The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs April 8, 2008
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RICHARD BURTON
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Gibson County
No. 17644 Clayburn Peeples, Judge
No. W2007-02364-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 9, 2008
The defendant, Richard Burton, was convicted of one count of introducing contraband into a penal
institution. On appeal, he argues that he was erroneously convicted of an offense for which he was
not indicted. In addition, the defendant argues that the trial court’s interpretation of the statute
resulted in a duplicitous indictment and the trial court’s jury charge prevented a unanimous jury
verdict. Following our review of the parties’ briefs, the record, and the applicable law, we reverse
the judgment of the trial court, vacate the conviction and dismiss the charges against the defendant.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
Dismissed
J.C. MCLIN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS and NORMA
MCGEE OGLE , JJ., joined.
Tom W. Crider, Trenton, Tennessee, for the appellant, Richard Burton.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General;
Garry G. Brown, District Attorney General; Edward L. Hardister and Harold E. Dorsey, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. BACKGROUND
The defendant was indicted on two counts of taking, sending, or causing contraband to be
taken into a penal institution. Proof at trial established that the defendant was an inmate at the
Gibson County Correctional Complex when jail staff conducted a routine search of the defendant’s
jail cell, and discovered a steel “shank” or knife taped to the underside of a basket belonging to the
defendant. In addition, jail staff discovered five amoxicillin pills under the defendant’s bunk. The
defendant claimed that the shank was only used to heat sandwich meat and could not be used as a
weapon. He also submitted that the amoxicillin pills had been given to him by his former cellmate.
The defendant was indicted by the Gibson County Grand Jury for two counts of introduction
of contraband into a penal institution pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-16-201. The
defendant was not indicted for possession of either the shank or the pills. At trial, the trial court
judge found that the indicted offense of introduction of contraband in section 39-16-201(b)(1)
included possession of contraband and therefore charged the jury on the elements of possession. The
defendant was convicted of one count of introduction of contraband into a penal institution based
on his possession of the shank.
II. ANALYSIS
The defendant argues that he was convicted of an offense for which he was not indicted. In
addition, the defendant argues that the trial court’s interpretation of Tennessee Code Annotated 39-
16-201(b)(1) effectively resulted in a duplicitous indictment. Finally, the defendant contends that
the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the elements of possession of contraband and thereby
prevented the jury from reaching a unanimous verdict.
The defendant was charged with the introduction of contraband. In pertinent part, the
indictment reads: “[the defendant] did unlawfully and knowingly take, send or otherwise cause to
be taken into the County Jail, where prisoners are quartered or under custodial supervision, a steel
shank, in violation of T.C.A. 39-16-201.” Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-16-201 provides
in relevant part:
(b) It is unlawful for any person to:
(1) Knowingly and with unlawful intent take, send or otherwise cause to be taken into
any penal institution where prisoners are quartered or under custodial supervision any
weapons, ammunition, explosives, intoxicants, legend drugs, or any controlled
substances found in chapter 17, part 4 of this title;
(2) Knowingly possess any of the materials prohibited in subdivision (a)(1) while
present in any penal institution where prisoners are quartered or under custodial
supervision without the express written consent of the chief administrator of the
institution; or
(3) Knowingly and with unlawful intent take, send or otherwise cause to be taken into
any penal institution where prisoners are quartered or under custodial supervision any
telecommunication device.
(c) A violation of subdivision (b)(1) or (b)(2) is a Class C felony. A violation of
subdivision (b)(3) is a Class E felony.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-16-201(b), (c). The statute distinguishes between three separate offenses,
each with a specified penalty. This court has previously determined that where a defendant only
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transferred contraband from one point inside the jail to another point inside the jail, he could not also
be convicted of introduction of contraband. See State v. Hicks, 835 S.W.2d 32, 38 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1992).
The state concedes that the defendant was indicted under one provision of the statute and
erroneously convicted under a separate provision of the statute. The state further concedes that the
evidence offered at trial demonstrated only that the defendant had possession of the contraband. No
proof was offered to show that the defendant introduced the contraband into the jail. In conceding
the error occurring in this case, the state cites to the State v. Goodson, 77 S.W.3d 240 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2001). In Goodson, the defendant was indicted for driving on a revoked driver’s license
pursuant Tennessee Code Annotated § 55-50-504, which expressly prohibited driving on a license
which was suspended, revoked or canceled. Id. However, in Goodson, the defendant was convicted
of driving on a suspended license, not a revoked license, the offense for which he was indicted. Id.
at 244. This court concluded in Goodson that “revocation” and “suspension” had legally distinct
meanings and that the indictment could not be broadened to include the other term without the action
of the grand jury. Id.
Similarly, in the instant case, the defendant was indicted under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-16-201(b)(1) for introduction of contraband into the jail. However, the evidence only
established that the defendant possessed contraband in the jail. It is abundantly clear that the state
failed to prove that the defendant introduced contraband into the jail pursuant to the indictment.
Therefore, we determine that the proof at trial was insufficient because it varied fatally from the
offense alleged in the indictment. Accordingly, the trial court erred by not acquitting the defendant
of the charged offense of introducing contraband into a penal institution.
The state also concedes that the defendant is correct with regard to two other issues raised
on appeal. First, the state acknowledges the trial court erred in its erroneous interpretation of the
statute which resulted in a “duplicitous indictment” charging the defendant with two crimes in one
count. Specifically, the trial court stated that possession of the contraband was necessary and
inherent to the introduction of contraband. The trial court stated:
I don’t believe it’s fatal. . . . I think an Appellate Court looking at this would say that
he has not been treated unfairly in terms of standing trial on these charges and I think
they would say that in view of the way the statute is drafted, that giving the
[possession] instruction as I am going to give, is the appropriate thing to do.
Subsequently, the trial court seemed to recognize that the offenses enumerated in the subsections of
Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-16-201 were separate and distinct:
The statute in question, 16-201 very clearly says it’s unlawful to do one or the other.
. . . One statute makes two different things. Actually, three different things; sending,
taking or possessing and it says in Sub-Section C a violation of B1 or B2 is a Class
C Felony. A violation of B3 is a Class E felony, very clearly contemplating that these
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are separate crimes and your indictment doesn’t really make it - or maybe it does
make it clear. Your indictment seems to indicate that you’re charging on the first
crime, B1 as opposed to B2 or B3.
Nonetheless, it appears from the record that the trial court was not persuaded by its own analysis,
and permitted the state to present evidence of the defendant’s possession of the contraband in
question. While the state was able to prove that the defendant possessed contraband, it failed to offer
any evidence that the defendant introduced contraband into the jail. The defendant moved for a
judgment of acquittal at the conclusion of the state’s proof, and again later at the conclusion of
defense proof, before the case was submitted to the jury. The defendant’s motions were denied.
Based upon our review of the record, it appears that the trial court’s determination that
possession was implicitly contained in the charged offense resulted in a duplicitous indictment. A
defendant may not be charged with two or more distinct and separate offenses in a single-count
indictment. See State v. Angela E. Isabell, No. M2002-00584-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 21486982
(Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, June 27, 2003); see also State v. Jefferson, 529 S.W.2d 674, 678
(Tenn. 1973). Furthermore, “all crimes arising from the same incident that are not lesser included
offenses of another crime charged in the indictment must be charged in separate counts.” State v.
Gilliam, 901 S.W.2d 385, 389 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). There are multiple dangers to a duplicitous
indictment which must be avoided, including, “(1) failure to give the defendant adequate notice of
the charges against him; (2) exposure of the defendant to the possibility of double jeopardy; and (3)
conviction of the defendant by less than a unanimous jury verdict.” State v. Michael Burnette, No.
E2005-00002-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 721306 at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Mar. 22, 2006)
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 5, 2006). We conclude that the trial court was correct when it stated
that introduction and possession were separate offenses under the statute and carried separate
penalties. However, the trial court erred by allowing the defendant’s trial to proceed based on a
presumption that possession was inherent in the indicted offense, when it was in fact, a separate,
indictable offense.
Third and finally, the state concedes that the trial court’s instruction to the jury prevented it
from reaching a unanimous verdict because it was unknown whether the jury’s conviction was based
upon the introduction of contraband as charged, or based upon an impermissible inference of
possession. A defendant is constitutionally entitled to a unanimous verdict before a conviction for
a criminal offense may be imposed. State v. Shelton, 851 S.W.2d 134, 137 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993);
see also State v. Brown, 823 S.W.2d 576, 583 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). “A defendant’s right to a
unanimous verdict before conviction requires the trial court to take precautions to ensure that the jury
deliberates over the particular charged offense, instead of creating a ‘patchwork verdict’ based on
different offenses in evidence.” Shelton, 851 S.W.2d at 137 (internal citations omitted).
As both the state and the defendant point out, the trial court’s instruction on possession,
created the obstacle to verdict unanimity identified in Shelton. Therefore, we conclude that trial
court erred by instructing the jury on possession as the instruction prevented the jury from reaching
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a unanimous verdict. Accordingly, based on the aforementioned analysis, the defendant’s conviction
is reversed and dismissed.1
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the case is
dismissed.
___________________________________
J.C. McLIN, JUDGE
1
W e note that the defendant also argues that the evidence does not show that the shank discovered in the
defendant’s possession was used as a weapon, and therefore, the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction. We
decline to address the argument because we have already reversed and dismissed the defendant’s conviction on other
grounds.
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