cl. 1; Tenn. Const.

art. I, § 20. Because we hold that the defendants are not entitled to a hearing under the medical staff

bylaws, the Hospital Authority Act does not impair this contract. Moreover, there can be no

impairment of contract in this case because the Hospital Authority Act, which authorizes the hospital

to enter into an exclusive provider contract, predated the enactment of the bylaws.

2. Due Process

The defendants assert that the loss of clinical privileges that would necessarily follow from

CRMC’s execution of an exclusive contract for imaging services with another group of physicians

would violate their due process rights as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United

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States Constitution unless they are given a hearing before losing these privileges. This contention

is without merit.

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides: “[N]or shall any state

deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend.

XIV. It is well established that the due process protections of the Fourteenth Amendment do not

come into play unless there is some action on the part of the State. See Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.

1, 13 (1948); State ex rel. Hawkins v. Luttrell, 424 S.W.2d 189, 190 (Tenn. 1968); State ex rel.

Johnson v. Heer, 412 S.W.2d 218, 219 (Tenn. 1966). Therefore, in order to state a cause of action

for a due process violation under the Fourteenth Amendment, state action must be alleged. The

Authority in this case is a public hospital authority, which was established pursuant to state statute.

Thus, the parties agree that the Authority is a state actor for purposes of Fourteenth Amendment

analysis.

In order to state a cause of action for a due process violation under the Fourteenth

Amendment, deprivation of a liberty or property interest must also be alleged. The defendants argue

that their clinical privileges at CRMC constitute a property interest that is protected from unfair

deprivation under these circumstances. We disagree. In addressing a claim of an unconstitutional

denial of procedural due process, we must determine whether the defendants’ interest rises to the

level of a protected interest. See Rowe v. Bd. of Educ., 938 S.W.2d 351, 354 (Tenn. 1996). “The

Fourteenth Amendment’s procedural protection of property is a safeguard of the security of interests

that a person has already acquired in specific benefits.” Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576

(1972). The federal constitution does not create property interests. See id. at 577; Rowe, 938

S.W.2d at 354. Instead, property interests are created and defined by “rules or mutually explicit

understandings that support [an individual’s] claim of entitlement to the benefit and that he may

invoke at a hearing.” Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 601 (1972).

As established above, the medical staff bylaws do not entitle the defendants to a hearing

when the hospital enters into an exclusive provider contract. The bylaws, therefore, do not give the

defendants a reasonable expectation that they will be given notice and a hearing before their clinical

privileges are terminated if the hospital enters into such a contract. See, e.g., Bleeker v. Dukakis,

665 F.2d 401, 403 (1st Cir. 1981) (holding that “[t]his lack of any reasonable expectation of

continued employment suffices to establish the lack of ‘property’ in the constitutional sense, and

hence the lack of a viable due process claim”). To the contrary, the bylaws clearly contemplate

exclusive contracting.

Furthermore, due process protections are not triggered when the process would not serve any

useful purpose or result in a remedy. See, e.g., Codd v. Velger, 429 U.S. 624, 627 (1977). Because

the Authority’s decision to close the staff of the Imaging Department is a business decision, a due

process hearing would be purposeless. See, e.g., Major v. Mem’l Hosp. Ass’n, 84 Cal. Rptr. 2d 510,

521 (Cal. Ct. App. 1999) (stating that “the requirement of a proceeding with minimal due process

prior to termination of a physician’s staff privileges is not applicable if it is the result of a quasi-

legislative act by the hospital,” such as one to close the staff of a hospital department by means of

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an exclusive contract); Abrams v. St. John’s Hosp. & Health Ctr., 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 603, 607 (Cal.

Ct. App. 1994) (stating that “when terminations of staff privileges are incidental to a hospital’s

reorganization of one of its departments . . . the terminations are the result of administrative/quasi-

legislative decisions, rather than adjudicatory/quasi-judicial decisions about a doctor, and hence do

not require a due process hearing”). The parties have stipulated that the defendants’ competence is

not at issue. Because the defendants’ professional competence has not been questioned, they have

no property interest entitled to due process protection. See Roth, 408 U.S. at 573 (observing that if

a person’s “good name, reputation, honor, or integrity” is at stake because of what the government

is doing to him, then due process requires notice and a hearing). Thus, under the circumstances in

this case, we hold that the defendants have no due process right to notice and a hearing if their

privileges are terminated due to the closure of the staff of the Imaging Department.

IV. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we hold that the Hospital Authority Act permits the Authority to close the staff

of the Imaging Department by means of an exclusive provider contract, that the Board’s decision to

close the staff of the Imaging Department did not violate the medical staff bylaws, and that the

defendants are not legally or constitutionally entitled to a hearing if their clinical privileges are

terminated upon the execution of such a contract. Thus, we affirm the judgment of the Court of

Appeals.

Costs of this appeal are taxed against the appellants S William M. Humphrey, M.D.; John

P. Limbacher, M.D.; Daniel F. Coonce, M.D.; George O. Mead, M.D.; and Putnam Radiology,

P.C. S and their sureties, for which execution may issue if necessary.

___________________________________

JANICE M. HOLDER, JUSTICE

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