The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Goodwill Industries of North Central :
PA, Inc. :
:
v. :
: No. 44 C.D. 2023
:
Centre County Board of Assessment : Argued: May 8, 2024
Appeals, College Township, and :
State College Area School District :
:
Appeal of: Centre County Board of :
Assessment Appeals :
BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
HONORABLE LORI A. DUMAS, Judge
HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge
HONORABLE MATTHEW S. WOLF, Judge
OPINION
BY JUDGE McCULLOUGH FILED: August 26, 2024
In this charitable tax exemption case, the Centre County Board of
Assessment Appeals (Board) appeals from the January 5, 2023 order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Centre County (trial court), which reversed a November 5, 2022
decision of the Board denying Goodwill Industries of North Central Pennsylvania, Inc.
(Goodwill) a real estate tax exemption for its property located at 387 Benner Pike, State
College, Pennsylvania (Property). The Board contends the trial court erred in
determining that Goodwill donates or renders gratuitously a substantial portion of its
goods or services pursuant to the Institutions of Purely Public Charity Act, commonly
referred to as Act 55 (Act 55 or the Act).1 It also challenges the trial court’s finding
that Goodwill does not use the Property in such a manner as to compete with
commercial enterprise as required by the statutory criteria of the Consolidated County
Assessment Law (CCAL).2 For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. Background
Goodwill is a nonprofit corporation that, since 1968, has been exempt
from federal income taxation under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code,
26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3) (relating to tax exemptions for charitable institutions), and it
holds a charitable exemption from Pennsylvania sales and use tax through 2024. In
May of 2020, Goodwill purchased the building on the Property for $3.3 million, and
the land on which it is located remains under lease. The Property is located in a high
traffic area in the immediate vicinity of numerous retail stores including Walmart, Big
Lots, Barnes & Noble, Ross Dress for Less, Dollar Tree, and several stores that sell
used clothing.
In August of 2020, Goodwill filed an application with the Board seeking
an exemption from real property taxation for the Property as an institution of purely
public charity and averring that it meets the constitutional criteria set forth in Hospital
Utilization Project v. Commonwealth, 487 A.2d 1306 (Pa. 1985), known as the HUP
test.3 (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 22a.) By decision mailed November 5, 2020, the
1
Act of November 26, 1997, P.L. 508, No. 55, 10 P.S. §§ 371-385.
2
53 Pa. C.S. §§ 8801-8868.
3
This test provides that an entity qualifies as a purely public charity if it: “(a) Advances a
charitable purpose; (b) Donates or renders gratuitously a substantial portion of its services; (c)
Benefits a substantial and indefinite class of persons who are legitimate subjects of charity; (d)
Relieves the government of some of its burden; and (e) Operates entirely free from private profit
motive.” Id. at 1317.
2
Board denied Goodwill’s application and determined that the Property is subject to real
estate taxes. Id. at 380a.
Goodwill appealed to the trial court, which held a one-day bench trial on
June 13, 2022. At the outset, the parties narrowed the issues before the trial court and
stipulated that Goodwill satisfies the elements of the HUP test. The Board further
stipulated that Goodwill meets all but one of the Act 55 factors necessary to qualify as
an institution of purely public charity, but disputed that Goodwill meets the criteria
requiring it to donate or render gratuitously a substantial portion of its goods or
services. Id. at 119a, 121a. The Board also contended that Goodwill did not meet the
requirement of Section 8812(a)(3)(ii) of the CCAL, 53 Pa. C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(ii), which
prohibits tax exemption when a property is used “in such a manner as to compete with
commercial enterprise.” (R.R. at 119a-20a.) In turn, with respect to Act 55, Goodwill
maintained, and the Board did not dispute, that Goodwill is entitled to a rebuttable
presumption that it qualifies as an institution of purely public charity under the standard
set forth at Section 376 of the Act, 10 P.S. § 376.4 (R.R. at 129a.)
4
This presumption was adopted to ensure than an institution that has been determined to be a
purely public charity for certain tax purposes (e.g., sales and use tax) will likewise be presumed to be
one for purposes of real estate taxes to help ensure consistency and predictability. Alliance Home of
Carlisle, PA v. Board of Assessment Appeals, 919 A.2d 206, 223 (Pa. 2007). Section 376 provides in
pertinent part as follows:
(a) Presumption determination.--An institution of purely public
charity possessing a valid exemption from the tax imposed by Article
II of the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L. 6, No. 2), known as the Tax Reform
Code of 1971, shall be entitled to assert a rebuttable presumption
regarding that institution’s compliance with the criteria set forth in
section 5 [i.e., criteria which determine whether an institution is a
“purely public charity,”] as follows:
(1) An institution of purely public charity that has annual program
service revenue less than $10,000,000 shall be entitled to assert the
(Footnote continued on next page…)
3
Thomas Glasl, President and Chief Executive Officer of Goodwill,
testified that he has worked for the organization for 19 years and that he was
instrumental in making the decision to acquire the Property. (R.R. at 139a, 141a.) He
indicated that Goodwill’s Articles of Incorporation state that it is incorporated as a
nonprofit, non-stock organization and that its purpose is “to serve in an exclusively
charitable and educational capacity . . . to provide personnel, services and facilities for
evaluation and training of handicapped persons and to enable those persons to perform
useful and remunerative work.” Id. at 146a. Mr. Glasl relayed that Goodwill’s mission
“is to provide vocational services and employment opportunities for all people, who
because of disabilities, disadvantages or employment displacement, face barriers to
competitive employment” and that “[t]he selling of articles new, reconditioned,
assembled or made by such persons and the performance of work related services by
such persons as a part of their vocational rehabilitation shall be a necessary part of the
rehabilitative, training and educational service program of the [c]orporation.” Id. at
148a-49a.
Mr. Glasl testified that in order to fulfill its charitable mission, Goodwill
provides job training opportunities in the form of “community[-]based work
assessment where we would take a client out into the local community and find four or
presumption if the institution possesses a valid exemption under section
204(10) of the Tax Reform Code of 1971.
....
(b) Burden of proof.--If an institution of purely public charity asserts
a presumption under subsection (a), a political subdivision challenging
that institution before a government agency or court shall bear the
burden, by a preponderance of the evidence, of proving that the
institution of purely public charity does not comply with the
requirements of section 5.
10 P.S. § 376(a)(1), (b) (footnotes omitted).
4
five places to learn a job skill” in various business settings including landscaping, retail,
and restaurants. Id. at 157a. He explained that Goodwill then offers job coaching to
assist individuals ready to enter the workforce to prepare a resume, apply for jobs, and
develop interview skills, and then guides them “through the process until they are
stand-alone employees either for Goodwill or for any other job in the community.” Id.
at 157a. Mr. Glasl further explained that job training is a matter of client choice and
that Goodwill has trained its clients to work at many different types of companies
including ACE Hardware, Dollar General, and a faith center. Mr. Glasl stated that
Goodwill will train clients for any job and the fact that some of these organizations
operate in a retail capacity and sell some of the same goods as Goodwill does not
prevent it from providing that assistance. Id. at 159a-60a. Other programs offered by
Goodwill include job shadowing for high school students with Goodwill staff or out in
the community; life skills training to stress the importance of hygiene and arriving at
work on time; small group employment for individuals already in the workforce who
need daily assistance from employment specialists; and job retraining for struggling
employees. Mr. Glasl averred that participants in these programs do not pay any money
to Goodwill for these services. Id. at 160a-61a.
With respect to drivers’ training programs, Mr. Glasl explained that
transportation is a large employment barrier in rural communities and that Goodwill
assists clients in obtaining driver’s licenses and walks them through a county program
to purchase a vehicle. Mr. Glasl indicated that in the previous fiscal year approximately
15% of participants paid for the service, with the remaining 85% paid by either the
state or county government and the individual participants paying nothing. Id. at 162a.
Mr. Glasl testified that all of the revenue generated by Goodwill is put
back into the mission, that the board of directors is not paid, and that there are no
5
stockholders. Mr. Glasl explained that Goodwill accepts thousands of donations every
day, that it is not possible to place a value on the items as they come in as some are not
salable or need reconditioning, and that the Internal Revenue Service requires Goodwill
to calculate the intrinsic value of the items at year end. Mr. Glasl averred that the
Property is not separately incorporated and the money it generates is transferred into
the company’s general fund and is used for general expenses to further its mission. Id.
at 165a, 168a.
Regarding the intake process for donations, Mr. Glasl explained that
donors who drop items off at their stores are offered a tax receipt and the articles are
sorted by category. Items that are salable are separated from those that will be recycled
or placed in the trash. Goodwill accepts all donated goods regardless of source, does
not attempt to match its inventory with what is sold by other retailers, and does not aim
to sell items considered fashionable. Id. at 182a-83a. Mr. Glasl estimated that less
than 10% of Goodwill’s inventory is made up of trendy name brands. As to Goodwill’s
pricing method, items are uniformly priced by category; for example, all short-sleeved
shirts are priced identically regardless of brand.
Mr. Glasl averred that Goodwill takes no measures to compete with other
area businesses, does not price match other stores, does not study local or seasonal
market trends, and does not set any benchmarks targeted at increasing market share.
Id. at 187a-88a. In Mr. Glasl’s view, Goodwill is “totally different” from other local
stores, as it simply collects donations that come in and lacks control of the pace of the
flow or the composition of the items. Id. at 187a. Mr. Glasl indicated that advertising
expenses represent less than 1% of Goodwill’s overall budget and is spent primarily on
mission-based radio commercials. Mr. Glasl testified that Goodwill owns six
6
properties located in four counties in addition to the Property and that it has been
granted real estate tax exemptions for all of those properties.
Following trial and the parties’ submission of post-trial materials, the trial
court ruled in favor of Goodwill and reversed the Board’s decision denying its
application for a real estate tax exemption. In doing so, the trial court found Goodwill
met the criteria for application of the Section 376(a) presumption; the evidence
established that Goodwill donates or renders gratuitously a substantial portion of its
services pursuant to Section 375(d)(1)(iii) of Act 55 and qualifies as an institution of
purely public charity under the Act; and Goodwill meets the requirements for
exemption from real property taxation under Section 8812(a)(3) of the CCAL because
the Property is not used in such a manner as to compete with commercial enterprise.
(Trial Ct. Op., 1/5/23, at 8, 10, 18.) The Board timely appealed to this Court, and the
Board and trial court complied with Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.
See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)-(b).
The Board raises two issues on appeal, in which it challenges: (1) the trial
court’s conclusion that Goodwill donates or renders gratuitously a substantial portion
of its services under Act 55, and (2) the trial court’s determination that Goodwill does
not use its Property in such a manner as to compete with commercial enterprise as
required by the CCAL.
7
II. Analysis5
A. General Legal Requirements
We begin by observing that article VIII, section 2(a)(v) of the
Pennsylvania Constitution authorizes the General Assembly to exempt from taxation
“institutions of purely public charity . . . .” PA. CONST. art. VIII, § 2(a)(v). In order to
implement article VIII, section 2(a)(v), the General Assembly enacted Act 55.
Brandywine Hospital, LLC v. County of Chester Board of Assessment Appeals, 291
A.3d 467, 477 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023) (en banc). A court’s decision as to whether an
institution qualifies as a purely public charity presents a mixed question of fact and
law. Gateway Rehabilitation Center, Inc. v. Board of Commissioners of County of
Beaver, 710 A.2d 1239, 1242 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998).
In order to qualify for an exemption as an institution of purely public
charity, an entity must meet both the constitutional requirements of the HUP test and
the statutory requirements of Act 55. Brandywine Hospital, LLC, 291 A.3d at 477.
“The entity must also comply with any additional and not inconsistent requirements of
the CCAL.” Id. The party seeking a tax exemption bears the burden of proving its
entitlement to the exemption. Id.
As this appeal involves statutory interpretation, we observe that in
applying a statute, our object is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General
Assembly, and we look to the plain language of the statute as the primary indicator of
the legislature’s intent. Narberth Borough v. Lower Merion Township, 915 A.2d 626,
643 (Pa. 2007). We therefore employ other principles of statutory construction only
5
“Our review in a real estate tax assessment appeal is limited to determining whether the trial
court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence or whether the trial court abused its discretion
or committed an error of law.” In re Appeal of Dunwoody Village, 52 A.3d 408, 414 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2012). The trial court, as the fact finder, resolves all matters of credibility and evidentiary weight.
Id.
8
where the plain language of the statute, standing alone, leaves room for doubt as to its
intended meaning. Id.
Here, as noted, the parties stipulated that Goodwill satisfies all five factors
of the HUP test, and, therefore, it is a purely public charity within the meaning of the
Pennsylvania Constitution. (R.R. at 119a.) Accordingly, we proceed to the analysis of
Act 55 mindful that that Goodwill has met the statutory criteria necessary for
application of the rebuttable presumption that it is a purely public charity under the
Act.6
B. Act 55 Criteria
The Board first argues the trial court erred in determining that Goodwill
met Act 55’s requirement that a charitable institution donate or render gratuitously a
substantial portion of its goods or services from the Property. According to the Board,
the services provided by Goodwill are not gratuitously rendered, as individuals who
receive vocational training pay for it with their time by working at the stores. With
regard to drivers’ education training, the Board points out that the fees are paid for by
the driver participants and the government. The Board further maintains that because
Goodwill provides both goods and services, it must donate in both of these categories
and cannot “cherry-pick” services as the only side of its operations that is charitable.
(Board’s Br., at 17-31.)
At issue here is Section 375(d) of the Act, which sets forth qualifying
criteria for institutions of purely public charity and states in relevant part as follows:
6
As discussed supra note 4, this presumption helps to ensure consistency in taxation, and it
is undisputed that the presumption applies in this case. The Board expressly accepts applicability of
this presumption on appeal and concedes that it bore the burden of establishing, by a preponderance
of the evidence, that Goodwill failed to meet the necessary Act 55 criteria. (Board’s Br., at 21, 28.)
9
(d) Community service.--
(1) The institution must donate or render gratuitously a
substantial portion of its services. This criterion is satisfied
if the institution benefits the community by actually
providing any one of the following:
....
(iii) Wholly gratuitous goods or services to at least 5% of
those receiving similar goods or services from the institution.
10 P.S. § 375(d)(1)(iii) (emphasis added).
Instantly, Mr. Glasl testified at length and in detail regarding the
substantial services Goodwill offers in the form of vocational and life skills training,
including resume drafting, interview preparation for adults ready to enter the
workforce, and job shadowing for high school students. Mr. Glasl’s testimony was
unequivocal that Goodwill charges no fees for any of these services, thereby
establishing that at least 5% of its services are rendered gratuitously.7 The testimony
that Goodwill’s drivers’ education programs are fee-based does not detract from the
fact that a substantial portion of the services it provides are free.
Insofar as the Board claims that the job training services are not gratuitous
because participants pay with their time in labor, the record does not support this
contention. Instead, the record demonstrates that job training is a matter of client
choice, that Goodwill trains participants to work “any job” in a variety of sectors in the
community, and that trainees are not pressured to become Goodwill employees.
With respect to the Board’s argument that Goodwill must donate both
goods and services in order to meet the criteria of the statute, a reading of the plain
language of the phrase “goods or services,” in particular the use of the disjunctive term
“or,” unambiguously indicates to the contrary. Therefore, in light of the ample
7
See 10 P.S. § 375(d)(1)(iii). See also Trial Ct. Op., 1/5/23, at 8, 10, 18.
10
evidence showing that Goodwill gratuitously renders a substantial portion of its
services, coupled with application of the Section 376 presumption in Goodwill’s favor,
we agree with the trial court’s determination that Goodwill satisfied the requirements
necessary for tax exemption as a charitable institution under Act 55. Accordingly, we
turn to the remaining issue of the application of the CCAL.
C. CCAL Factors
The Board next contends that Goodwill is ineligible for a charitable
exemption under the CCAL because the Property is situated in a high traffic retail area
and “obviously competes with neighboring retailers” including Walmart and Big Lots.
(Board’s Br., at 31.) The Board maintains that because Goodwill sells the same type
of goods and operates within the same general marketplace as these surrounding stores,
it plainly competes with them, rendering it subject to property taxation. The Board
characterizes any differences in Goodwill’s operations as compared to other retail
stores, including its mission-based advertising and selling of used goods, as “a
distinction without a difference” and irrelevant to its fulfillment of the statutory
criterion. Id. at 44-45.
The relevant provision of the CCAL prohibiting a charitable organization
from competing with commercial enterprise reads as follows:
(a) General rule.--The following property shall be exempt
from all county, city, borough, town, township, road, poor,
county institution district and school real estate taxes:
....
(3) All hospitals, universities, colleges, seminaries,
academies, associations and institutions of learning,
benevolence or charity, including fire and rescue stations,
with the grounds annexed and necessary for their occupancy
and use, founded, endowed and maintained by public or
private charity as long as all of the following apply:
11
....
(ii) The property of purely public charities is necessary to
and actually used for the principal purposes of the institution
and not used in such a manner as to compete with
commercial enterprise.
53 Pa. C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(ii) (emphasis added).
In analyzing this criterion as it relates to Goodwill, the trial court
determined:
[T]he evidence in the case at bar demonstrated that the
manner in which Goodwill conducts its retail operation is
unique. The goods sold by Goodwill consist of clothing,
books, home goods, and sporting goods donated by
community members. The fact that other nearby stores sell
these same general categories of items does not, in and of
itself, establish that Goodwill conducts itself so as to compete
with them. Many of the nearby retail stores—Walmart,
Barnes & Noble, Dunham’s Sports, Gabes, Ross, and Dollar
Tree, e.g.— sell only new items, and there was no evidence
to suggest that the goods offered for sale by these stores are
acquired other than through traditional supply chain
channels. The trial evidence showed that other retail stores
selling used items in the larger community advertise the
availability of goods of a specific quality and type, and that
they also seek to purchase new and/or gently used
secondhand goods of that same quality and type for inventory
to have on hand for re-sale. . . .
In contrast, the goods sold by Goodwill are virtually
all secondhand goods, and Goodwill does not seek to procure
any particular brand, type, style or quality of goods.
Goodwill accepts donations simply left by donors at the
drop-off center at the Property. Its employees then engage in
a process of sorting and reconditioning items to be offered
for sale; because Goodwill accepts donations without pre-
inspection, there are times when Goodwill receives items that
are not salable and must be recycled or otherwise discarded
by its employees. Photographs introduced by Goodwill
12
showed a room for temporary storage of donations stacked
with boxes and bags of unsorted items that had been dropped
off by donors and needed to be inspected and processed for
sale, recycling, or discard.
Goodwill does not advertise sales or availability of
certain kinds of goods, nor would it be in a position to do so
given the manner in which its “inventory” is received. It uses
flat unit pricing for clothing regardless of brand. Goodwill
has never engaged in market studies in an effort to increase
market share. Advertising is minimal, and is primarily
limited to mission-related radio ads, focusing on its
vocational programs and success stories rather than
promotion of sales. As of the time of trial, the Board had
never received complaints from commercial stores or
residents suggesting that Goodwill was unfairly competing
with other retail stores in the community.
The evidence also established that operation of the
retail store at the Property is integrally related to Goodwill’s
charitable purpose and core mission. Goodwill’s governing
documents reflect Goodwill’s mission to provide vocational
services and employment opportunities for individuals with
disabilities or other disadvantaging conditions. The
governing documents also expressly state that the sale of
items that have been reconditioned, made, or assembled by
such individuals is a necessary part of Goodwill’s
rehabilitation, training, and education service program. The
evidence showed that approximately [60%] of the Goodwill
employees at the Property self-report as having a disability.
Goodwill’s goal with respect to retail sales at the Property is
to provide vocational training and employment opportunities
in furtherance of its core mission. All revenue from sales at
the Property go to the general fund and is used to advance
Goodwill’s charitable mission.
13
On review of the evidence, the Court concludes Goodwill has
met its burden of proving that the retail store at the Property
is an integral and necessary part of Goodwill’s overall
mission, and that it does not use the Property in such a
manner as to compete with commercial enterprise.
Accordingly, Goodwill has demonstrated that it is entitled to
exemption from real property taxation under [S]ection
8812(a)(3) of the CCAL.
(Trial Ct. Op. at 16-18.)
After review of the record, we wholly agree with the trial court’s analysis.
In short, the evidence shows that Goodwill’s operations are unique and differ
significantly from other local businesses in that it lacks control over the composition
or flow of its inventory, which is primarily made up of used items, conducts no research
or analyses to gain market share, and prices salable items in a unform, blanket fashion
by category, without regard to brand or to competitor pricing. All of the revenue
generated at the Property is directed into a general fund and used to support Goodwill’s
mission to assist disadvantaged individuals obtain and maintain stable employment in
the community. Goodwill not only does not compete with other local business, but it
also actively provides intensive job coaching to its trainees to work in those
establishments. Therefore, the trial court properly determined that Goodwill does not
use its Property in such a manner as to compete with for-profit retailers.
III. Conclusion
In sum, Goodwill complies with the relevant provisions of Act 55 and the
CCAL. Specifically, the evidence of record establishes that it donates or renders
gratuitously a substantial portion of its services and that it does not use its Property in
such a manner as to compete with commercial enterprise. Accordingly, we affirm the
trial court.
________________________________
PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
14
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Goodwill Industries of North Central :
PA, Inc. :
v. : No. 44 C.D. 2023
:
Centre County Board of Assessment :
Appeals, College Township, and :
State College Area School District :
:
Appeal of: Centre County Board of :
Assessment Appeals :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 26th day of August, 2024, the January 5, 2023 Order
of the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County is hereby AFFIRMED.
________________________________
PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Goodwill Industries of North Central :
PA, Inc. :
: No. 44 C.D. 2023
v. :
: Argued: May 8, 2024
Centre County Board of Assessment :
Appeals, College Township, and :
State College Area School District :
:
Appeal of: Centre County Board of :
Assessment Appeals :
BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
HONORABLE LORI A. DUMAS, Judge
HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge
HONORABLE MATTHEW S. WOLF, Judge
DISSENTING OPINION BY
JUDGE DUMAS FILED: August 26, 2024
I respectfully dissent. In my view, Goodwill Industries of North Central
Pennsylvania, Inc. (Goodwill) failed to establish that its use of the property at issue
(Property) “is necessary to and actually used for” its principal charitable purpose.
53 Pa.C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(iii). Rather, I submit that Goodwill uses its Property to
compete with local commercial enterprises under 53 Pa.C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(ii) of the
Consolidated County Assessment Law (CCAL), 53 Pa.C.S. §§ 8801-8868. I would
reverse the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County (trial court) in favor of the
Centre County Board of Assessment Appeals (Board).
Under CCAL, Goodwill, a charitable organization, is exempt from all
taxes if the Property “is necessary to and actually used for the principal purposes of
the institution and not used in such a manner as to compete with commercial
enterprise.” 53 Pa.C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(iii) (emphases added). CCAL does not define
“compete,” although cases have examined whether a nonprofit is competing.
For example, in Young Men’s Christian Association of Germantown v.
City of Philadelphia, 187 A. 204 (Pa. 1936) (YMCA), our Supreme Court resolved
whether YMCA, a public charity, competed with commercial enterprises by
operating a boardinghouse. YMCA, 187 A. at 205.1 As a public charity, YMCA is
ordinarily exempt from taxation because it assumes “a share of the public burden.”
Id. at 210.2 Under its bylaws, YMCA’s principal purpose is “the spiritual, mental,
social and physical improvement of young men.” Id. at 206 (cleaned up).
Ostensibly in advancement of its principal purpose, YMCA operated a
boardinghouse from a portion of its property. Id. at 205. The taxing authority,
however, declined to exempt the entire property from taxation. Id. Our Supreme
Court examined whether YMCA’s entire property—including the portion used for a
boardinghouse—should be exempt. Id.
Initially, the YMCA Court questioned whether operating a
boardinghouse was “clearly necessary” for YMCA’s stated, principal purpose of
improving young men. Id. at 214 (reasoning that YMCA’s boardinghouse, “in which
1
I acknowledge that YMCA construed the version of CCAL in effect at that time and that
our Supreme Court subsequently criticized YMCA regarding its definition of “charity.” W.
Allegheny Hosp. v. Bd. of Prop. Assessment, Appeals & Rev. of Allegheny Cnty., 455 A.2d 1170,
1173 (Pa. 1982). Nevertheless, YMCA remains well-settled law.
2
The YMCA Court explained that any “institution which by its charitable activities relieves
the government of part of this burden is conferring a pecuniary benefit upon the body politic, and
in receiving exemption from taxation it is merely being given a ‘quid pro quo’ for its services in
providing something which otherwise the government would have to provide.” YMCA, 187 A. at
210.
LAD - 2
rooms are rented commercially to lodgers, is not so clearly necessary for the
occupancy and enjoyment of that part of [YMCA’s] building in which its work of
charity or benevolence is carried on as to entitle it to exemption from paying taxes”).
In any event, our Supreme Court held that YMCA’s boardinghouse
competed with other nearby for-profit boardinghouses. Id. at 209. In the Court’s
view, YMCA’s operation of a boardinghouse was primarily “commercial in
character. It compete[d] with lodging houses which are avowedly commercial in
character.” Id. (emphasis in original). “The fact that the environment is religious,
and mentally and morally uplifting,” i.e., the boardinghouse seemingly advances
YMCA’s principal purpose, did “not alter the fact that the renting of its rooms is
substantially like the renting of rooms in other lodging houses.”3 Id. Thus, our
Supreme Court held that YMCA was not entitled to a tax exemption on the
boardinghouse portion of its property. Id. at 211, 214.
Similarly, and more recently, this Court reversed a tax exemption that
was granted to a nonprofit hospital, which operated an ambulatory surgical center.
Latrobe Area Hosp. v. Westmoreland Cnty. Bd. of Assessment Appeals (Pa. Cmwlth.,
No. 1882 C.D. 2017, filed July 19, 2019) (Latrobe), 2019 WL 3242295.4 Per Latrobe,
the record established that the nonprofit surgical center and five other commercial
surgical centers in the county performed identical forms of surgery. Id., slip op. at
4, 2019 WL 3242295, at *4. Because the nonprofit surgical center “performs the
same or similar procedures as are performed by each of the” commercial for-profit
3
Additionally, the fact that YMCA did not profit from operating the boardinghouse was
“wholly immaterial.” YMCA, 187 A. at 209. It was immaterial, per our Supreme Court, because
competing commercial boardinghouses could also be operating at a deficit. Id. Operating at a
loss, however, did not transform those competing boardinghouses into “institutions of purely
public charity.” Id. (cleaned up).
4
I may cite unreported decisions of this Court if I find them persuasive. See 210 Pa. Code
§ 69.414(a).
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surgical centers, this Court held the nonprofit competed “with commercial
enterprises.” Id., slip op. at 8, 2019 WL 3242295, at *8.
In support, Latrobe also analogized to an en banc decision of this Court.
Id. (discussing Jameson Care Ctr. v. Cnty. of Lawrence, 753 A.2d 902 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2000) (en banc) (Jameson)). In Jameson, the nonprofit organization operated a
rehabilitation center that competed with other for-profit rehabilitation centers.
Jameson, 753 A.2d at 904. Specifically, the record established that the nonprofit and
for-profit rehabilitation centers competed to “provide rehabilitation services to local
school districts” at “competitive prices.” Id. The Jameson Court similarly
concluded that the nonprofit center was competing with commercial centers by
providing identical services to the same class of customer. Id.
I am more persuaded by the reasoning of those Courts. First, on this
record, I am unconvinced that Goodwill actually uses the entire Property for “the
principal purposes” of Goodwill. See 53 Pa.C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(ii). Second, I am
similarly skeptical that Goodwill’s Property does not compete with other commercial
enterprises. See id.
Goodwill’s principal purpose is to provide “vocational services and
employment opportunities for all people, who because of disabilities, disadvantages,
or employment displacement, face barriers to competitive employment.” Notes of
Testimony (N.T.), 6/13/22, at 39 (cleaned up) (quoting Goodwill’s bylaws). Further,
per its bylaws, the “selling of articles new, reconditioned, assembled, or made by
such persons and the performance of work related services by such persons as a part
of their vocational rehabilitation shall be a necessary part of the rehabilitative,
training, and educational service program of” Goodwill. Id. at 39-40 (cleaned up)
(quoting Goodwill bylaws).
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Here, it is unclear to me how Goodwill’s bylaws provide for the sale of
used goods not “reconditioned, assembled, or made by” disadvantaged persons. See
id. Indeed, roughly half of the Property’s workers are not disabled or disadvantaged.
Id. at 62-63. Like the YMCA Court, which doubted whether the operation of its
boardinghouse was “clearly necessary” to YMCA’s “work of charity or
benevolence,” I also doubt whether Goodwill’s entire Property was “clearly
necessary” to its defined charitable, principal purpose. See YMCA, 187 A. at 214.
Second, on this record, I question whether Goodwill’s Property does
not compete with other area stores. The Property sells used clothing and other goods.
Findings of Fact ¶ 22. The Property is located in a shopping mall along with other
stores, including Big Lots, Dollar Tree, and Ross Dress for Less. N.T. at 103-06. In
the “Centre Region” of the “State College area,” are stores that also sell used clothing
and other goods: Plato’s Closet, Kid to Kid, Uptown Cheapskate, and Love-it. Id. at
106-07, 120-21, 170, 172-93, 198-201; accord Findings of Fact ¶ 22.
Instantly, like YMCA, I would hold that Goodwill’s Property is
“avowedly commercial in character.” See YMCA, 187 A. at 209 (emphasis in
original). It is commercial in character because Goodwill competes with other
commercial, for-profit stores in the vicinity that also sell used clothing and other
goods. See id.; see also, e.g., N.T. at 106-07. In other words, like the nonprofit
organizations in YMCA, Latrobe, and Jameson, Goodwill is competing for the same
class of customers that would also shop at Plato’s Closet, Kid to Kid, Uptown
Cheapskate, and other similar stores in the vicinity. See, e.g., Jameson, 753 A.2d at
904-05.5
5
I acknowledge that Goodwill owns two other properties at which it operates stores; it has
received tax exemptions for those properties. N.T. at 117. Goodwill also operates 23 other stores,
although Goodwill does not own those properties. Id.
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In sum, on this record, I am more swayed by the reasoning in YMCA,
Jameson, and Latrobe. Because Goodwill sells used clothing and other goods in the
same vicinity as commercial enterprises that also sell used clothing and other goods,
it appears to me that Goodwill is using the Property “in such a manner as to compete
with commercial enterprise.” See 53 Pa.C.S. § 8812(a)(3)(iii); see also YMCA, 187
A. at 214; Jameson, 753 A.2d at 905; Latrobe, slip op. at 8, 2019 WL 3242295, at *8.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
______________________________
LORI A. DUMAS, Judge
President Judge Cohn Jubelirer joins this dissent.
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