The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
March 10, 2010 Session
BARBARA CARR, ET AL. v. MOOSA VALINEZHAD, ET AL.
Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sumner County
No. 2007C-25 Tom E. Gray, Chancellor
No. M2009-00634-COA-R3-CV - Filed April 22, 2010
This appeal arises out of an elderly woman’s attempt to recover assets from her daughter and
former son-in-law, who allegedly exercised undue influence over her financial decision-
making for a period of years following the death of her husband. In a motion for partial
summary judgment, the plaintiffs sought to invalidate two transfers of substantial assets to
the defendants. The trial court granted the plaintiffs’ motion and certified the judgment as
final pursuant to Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Because the trial
court’s order does not dispose of a claim between the parties, we vacate the entry of final
judgment and remand.
Tenn. R. App. P. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated and
Remanded
D AVID R. F ARMER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, J. and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.
Moosa Valinezhad, Pro Se.
James W. Price, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Barbara Carr.
Elizabeth S. Tipping and John D. Ross, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Joanne Carr
Shypula, Individually and as Guardian of Barbara Carr.
OPINION
This appeal involves a series of events initiated by the death of James L. Carr, who
left the bulk of an estate valued at over $3,500,000 to his wife, Barbara Carr. Within five
days of his passing, the defendants in this case, Moosa Valinezhad and Linda Carr
Valinezhad, obtained a general durable power-of-attorney from Ms. Carr appointing them
her agents and attorneys-in-fact. The defendants, Ms. Carr’s daughter and former son-in-law,
indisputably exercised this power-of-attorney, along with additional powers-of-attorney and
Linda Carr Valinezhad’s authority as co-trustee of a trust created to benefit Ms. Carr, to
control virtually every facet of her financial life. During this period, the defendants allegedly
engaged in a systematic bilking of Ms. Carr, depleting the assets of her estate in the pursuit
of their own self interests. It is undisputed that the value of Ms. Carr’s financial holdings
diminished by more than $2,500,000 in less than five years while under the direction of the
defendants.
The plaintiffs, including Ms. Carr, filed this lawsuit to invalidate a series of
transactions and alleged gifts benefitting the defendants. The plaintiffs’ amended and
consolidated complaint included eight counts: breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, fraud and
misrepresentation, civil conspiracy to defraud, exploitation of an elderly person, unjust
enrichment, declaratory relief, and constructive trust. The plaintiffs’ complaint also included
allegations that the defendants were in a confidential relationship with Ms. Carr and
exercised undue influence over her financial decision-making. The plaintiffs eventually
sought partial summary judgment on this basis with respect to two transactions: the transfer
of $150,000 borrowed on margin from Ms. Carr’s stock account and the gift of a ninety-nine
percent interest in a limited partnership created at the behest of the defendants. The trial
court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment, finding that Moosa Valinezhad was
unable to rebut the presumption of undue influence arising out of a confidential relationship
between him and Barbara Carr.1 The trial court certified its judgment as final and Mr.
Valinezhad appealed.
Mr. Valinezhad presents several issues for our review. The dispositive question on
appeal, however, concerns this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction, or lack therefore, to decide
the issues presented. “Subject matter jurisdiction concerns the authority of a particular court
to hear a particular controversy.” Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Commc'ns Co., 924 S.W.2d 632,
639 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Landers v. Jones, 872 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tenn. 1994)). The
question of subject matter jurisdiction is one that appellate courts must consider even if the
parties do not raise the issue. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b); Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 740
(Tenn. 2004). “[P]arties cannot confer subject matter jurisdiction on a trial or an appellate
court by appearance, plea, consent, silence, or waiver.” Dishmon v. Shelby State Cmty. Coll.,
15 S.W.3d 477, 480 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (citing Caton v. Pic-Walsh Freight Co., 364
S.W.2d 931, 933 (Tenn. 1963); Brown v. Brown, 281 S.W.2d 492, 501 (Tenn. 1955)).
This Court’s subject matter jurisdiction is limited to final judgments except where
1
Linda Carr Valinezhad, who divorced the appellant in 2004, settled with the plaintiffs prior to the
hearing on their motion for partial summary judgment.
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otherwise provided by procedural rule or statute. Bayberry Assocs. v. Jones, 783 S.W.2d
553, 559 (Tenn. 1990) (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Miller, 491 S.W.2d 85, 86 (Tenn.
1973)). An order that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of
fewer than all the parties is typically not a final judgment that is appealable as of right. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a). Rule 3(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure nevertheless
permits parties to appeal an order that does not adjudicate all of the claims, rights, and
liabilities of all parties if the trial court certifies its judgment as final pursuant to Rule 54.02
of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 54.02 provides:
When more than one claim for relief is present in an action, whether as a
claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party claim, or when multiple parties
are involved, the Court, whether at law or in equity, may direct the entry of a
final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties
only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and
upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence of such
determination and direction, any order or other form of decision, however
designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and
liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the action as to any
of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to
revision at any time before the entry of the judgment adjudicating all the
claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02.
Rule 54.02 creates two prerequisites to the certification of final judgment: (1) the
order must eliminate one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties, Bayberry, 783
S.W.2d at 558, and (2) the order must expressly direct the entry of final judgment upon an
express finding of “no just reason for delay,” Fox v. Fox, 657 S.W.2d 747, 749 (Tenn. 1983).
If the trial court certifies a judgment that is not conclusive as to “one or more but less than
all of the claims in the action or the rights and liabilities of one or more parties, an appeal
from it will be dismissed, even though the trial court decided to treat the order as final.” 10
Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 2655 & n.8 (3d ed. 1998)
(collecting cases). Similarly, an appeal will be dismissed if this Court determines that a
certified judgment does not contain the requisite express findings, Fagg v. Hutch
Manufacturing Co., 755 S.W.2d 446, 447 (Tenn. 1988) (citation omitted), or improperly
holds that “no just reason for delay” exists, Huntington National Bank v. Hooker, 840 S.W.2d
916, 922 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991).
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Our review of a Rule 54.02 certification is conducted under a dual standard.2 Brown
v. John Roebuck & Assocs., Inc., No. M2008-02619-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4878621, at *5
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2009)(no perm. app. filed). Appellate courts must first determine
whether an order disposes of one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties, which
is a question of law we review de novo. Id. (citing Gen. Acq., Inc. v. GenCorp., Inc., 23 F.3d
1022, 1027 (6th Cir. 1994)); see also Christus Gardens, Inc. v. Baker, Donelson, Bearman,
Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C ., No. M2007-01104-COAR3-CV, 2008 WL 3833613, at *5
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 15, 2008) (no perm. app. filed) (impliedly deciding the question of
2
This Court has primarily reviewed prior decisions to certify judgment pursuant to Rule 54.02 under
an abuse of discretion standard. See, e.g., Baptist Mem’l Hosp. v. Argo Const. Corp., No.
W2008-00822-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 2245667, at *2 n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 29, 2009) (citation omitted),
perm. to app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 2, 2010); Tuturea v. Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., No.
W2006-02100-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2011049, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 12, 2007) (citation omitted);
Newell v. Exit/In, Inc., No. M2003-00434-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 746747, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 7,
2004). The Middle Section of this Court in Brown v. John Roebuck & Associates, Inc., No.
M2008-02619-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4878621 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2009)(no perm. app. filed),
recently determined that a dual standard of review distinguishing between the legal question of whether a
judgment disposes of a claim or party and the fact- or equity-based determination of whether just reason for
delay exists is the appropriate standard to apply when reviewing certification under Rule 54.02, finding
support for its decision in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit’s decision in General
Acquisition, Inc. v. GenCorp., Inc., 23 F.3d 1022 (6th Cir. 1994). Brown, 2009 WL 4878621, at *5 (footnote
omitted). Because the language of Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure is nearly identical
to the pre-revision text of Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, compare Tenn. R. Civ. P.
54.02, with Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (2008), the Middle Section appropriately considered federal precedent
interpreting and applying the provisions of Rule 54(b) as persuasive authority when analyzing Rule 54.02.
See Bayberry, 783 S.W.2d at 557. Our review of federal case law and materials supports the Middle
Section’s conclusion. Importantly, the United States Supreme Court in Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. General
Electric Co., 446 U.S. 1 (1980), has recognized the dual nature of appellate review under Rule 54(b):
There are thus two aspects to the proper function of a reviewing court in Rule 54(b) cases.
The court of appeals must, of course, scrutinize the district court’s evaluation of such factors
as the interrelationship of the claims so as to prevent piecemeal appeals in cases which
should be reviewed only as single units. But once such juridical concerns have been met,
the discretionary judgment of the district court should be given substantial deference, for
that court is “the one most likely to be familiar with the case and with any justifiable reasons
for delay.” The reviewing court should disturb the trial court’s assessment of the equities
only if it can say that the judge’s conclusion was clearly unreasonable.
Curtiss-Wright, 446 U.S. at 10 (quoting Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Mackey, 351 U.S. 427, 437 (1956)). In light
of Curtiss-Wright and other federal cases interpreting Rule 54(b), the authors of the influential treatise
Federal Practice and Procedure have explained that cases limiting an appellate court’s review to a singular
abuse of discretion standard under the federal rules are “clearly wrong.” Wright et al., supra, § 2655. We
agree the same holds true for decisions under Rule 54.02 as implicitly recognized by the Middle Section’s
holding in Brown.
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whether the court’s order disposed of a single claim under a de novo standard). If the order
properly disposes of one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties, appellate courts
must then, and only then, determine whether there is no just reason for delay, a question we
review under an abuse of discretion standard. See Brown, 2009 WL 4878621, at *5; see also
Wright et al., supra, § 2655 (“An appellate court need concern itself with the other Rule
54(b) prerequisite—that the trial court make a determination ‘that there is no just reason for
delay’—only when it is satisfied that the district court properly has reached a final decision
as to any of the claims or parties and has directed the entry of judgment on that decision.”).
Our review in this case focuses on the question of whether the trial court’s order
disposes of one or more but fewer than all of the claims before it.3 A “claim” for the
purposes of Rule 54.02 is defined as the “‘aggregate of operative facts which give rise to a
right enforceable in the courts.’” Brown, 2009 WL 4878621, at *6 (quoting McIntyre v. First
Nat’l Bank of Cincinnati, 585 F.2d 190, 192 (6th Cir. 1978) (per curiam)); accord Christus,
2008 WL 3833613, at *5 (citations omitted) (finding certification of final judgment pursuant
to Rule 54.02 erroneous where the court’s order resolved some but not all of the plaintiff’s
claims for legal malpractice arising out of a closely related series of occurrences); Tucker v.
Capitol Records, Inc., No. M2000-01765-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 1013085, at *1-3, 8 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Sept. 6, 2001) (finding certification improper where the court’s order did not
entirely dispose of the plaintiff’s claim, which concerned a single aggregate of operative facts
arising out of a contract).
Our decision in Brown v. John Roebuck & Associates, Inc., No.
M2008-02619-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4878621 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 16, 2009)(no perm.
app. filed), illustrates when a multiple-count complaint will give rise to a single claim. The
plaintiff, the high bidder at a real estate auction, entered into a sales contract with the seller
requiring the plaintiff to pay earnest money in the amount of $316,963.90 to the auction
company. Brown, 2009 WL 4878621, at *1. The contract initially provided that closing
would occur thirty days after the contract’s execution, but the buyer and seller later executed
an addendum extending the time for closing. Id. The auction company, which allegedly
received no written confirmation of the extension, considered the earnest money earned after
the initial closing deadline and transferred the money from an escrow account to an operating
account. Id. The plaintiff filed suit against the auction company seeking, in part, to recover
the earnest money after the sale failed to close. Id. at *2. The plaintiff’s amended complaint
included nine counts: conversion, misrepresentation, fraud, violation of the Tennessee
3
The order does not purport to dispose of one of the parties to the lawsuit. If an award of partial
summary judgment does not eliminate at least one of multiple parties involved in a case, it must be
established that the Rule 54.02 final judgment disposes of one or more claims. See Brown, 2009 WL
4878621, at *5.
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Consumer Protection Act of 1977, professional negligence, breach of contract, compensatory
damages, declaratory judgment, and breach of fiduciary duty. Id. at *3. The plaintiff
eventually moved for partial summary judgment as to four of these counts, with the trial court
granting summary judgment on the theory of breach of fiduciary duty. Id. at *3. After the
trial court certified final judgment pursuant to Rule 54.02, the auction company appealed.
Id. at *4.
This Court dismissed the appeal, holding that the order appealed did not fully resolve
a claim as Rule 54.02 requires.4 Id. at *8. We explained that all nine counts of the plaintiff’s
complaint arose out of the same aggregate of operative facts involving the estate auction and
the auction company’s actions with respect to the plaintiff’s earnest money. Id. at *7.
Specifically, the plaintiff’s claims for conversion and breach of fiduciary duty involved the
exact same set of operative facts. Id. Thus, the trial court in Brown erred in certifying final
judgment under Rule 54.02. Id. Although not required to decide whether all nine counts
presented by the plaintiffs would constitute a single claim for the purposes of Rule. 54.02,
this Court suggested that the “interlocking facts” of the case would support such a finding.
Id. at *7 n.6. The import of our decision in Brown is clear: separate causes of action or
counts in a complaint that arise out of the same series of closely related factual occurrences
constitute one claim for the purposes of Rule 54.02.
Our review of the record reveals that the trial court’s order does not dispose of a
“claim” for the purposes of Rule 54.02. The order appealed resolves the legal rights of the
parties as to only two transactions on a single count alleged in the complaint. The complaint,
on the other hand, contains eight counts challenging numerous transactions that arise out of
the same aggregate of operative facts—the alleged improper and systematic exercise of
undue influence over Ms. Carr and her finances. Further, the papers filed in the trial court
assert that Mr. Valinezhad improperly benefitted from at least 125 transactions conducted
pursuant to his and his former wife’s broad fiduciary powers. While we cannot know
whether the plaintiffs will ultimately seek to invalidate each of these transactions, it is
without question that the plaintiffs intend to seek further relief from the trial court on
additional counts and additional transactions arising out of the same aggregate of operative
facts. The court’s order, therefore, does not dispose of one or more but fewer than all of the
claims before it and is not certifiable as a matter of law under Rule 54.02. Finding otherwise
could conceivably give rise to countless appeals to determine the merits of various individual
transactions involving essentially the same facts and legal principles. Such an outcome is
unacceptable and would clearly permit piecemeal litigation, which is not favored in
Tennessee. See Harris v. Chern, 33 S.W.3d 741, 746 n.3 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Breakstone
4
We held, in the alternative, that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that no just
reason for delay existed. Brown, 2009 WL 4878621, at *7.
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v. Home Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 539 S.W.2d 45, 45 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1976)).
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court’s order certifying its judgment as
final and remand this case for further proceedings. Costs of this appeal are assessed to the
appellant, Moosa Valinezhad, for which execution may issue if necessary.
_________________________________
DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE
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