In Re: The Estate of Bessie Louise Thornton

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

October 13, 2011 Session

IN RE: THE ESTATE OF BESSIE LOUISE THORNTON

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Wilson County

No. 09183 Charles K. Smith, Chancellor

No. M2011-01287-COA-R3-CV - Filed January 12, 2012

In this will contest, the jury found that a confidential relationship existed between the

principal beneficiary of the will and the testatrix; however, the jury also found that the will

was not the result of undue influence and, therefore, the will was valid. The contestant filed

post-trial motions pursuant to Rules 50.02 and 59 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,

seeking to set aside the judgment notwithstanding the jury verdict, and alternatively, for a

new trial. The trial court set aside the judgment of the jury, and entered judgment declaring

the will invalid on the grounds that it was the result of undue influence. The trial court did

not expressly rule on the alternative motion for a new trial. The proponent of the will appeals,

contending the trial court erred in setting aside the jury’s verdict and entering judgment in

favor of the contestant. We agree that the trial court erred by entering a judgment

notwithstanding the verdict; however, we have also concluded that the trial court, acting in

its role as thirteenth juror, implicitly and conditionally granted the contestant’s motion for

a new trial. Accordingly, we remand the case for a new trial.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Reversed and Remanded

F RANK G. C LEMENT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which P ATRICIA J.

C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., and A NDY D. B ENNETT, J., joined.

Robert Evans Lee, Lebanon, Tennessee; Stephanie Smartt Heckman, Mt. Juliet, Tennessee;

and John D. Kitch, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Nan Kimbro.

Jack O. Bellar and Jamie D. Winkler, Carthage, Tennessee, for the appellee, Clinton O.

Thornton, Jr.

OPINION

This is a classic will contest brought by the decedent’s only child. The decedent,

Bessie Thornton, died on April 14, 2009, at the age of 89. The Last Will and Testament,

dated January 15, 2002, bequeathed and devised all of the decedent’s estate to her next door

neighbor, Nan Kimbro, with the exception of a 1987 Mazda automobile, which was

bequeathed to the decedent’s niece. The decedent’s son, Clinton Thornton, Jr., was explicitly

excluded from the will.

Ms. Kimbro, who was nominated to be the executrix, filed a petition to admit the

January 15, 2002 will to probate in common form. The will was admitted to probate on April

24, 2009, and letters testamentary were issued to Ms. Kimbro.

Shortly thereafter, the decedent’s son filed a Complaint to Contest the Will, alleging

that his mother was incompetent and lacked testamentary capacity at the time of the

execution of the will, that Ms. Kimbro held a confidential relationship with his mother, and

that the will was the result of undue influence by Ms. Kimbro.

A jury trial was held, revealing the following: The decedent lived on a one-acre plot

of land at 5371 Alvin Sperry Road, Mount Juliet, Tennessee for over thirty years. She retired

as an LPN nurse from the Metro Nashville Public Health Department. Her husband, Clinton

Thornton, Sr., passed away in the 1980s, and her son, Clinton Thornton, Jr. (“Mr.

Thornton”), lived with her on the property until about 1977, when he was 19 years old. He

lived with her off and on from 2000 until her death in 2009. The decedent’s home was

modest, heated with a wood stove. The decedent cared for several dogs over the years,

including her own as well as strays she found on her property. Several members of the

decedent’s family lived nearby, including a niece, Martha Girgin, who lived in a trailer on

the decedent’s property. The decedent was close to her family, and they often gathered at the

decedent’s home for birthdays and holidays.

Ms. Kimbro and her husband purchased a neighboring 26-acre plot of land in 1991,

built a house, and moved onto the property in 1995. Mr. and Mrs. Kimbro observed the

decedent was an elderly woman, and occasionally brought her firewood. Ms. Kimbro and the

decedent became friends in 1998, after Ms. Kimbro rescued several puppies that had been

abandoned by the decedent’s dog in a nearby woods. Ms. Kimbro found homes for the

puppies, and helped the decedent have all her dogs spayed or neutered. Ms. Kimbro, who was

also a registered nurse, began visiting with the decedent, taking her to hair appointments, and

assisting the decedent in caring for the neighborhood stray dogs.

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In 2001, the decedent was hospitalized following a stroke. By this time, the decedent’s

son, Mr. Thornton, had moved back onto the decedent’s property. While the decedent was

hospitalized, Mr. Thornton evidently attempted to do some remodeling on the decent’s home.

When she returned from the hospital, the decedent found that most of her possessions had

been removed from her home, and became very upset at Mr. Thornton. Mr. Thornton moved

out shortly thereafter, and the decedent grew closer to Ms. Kimbro. Although the decedent

recovered from the stroke, she began driving less, became more physically feeble, and began

taking daily doses of pain medicine. Ms. Kimbro began taking the decedent to doctor’s

appointments, retrieving her mail, paying her bills, and she continued bringing her firewood

and taking her to hair appointments. She also helped the decedent install a new wood stove

and chimney, and provided care for the decedent’s dogs. Eventually, she opened a checking

account as well as a Post Office box for the decedent. Ms. Kimbro also helped the decedent

purchase a used Mazda automobile from Ms. Kimbro’s parents.

In January 2002, Ms. Kimbro made an appointment for the decedent to meet with

attorney Robert Callis to prepare her will. The decedent had no prior relationship with Mr.

Callis; Ms. Kimbro chose Mr. Callis because he prepared Ms. Kimbro’s will in 1998. Ms.

Kimbro attended the first appointment with the decedent on January 7, 2002. The decedent

returned to Mr. Callis’s office one week later, on January 15, 2002, to sign and execute the

will. Ms. Kimbro did not accompany the decedent for this second appointment when the will

was executed; however, Ms. Kimbro paid the bill for Mr. Callis’s services. Mr. Callis and

Fontelle Sutherland, Mr. Callis’s mother-in-law, witnessed the will. The will provided that

one of the decedent’s nieces, Mary Seaborn, would receive the decedent’s Mazda

automobile, and that the remainder of the decedent’s estate, namely her property on Alvin

Sperry Road, would go to Ms. Kimbro. The will also provided that Ms. Kimbro would care

for the decedent’s dogs.

Following its execution, Ms. Kimbro stored the decedent’s will in Ms. Kimbro’s safe

deposit box where the will remained until the decedent’s death. The decedent did not have

her own key to Ms. Kimbro’s safe deposit box and the decedent’s family did not know of the

2002 will until it was probated in 2009. From 2002-2009, Ms. Kimbro continued to take the

decedent to hair and medical appointments, pay her bills, and care for her dogs.

The evidence presented at trial further established that, after the decedent’s will was

admitted to probate in April of 2009, Ms. Kimbro wrote a letter to Mr. Thornton, who had

moved back into the decedent’s home, and Martha Girgin, who resided in a trailer on the

decedent’s property, notifying them that they would have to vacate the property.

In the proponent’s case-in-chief, Ms. Kimbro presented, inter alia, the testimony of

Attorney Robert Callis to establish the due execution of the January 22, 2002 will. Attorney

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Callis testified that the decedent appeared to understand the will and her estate. He further

stated that he was satisfied there was no undue influence. He also testified that he asked the

decedent why she wanted to exclude her son from the will, and that the decedent explained

that she had a history of problems with Mr. Thornton. He stated the decedent told him she

wanted Ms. Kimbro to receive her estate because Ms. Kimbro cared for her and her dogs for

several years. Ms. Kimbro also presented the testimony of the decedent’s hairdresser, Sheila

Keaton, who stated that she had long conversations with the decedent, and although the

decedent was becoming physically feeble, she was “coherent about everything.” Ms. Keaton

testified that Ms. Kimbro always came to the beauty shop with the decedent and that they

were friends.

Several of the decedent’s family members testified the decedent was very close with

her family, and consistently stated her intentions to leave her property to her son. They

testified that her health, mentally and physically, had been in a state of decline since her

stroke in 2001. They also testified that Ms. Kimbro was domineering and controlling of the

decedent, and appeared to dislike the decedent’s entire family. Mr. Thornton testified that the

decedent hung a note beside her bed to let people know she did not want Ms. Kimbro in her

house. Mr. Thornton also testified that Ms. Kimbro had attempted to purchase the decedent’s

property in the past, but the decedent wanted to keep the property in her family.

At the conclusion of the trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Ms. Kimbro,

finding, pursuant to the Verdict Form, that “the decedent Bessie L. Thornton possessed the

requisite testamentary capacity to make a valid Will on January 15, 2002”; “Nan Kimbro held

a confidential relationship with the decedent, Bessie Louise Thornton”; and “the Will dated

January 15, 2002, was not the result of undue influence.” As a result of the verdict, the trial

court entered judgment declaring the writing bearing the date of January 15, 2002, signed by

the decedent Bessie Louise Thornton be admitted to probate as “the true, whole and Last Will

and Testament of the said Bessie Louise Thornton . . . .”

After entry of the judgment, the contestant, Clinton Thornton, timely filed a Motion

to Set Aside the Verdict; Enter a Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict, Alter or Amend the

Judgment, or for a New Trial, pursuant to Rule 50.02 and Rule 59 of the Tennessee Rules

of Civil Procedure. Ms. Kimbro filed a response in opposition to the motions. Following a

hearing, the trial court stated from the bench its factual findings and conclusions of law:

THE COURT: All right. I’ve read the briefs and I have studied these cases,

particularly the Kelley case and then the Sumner County case of Paulene

Maddox and the Matlock case as well. I’m of the opinion that there was a

confidential relationship. The jury found there was [a] confidential

relationship. And when I look at all the evidence that was entered in this case,

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the decedent became very dependent upon the defendant here, Ms. Kimbro.

And then the law – all these cases state the law is a confidential relationship

alone is not sufficient to create an undue influence that would be sufficient to

set aside a will of a person.

In addition to there being a confidential relationship, there must be – the

plaintiff must prove suspicious circumstances. It gave a list of several

suggest[ions] in these different cases. But the ones in this case that, and I’m

not saying this is a complete list, but the ones I’ve noticed was advanced age

and deteriorating mental and physical health. She had a stroke. Some say it was

small, pancreatitis and for some reason she was taking pain medication.

Unnatural, distribution of the property in the will it’s kind of – it’s

unnatural to disinherit a son and leave everything to a neighbor. And the

neighbor was certainly controlling of her. Took her places, was quite

dependent on her, this Nan Kimbro is the neighbor and kept her mail and bills

at her home.

The other suspicious circumstances were the fact that Nan Kimbro

inherited everything and Nan Kimbro took Bessie Thornton, the decedent to

a lawyer, this lawyer she had used in the past. And furthermore, Nan Kimbro

paid the lawyer bill.

The terms of the will were kept secret. Nan Kimbro kept the will in her

lock box. The proof at the trial was that Bessie Thornton, the decedent told

people after execution of the will her intended disposition after she had died

was inconsistent with the terms of the will. And mainly I remember, she

wanted her niece and relatives, whoever, may be her sister, but at least her

niece to remain on the property for the rest of her life or as long as she wanted

to in apparently some tenant house that was on the property and there might be

others.

....

But I think cases have held, once you’ve established a confidential

relationship and proved suspicious circumstances, certain suspicious, one or

more, then there is a rebuttable presumption that the will was created or

drafted or cured by undue influence and that this undue influence can only be,

this rebuttable presumption can only be overcome by clear and convincing

evidence.

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As I’ve stated here, the only evidence that I can see that the defendant,

Ms. Kimbro, introduced [was] . . . this one attorney for independent advice. I

do think this attorney was competent. I don’t find he did anything improper.

I do question anyone’s ability to remember what happened seven years ago,

anyone in the world, I question anybody’s ability. I don’t particularly have a

variety of will cases and so forth, but maybe he has that distinct ability to do

that. But I would – I would doubt that. But that’s not – that doesn’t come into

play here.

What comes into play is that there was a confidential relationship,

suspicious circumstances gave rise to this will being created by undue

influence. And as these cases have dealt, just a mere independent advice of

attorney is not sufficient alone to set aside this presumption.

So based upon the case law, state of law the way it exists in the state of

Tennessee at this time, I’m going to set aside the judgment of the jury and

enter an order notwithstanding the verdict that the will was invalid and further

set aside the probate of the will. That’s the finding of this Court and the order

to be entered. Thank you.

An order that was approved for entry by counsel for all parties was submitted to and

approved by the trial judge; it reads as follows:

ORDER

This case came on to be heard before the Honorable C. K. Smith,

Chancellor for the Chancery Court for Wilson County, Tennessee, upon the

Motion to Set Aside the Verdict and Enter a Judgment Notwithstanding the

Verdict pursuant to T ENN. R. C IV . P. 50.02, or in the alternative pursuant to

T ENN . R. C IV. P. 59 for an order granting a new trial filed by the Plaintiff,

Clinton O. Thornton, Jr. Counsel for the Plaintiff and Defendant, were present,

and upon Motion and Response filed by Defendant in opposition to the

Motion, arguments of counsel and the entire record, the Court states:

It is ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the Judgment

following the jury verdict entered on August 24, 2010, be set aside and an

order notwithstanding the verdict be entered that the Last Will and Testament

of Bessie Thornton be held invalid. The Court finds the evidence showed that

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Nan Kimbro held a confidential relationship with the decedent, Bessie Louise

Thornton, and that the Will admitted for probate was the result of undue

influence upon the decedent by Nan Kimbro.

It is further ORDERED ADJUDGED and DECREED that the order

probating the Last Will and Testament be set aside and Nan Kimbro is hereby

removed as Executrix.

The Court made specific findings of fact and conclusions of law on the

record and those findings are attached hereto and are hereby incorporated into

this Order.

This appeal by Ms. Kimbro followed in which she asserts that the grant of judgment

notwithstanding the verdict should be set aside and the jury’s verdict reinstated because the

trial court applied an incorrect legal standard, it impermissibly weighed the evidence, and

sufficient evidence was presented to the jury to create an issue of fact for the jury to decide.

A NALYSIS

I.

Will Contests

The issues presented require us to first examine the parameters of a will contest. At

the time a will is executed, the mind of the testatrix must be sufficiently sound to enable her

to know and understand the force and consequence of the act of making the will.1 In re Estate

of Elam, 738 S.W.2d 169 (Tenn. 1987); Am. Trust & Banking Co. v. Williams, 225 S.W.2d

79, 83 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1948). A person executing a will must know and understand: (1) the

nature and the effect of her act; (2) the property she possesses; and (3) the manner in which

1

The mental condition of the testator at the time of executing the will is the only point of inquiry;

but evidence of mental condition before and after making the will, if not too remote in point of time, may

be received as bearing upon that issue. In re Estate of Elam, 738 S.W.2d 169, 171-72 (Tenn. 1987). Evidence

of the testator’s physical condition before and after the date of the will is also admissible; however, apart

from its effect upon the mind, the physical condition of the testator has no bearing on the issue. Id. at 172

(citing Taliaferro v. Green, 622 S.W.2d 829, 834 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981)). Although evidence regarding

factors such as physical weakness or disease, old age, blunt perception or failing mind and memory is

admissible on the issue of testamentary capacity, it is not conclusive and the testator is not thereby rendered

incompetent if her mind is sufficiently sound to enable her to know and understand what she is doing. Id. The

opinions of lay witnesses are admissible on soundness of mind if they are based on details of conversations,

appearances, conduct or other particular facts from which the state of mind may be judged. Id. (citing Am.

Trust & Banking Co. v. Williams, 225 S.W.2d 79, 84 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1948)).

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her property will be distributed under the will. Childress v. Currie, 74 S.W.3d 324, 328

(Tenn. 2002); In re Estate of Elam, 738 S.W.2d at 171-72; In re Estate of Price, 273 S.W.3d

113 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). However, executing a will requires less mental capacity than

engaging in business transactions. Owen v. Summers, 97 S.W.3d 114, 125 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2001); Green v. Higdon, 870 S.W.2d 513, 522 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).

Once the proponent of the will establishes its due execution, the contestant has the

burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the testatrix lacked testamentary

capacity, or that her will was the result of undue influence exerted upon her by another. In

re Estate of Elam, 738 SW.2d at 171 (citing In re Estate of Rhodes, 436 S.W.2d 429, 435-36

(Tenn. 1968)). As a general rule, it is presumed that undue influence does not enter into the

making of a will and the burden of proving undue influence falls upon the person contesting

the will. Kelley v. Johns, 96 S.W.3d 189, 196 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); In re Estate of Maddox,

60 S.W.3d 84, 89 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

Undue influence “upon a testator consists in substituting the will of the person

exercising it for that of the testator.” Jack W. Robinson, Sr., & Jeff Mobley, Pritchard on the

Law of Wills and the Administration of Estates § 124, at 203 (5 th ed. 1994). Thus, the

dispositive issue on a question of undue influence is whether “the will is the will of the

testator or that of another.” Id. § 130, at 210. “[I]t is not influence that vitiates a will, but

undue influence . . . .” Union Planters Nat’l Bank v. Inman, 588 S.W.2d 757, 761 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1979)(emphasis added). The issue of undue influence should “be decided by the

application of sound principles and good sense to the facts of each case.” Childress, 74

S.W.3d at 329 (citing Matlock v. Simpson, 902 S.W.2d 384, 388 (quoting Halle v.

Summerfield, 287 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tenn. 1956))).

While undue influence can be proved either by direct or circumstantial evidence, see

In re Depriest’s Estate, 733 S.W.2d 74, 78 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986), direct evidence is rarely

available. Hager v. Hager, 66 S.W.2d 250, 260 (1933). Thus, in most cases, those attacking

a conveyance on the grounds of undue influence must prove the existence of suspicious

circumstances warranting the conclusion that the person allegedly influenced did not act

freely and independently. Fell v. Rambo, 36 S.W.3d 837, 847 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). The

suspicious circumstances most often relied upon to establish undue influence are: (1) the

existence of a confidential relationship between the grantor and the beneficiary at the time

of the conveyance;2 (2) the grantor’s physical or mental deterioration; and (3) the

beneficiary’s active involvement in procuring the conveyance. In re Estate of Elam, 738

S.W.2d at 173; Kelly v. Allen, 558 S.W.2d 845, 848 (Tenn. 1977); Mitchell, 779 S.W.2d at

2

The existence of a confidential relationship is one of the “suspicious circumstances” most frequently

relied upon to show undue influence. Fell, 36 S.W.3d at 847-48; Kelly, 558 S.W.2d at 848.

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388; Taliaferro, 622 S.W.2d at 835-36. Other suspicious circumstances giving rise to undue

influence include: (1) secrecy concerning the will’s or conveyance’s existence; (2) the

grantor’s advanced age; (3) the lack of independent advice in preparing the conveyance; (4)

the grantor’s illiteracy or blindness; (5) the unjust or unnatural nature of the conveyance; (6)

the grantor being in an emotionally distraught state; (7) discrepancies between the

conveyance and the testator’s expressed intentions; and (8) fraud or duress directed toward

the grantor. Halle, 287 S.W.2d at 61-62; Mitchell, 779 S.W.2d at 671.

In Tennessee, where there is a “confidential relationship, followed by a transaction

wherein the dominant party receives a benefit from the other party, a presumption of undue

influence arises, that may be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence of the fairness

of the transaction by clear and convincing evidence.”3 Matlock, 902 S.W.2d at 386; see also

Mitchell, 779 S.W.2d at 389 (finding that a confidential relationship exists combined with

the beneficiary’s involvement in the procurement of the will or conveyance gives rise to a

presumption of fraud or undue influence).

The jury in this case made a finding that a confidential relationship existed between

Ms. Kimbro and the decedent.4 As a consequence of this finding, the burden shifted to Ms.

Kimbro to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the contested will was not the

product of undue influence but, instead, was the product of the free exercise of independent

judgment by the decedent. See In re Estate of Elam, 738 S.W.2d at 171. One means of

showing a transaction’s fairness is for the dominant party to establish, by clear and

convincing evidence, that the weaker party received independent advice before

consummating the transaction that benefitted the dominant party. See Hogan v. Cooper, 619

S.W.2d 516, 519 (Tenn. 1981); see also Richmond v. Christian, 555 S.W.2d 105, 107-08

(Tenn. 1977) (proof that the donor received independent advice respecting the consequences

and advisability of the gift).

3

Thus, the burden of proving that a confidential relationship exists rests upon the party claiming the

existence of such a relationship. Childress, 74 S.W.3d at 328 (citing Brown v. Weik, 725 S.W.2d 938, 945

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)). As the contestant, Mr. Thornton bore the initial burden of proof.

4

In general, a confidential relationship is any relationship which gives a person dominion and control

over another. Kelly, 558 S.W.2d at 848. It is not merely a relationship of mutual trust and confidence, rather

a confidential relationship is one where confidence is placed by one in the other and the recipient of that

confidence is the dominant personality, with ability, because of that confidence, to exercise dominion and

control over the weaker or dominated party. Childress, 74 S.W.3d at 328. Ms. Kimbro does not dispute that

she had a confidential relationship with the decedent.

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II.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 50.02 and 59

We now turn our attention to the principles that apply when a party files post-trial

motions to set aside a jury’s verdict and enter judgment notwithstanding the verdict pursuant

to Rule 50.02, or, in the alternative, for a new trial pursuant to Rule 59, of the Tennessee

Rules of Civil Procedure. The relevant criteria for post-trial motions filed pursuant to Rule

50.02 and Rule 59 were discussed at length by our Supreme Court in 1977 in the matter of

Holmes v. Wilson, 551 S.W.2d 682, 686 (Tenn. 1977). As for a Rule 50.02 motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the Court explained:

A post-trial motion for the entry of judgment in accordance with a motion for

a directed verdict made during the trial must be gauged by the usual rules

relating to directed verdicts. Those rules require that the trial judge, and the

appellate courts, take the strongest legitimate view of the evidence in favor of

the opponent of the motion, allow all reasonable inferences in his or her favor,

discard all countervailing evidence, and deny the motion where there is any

doubt as to the conclusions to be drawn from the whole evidence. A verdict

should not be directed during, or after, trial except where a reasonable mind

could draw but one conclusion.

Id. (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).

Ms. Kimbro insists the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard by weighing the

evidence when ruling upon Mr. Thornton’s Rule 50 Motion for a Judgment Notwithstanding

the Verdict. On this point we agree with Ms. Kimbro. Directed verdicts “are available in will

contests to the same extent that they are available in other civil cases.” Mitchell v. Smith, 779

S.W.2d 384, 387 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). Thus, the trial judge was required to apply the very

deferential standard stated in Holmes, and was not permitted to “weigh the preponderance

of the evidence.” 551 S.W.2d at 685. The trial court held that while Ms. Kimbro presented

some evidence, namely the independent advice of Attorney Callis, that evidence was

insufficient to overcome her burden to produce clear and convincing evidence the will was

not the product of undue influence. In so holding, the trial court impermissibly considered

countervailing evidence and considered the weight of the evidence presented by Ms. Kimbro.

See id.

This was error because the countervailing facts present a jury question concerning the

issue of undue influence; specifically, whether the evidence presented by Mr. Kimbro clearly

and convincingly shows that Ms. Kimbro did not exert undue influence over the decedent in

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the procurement of the will. Matlock, 902 S.W.2d at 386. There is proof in the record that the

decedent maintained her mental faculties despite her deteriorating physical state and

increased need for medical care. There is also proof the decedent had a difficult relationship

with her son in her later years, especially with regard to her property and her home, as well

as proof Ms. Kimbro and the decedent were friends who shared common interests, and that

Ms. Kimbro cared for the decedent’s dogs and neighborhood strays when the decedent

became unable, which was very important to the decedent. Attorney Callis, whom the trial

judge found competent and responsible in assisting the decedent in the preparation of her

will, testified that he met with the decedent outside of Ms. Kimbro’s presence. He questioned

her motives for leaving her property to Ms. Kimbro instead of Mr. Thornton, and was

satisfied with her explanation. Taking “the strongest legitimate view of this evidence” in

favor of Ms. Kimbro, “allowing all reasonable inferences” in her favor, and “discarding all

countervailing evidence,” we find “reasonable minds” could draw more than one conclusion

as to whether the decedent’s will was the product of a fair transaction or whether it was the

product of undue influence on the part of Ms. Kimbro. See Holmes, 551 S.W.2d 686.

Therefore, the trial court erred by entering judgment notwithstanding the verdict declaring

the will of the decedent invalid.

Our decision does not, however, require reinstatement of the jury’s verdict. To

understand why, once again we look to the Court’s ruling in Holmes. The jury in Holmes

awarded the plaintiff damages of $28,000. Id. at 684. The defendant filed post-trial motions

for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and, alternatively, for a new trial. Id. The trial court

first granted the defendant’s motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, but failed

to rule on the defendant’s alternative motion for a new trial. Id. In the first appeal, the matter

was remanded by this court for consideration of the motion for a new trial, pursuant to Rule

50.03 which expressly mandates that, when a judgment notwithstanding the verdict is granted

and provided the movant alternatively asks for a new trial, the trial court shall also

“conditionally” rule on the motion for a new trial. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 50.03. On remand,

the trial judge “made it clear that he was totally dissatisfied with the verdict of the jury” and

granted a conditional new trial. Holmes, 551 S.W.2d at 684. In the second appeal, the court

of appeals reversed the trial court’s grant of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict as well

as the conditional grant of a new trial, and remanded the case with instructions to reinstate

the jury verdict. Id. The Tennessee Supreme Court agreed the trial court erred by entering

judgment notwithstanding the verdict, concluding, as we have here, that a jury question was

presented. However, the supreme court found the court of appeals erred in reinstating the jury

verdict, and held that the case had to be remanded for a new trial because the trial court

conditionally granted a new trial. Id. at 684-85. The reasons for the court’s holding were

explained by Justice Joseph W. Henry as follows:

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When a trial judge sustains a motion for judgment n. o. v., Rule 50.03

mandates that he also rule on the alternative motion for a new trial, indicating

the grounds for granting or denying the motion.

It must be borne in mind that the grant of a new trial was conditional and

becomes effective only if the trial judge’s action in granting judgment is

reversed. This conditional grant of a new trial under Rule 50.03 does not affect

the finality of the judgment, and an appeal lies to review it. If the appellate

court affirms the judgment n. o. v. the controversy is ended. This follows from

the fact that the grant of a new trial was conditional and does not become

operable unless and until the judgment is reversed or vacated on appeal. If [the

appellate court] reverses the judgment, the grant of the motion for a new trial

springs to life, and the case is remanded for a new trial, “unless the appellate

court has otherwise ordered.”

We are not concerned with the correctness of the trial judge’s action in

awarding a conditional new trial. Having expressed his dissatisfaction with the

jury verdict, in his capacity as thirteenth juror, his action in awarding a new

trial is not reviewable, and the only issue before the appellate courts is his

action in entering judgment n. o. v.

Id. at 684-85 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

Like the Tennessee Supreme Court concluded in Holmes, we have determined the

judgment notwithstanding the verdict was improper, and we must now decide whether the

case should be remanded for a new trial or the verdict of the jury reinstated. See id. To

resolve this issue, we must determine the effect of the trial court’s failure to render an

express ruling on Mr. Thornton’s alternative motion for a new trial, which reads, “[a]s

grounds to set aside the verdict, enter a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new

trial, the Plaintiff states that the jury verdict is against the weight of all the evidence.”

When, as here, the trial court is faced with “a motion for a new trial asserting that the

verdict is against the weight of the evidence, [it] is called upon to independently weigh the

evidence and determine whether it preponderates in favor or against the verdict.” Cooper v.

Tabb, 347 S.W.3d 207, 220 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (citations omitted). This is known as the

“thirteenth juror rule,” and it requires the trial judge to weigh the evidence, and if the trial

judge is dissatisfied with the verdict of the jury, it should be set aside. Id. When ruling upon

a motion for a new trial, the trial court “has such broad discretion that it is not bound to give

reasons for its action in granting or denying a new trial based on the preponderance of the

evidence.” Id. (citations omitted). If the trial court approves the jury verdict without

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comment, we will presume “that the trial judge has adequately performed his function as the

thirteenth juror.” Id. (citing Holden v. Rannick, 682 S.W.2d 903, 905 (Tenn. 1984)).

However, “if it appears from any reasons assigned or statements made in passing on a motion

for a new trial that the trial judge was not actually satisfied with the verdict, it is the duty of

the appellate courts to grant a new trial.” Cooper, 347 S.W.3d at 221 (quoting Mabey v.

Maggas, No. M2006-02689-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2713726, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept.

18, 2007)).

The trial court failed to expressly rule on the motion for a new trial; nevertheless,

when we examine the comments made by the trial court when ruling from the bench, the trial

court’s dissatisfaction with the jury’s verdict is clear. Furthermore, as Holmes instructs, if the

trial court grants a motion for a directed verdict or judgment notwithstanding the verdict,

“consistency demands that there be a conditional award of a new trial.” Holmes, 551 S.W.2d

at 685. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court by implication conditionally awarded the

contestant a new trial.

Because we have reversed the entry of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the

conditional grant of the motion for a new trial has sprung to life. Holmes, 551 S.W.2d at 685.

Accordingly, the case is remanded for a new trial.

I N C ONCLUSION

The decision of the trial court to enter judgment notwithstanding the verdict is

reversed and this matter is remanded for a new trial. Costs of appeal are assessed against the

parties equally.

______________________________

FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE

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