Lieberman v. Mason

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

In re: : Chapter 7

Hilary David Mason :

and Tammy Lee Mason,

Debtors. : Case No. 19-16408 (JKF)

________________________________

Richard Lieberman, :

Plaintiff, :

v. :

Hilary David Mason :

and Tammy Lee Mason,

Defendants. : Adv. No. 20-00007 (JKF)

________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

By: JEAN K. FITZSIMON, United States Bankruptcy Judge.

Introduction

Before the Court is the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss this adversary proceeding.

The Plaintiff opposes the Motion. For the reasons which follow, the Motion will be

granted but without prejudice.1

1 As this ruling pertains to nondischargeability of a particular debt, it is within this Court’s “core” jurisdiction. See

28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I).

Cause of Action

Plaintiff holds a claim against the Defendants which arises from two business

loans. He now seeks to except his claim from the Defendants’ discharge based on 11

U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) (excepting from discharges debts arising from “false pretenses, a

false representation, or actual fraud”). The premise of his case is that the Defendants

misrepresented the purpose of the loans.

Allegations

It is alleged that the Plaintiff and Mr. Mason entered into a short term financing

arrangement (¶10); that such financing was intended for the purchase of inventory for

the Mr. Mason’s cell phone business (Id.); that Mr. Mason agreed that he would repay

the loans from the profits earned from the sale of the cellphones and also pay Plaintiff a

portion of the profits (¶11); that both Mr. and Mrs. Mason guaranteed the loans (¶12);

that in December 2016 the Plaintiff made the first such loan to the business and to Mr.

Mason in the amount of $275,000 (¶15); that such loan was memorialized by a

promissory note (¶16); that the loan was to be repaid on March 1, 2017 (¶17); that on

March 16, 2017 the Plaintiff loaned Mr. Mason and the business another $286,000

(¶21); that this loan was also memorialized by a promissory note (¶22); that repayment

of the March Loan was due on April 17, 2017 or as soon as the merchandise for which

the loan was provided was sold, whichever occurred sooner (¶23); that this loan, too,

was also guaranteed by the both Mr. and Mrs. Mason (¶25); that the Defendants have

failed to pay both the December and March Loan as well as to have honored the

guarantees (¶¶27-28); that this caused the parties to enter into a Settlement Agreement

(¶29); that under the Settlement Agreement the parties agreed that the Plaintiff was

owed the sum of $561,000 and that the Defendants and the business was to make

periodic payments to the Plaintiff (¶¶32-33); and that notwithstanding the Settlement

Agreement, the Defendants failed to make payments due under that agreement (¶34);

that as a result the Plaintiff confessed judgment against the Defendants in state court

(¶35); that the Plaintiff has learned that Defendants never had any intention of using the

Loans to buy inventory as represented but, instead, used those funds to buy a vacation

home, to pay off personal debts, and to gamble (¶¶ 39-42); and that had Plaintiff known

that the Defendant husband was lying when he represented to Plaintiff that the Loans

were intended for the purchase of inventory, the Plaintiff would not have made the

Loans. (¶43)

Defendants’ Arguments

The Defendants offer three reasons why the Complaint should be dismissed, in

whole or in part. First, they argue that the operative relationship is not the original loans

and any representations that were made as part of those transactions. Instead, it is the

Settlement Agreement which governs the parties’ relationship and there are no

fraudulent representations alleged to have be associated with that. Second, they argue

that as plead, the fraudulent representation attributed to Mr. Mason is lacking the

required detail. Third, and last, they maintain that the Complaint fails to allege any

fraudulent conduct which may be attributed Mrs. Mason.

Settlements and

Prior Fraud Claims

Defendants’ first ground for dismissal is that the operative document was not

procured by fraud. They refer to the Settlement Agreement which the parties reached

after the Defendants defaulted on the two loans. Nothing in the complaint alleges that

the Settlement Agreement was entered into as a result of fraud on the part of either

Defendant. For that reason, the complaint must be dismissed. Mot. 4.

The Plaintiff’s response to this argument is that controlling authority is in its favor

and rejects the Defendants’ argument. Res. 7-9. It relies here on Archer v. Warner, 538

U.S. 314 (2003). Judge Frank of this District provides this highly useful analysis of that

case:

In Archer, the plaintiffs alleged that the debtors had committed fraud in the

purchase of a business. They filed suit and settled the action. The

settlement agreement provided for a complete release of the claims and

no admission of any fraud. The debtors later defaulted on the obligation

and filed bankruptcy.

The plaintiffs as creditors then sought to have the debt determined

nondischargeable. The lower courts, including the Fourth Circuit Court of

Appeals, found that the settlement agreement, releases, and the

promissory note “had worked a kind of ‘novation.’” 538 U.S. at 318, 123

S.Ct. 1462. Thus, under the new contract, the debt was a different

obligation, one that was not potentially obtained by fraud. The lower courts

held it to be a debt under the settlement agreement and dischargeable in

bankruptcy.

The Supreme Court reversed on the ground that the outcome was

controlled by its earlier decision in Brown v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127, 99

S.Ct. 2205, 60 L.Ed.2d 767 (1979).

As summarized in Archer, the factual scenario in Brown was as follows:

(1) Brown sued Felsen in state court seeking money that (Brown said)

Felsen had obtained through fraud;

(2) the state court entered a consent decree embodying a stipulation

providing that Felsen would pay Brown a certain amount;

(3) neither the decree nor the stipulation indicated the payment was for

fraud;

(4) Felsen did not pay;

(5) Felsen entered bankruptcy; and

(6) Brown asked the Bankruptcy Court to look behind the decree and

stipulation and to hold that the debt was nondischargeable because it was

a debt for money obtained by fraud.

[citation omitted]

In Brown, the Court unanimously held that “[c]laim preclusion did not

prevent the Bankruptcy Court from looking beyond the record of the state-

court proceeding and the documents that terminated that proceeding (the

stipulation and consent judgment) in order to decide whether the *822

debt at issue (namely, the debt embodied in the consent decree and

stipulation) was a debt for money obtained by fraud.” 442 U.S. at 138–

139, 99 S.Ct. 2205. In Archer, the Court adhered to Brown's holding, even

though the “settlement agreement and releases may have worked a kind

of novation.” 538 U.S. at 323, 123 S.Ct. 146

In Brown and Archer, the Supreme Court has instructed that a debt retains

its underlying initial character even though it may change its form. “[T]he

mere fact that a conscientious creditor has previously reduced his claim to

judgment should not bar further inquiry into the true nature of the debt.”

Archer, 538 U.S. at 320–21, 123 S.Ct. 1462 (quoting Brown, 442 U.S. at

138, 99 S.Ct. 2205).

In re Mickletz, 544 B.R. 804, 821–22 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2016)

As Judge Frank’s analysis plainly reveals, the instant dispute is on all fours with

Archer. Like that case, this one involved a claim of fraud arising in a financial

transaction. And, as in Archer, the parties settled their dispute, but the borrowers

defaulted again and filed bankruptcy. And finally, when the lender sought to except the

claim from discharge, the debtor contended that the settlement agreement did not

involve fraud and so there exist no grounds for nondischargeability. That position having

been rejected by a superior tribunal whose decisions constitute binding authority for this

Court, it must be rejected in this instance.

Pleading Standard

The Defendants’ second challenge to the complaint goes to the sufficiency

of the pleading. Mot. 4-5. To state a claim under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing

that the pleader is entitled to relief.” F.R.C.P. 8(a)(2) (made applicable by B.R. 7008).

However, “recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949,

173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct.

1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). Rather, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. at

678, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955). Where

fraud is alleged, the rules require the complaint to include specificity as to the

“circumstances constituting fraud” such as the “who, what, when, where, and how.” In re

Dulgerian, 388 B.R. 142, 147 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.2008) (citing In re Rockefeller Center

Properties, Inc. Sec. Litig., 311 F.3d 198, 217 (3d Cir. 2002)). This particularity

requirement “place[s] the defendants on notice of the precise misconduct with which

they are charged, and ... safeguard [s] defendants against spurious charges of immoral

and fraudulent behavior.” Seville Industrial Machinery Corp. v. Southmost Machinery

Corp., 742 F.2d 786, 791 (3d Cir.1984). Pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7009, a 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss may be predicated upon a plaintiff's failure to meet the heightened

pleading requirements of Rule 9(b). See Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7009;

“Despite Rule 9(b)'s stringent requirements ... ‘courts should be ‘sensitive’ to the

fact that application of the Rule prior to discovery ‘may permit sophisticated defrauders

to successfully conceal the details of their fraud.’” In re Burlington Coat Factory

Securities Litigation, 114 F.3d 1410, 1418 (3d Cir.1997) (citing Shapiro v. UJB Financial

Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 284 (3d Cir.1992)). “Accordingly, the normally rigorous particularity

rule has been relaxed somewhat where the factual information is peculiarly within the

defendant's knowledge or control.” Id.

Because the alleged misrepresentation occurred as part of a transaction, there is

no risk of Mr. Mason hiding some wrongful conduct. The misrepresentation having

alleged to have been made to the Plaintiff, the Court would expect him to remember

what exactly was said or he would not have made the claim of misrepresentation in the

first place. So, his generic assertion of misrepresentation as to the Defendant

Husband’s statement to the Plaintiff that the Loans were intended for the purpose of

buying inventory for his business will not suffice. The Defendants are entitled to know

when it was made: prior to, at the time of, or after the loans were extended. Neither is it

stated where the parties were when the statement was made or if anyone else was

present when it was made. Lastly, it is not stated how it was made: in writing,

specifically, in the promissory note,2 or orally. While much of this can be confirmed (or

contradicted) in discovery, the Defendants need to know now what Mr. Mason said if

they are to answer that allegation truthfully and without unfairly endangering

themselves. See In re Aslansan, 490 B.R. 675, 684 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2013) (finding that

complaint sufficiently alleged fraud by alleging with some precision the when, where and

how the fraud occurred thereby imposing upon the defendant the obligation to respond).

And so, for that reason, the complaint must be dismissed as to him albeit without

prejudice.

Fraud Claim

Against Mrs. Mason

The final challenge to the complaint pertains to Mrs. Mason. The Defendants

maintain that the complaint fails to state a fraud claim against her. They explain that all

2 And the promissory notes are of little help here. The first (Ex. A) does not mention the purpose of the loans. The

second (Ex. C) refers cryptically to the loan amount being the “result of a shared deal where Richard funded the

amount of $270,000 towards the buy, and his share of the profits on the sale is $16,000.”

the allegations involving the inception of the loan are limited to the Defendant husband

and the corporation. She is mentioned only as having guaranteed the loans. There

being no allegation that she made any representation as to the purpose of the loans,

false or otherwise, the complaint fails to state a fraud claim against her. Mot. 11-12.

In response, the Plaintiff makes number of points apparently intended to show

that fraud is sufficient alleged as to Mrs. Mason. He begins by pointing out Mrs. Mason

is a co-owner and operator of their company. Next, the Plaintiff states that he “also

alleged throughout the Complaint that both of the Masons made misrepresentations to

obtain the loans” and cites the complaint generally. Finally, the Plaintiff returns to Mrs.

Mason’s status as co-owner of the business stating that it is entirely plausible that she

had just a much involvement in the false representations as did her husband. Resp. 14.

The Court finds nothing here to be persuasive. First, as to the claim that Mrs.

Mason’s status as co-owner means that what ever fraudulent statement her husband

may have made can be attributed to her, no authority is offered for that statement.

Second, that assertion that the complaint states “throughout” that both husband and

wife made misrepresentations is incorrect: the only mention of Mrs. Mason having done

anything regarding the procurement of the loan is to have given a guarantee. The mere

fact that Mrs. Mason guaranteed the loans does not ipso facto constitute a fraudulent

statement. See In re Phillips, 573 B.R. 626, 645 (Bankr.E.D.N.C. 2017) (stating that

debt based on guaranty does not constitute nondischargeable fraud); In re Gaddy, 2018

WL 10345329, at *8 (Bankr.S.D.Ala., Jan. 5, 2018) (finding that judgment debt based on

guarantee does not constitute nondischargeable fraud). So, the complaint contains no

factual allegation which allow a plausible reading of fraud attributable to Mrs. Mason.

The complaint, therefore, must be dismissed as to her as well but without prejudice.

Summary

The fact that the parties entered into a settlement agreement after the

alleged fraud took place does not preclude the Court from reviewing the

Complaint for stating a fraud claim and so it stands. What is alleged as to Mr.

Mason’s representations to the Plaintiff are lacking in enough detail as required

by applicable rules of pleading. Finally, the Complaint fails to allege a fraud claim

against Mrs. Mason. For those latter two reasons, the Motion to Dismiss will be

granted but without prejudice.

An appropriate order follows.

BY THE COURT

Dated: April 28, 2020 HONORABLE JEAN K. FITZSIMON

United States Bankruptcy Judge

Copies to:

Plaintiff’s Counsel

Jessica M. Gulash, Esquire

LUNDY BELDECOS & MILBY P.C.

450 N. Narberth Avenue, Suite 200

Narberth, PA 19072

Defendants’ Counsel

David B. Smith, Esquire

Michael P. Donahue, Esquire

Smith Kane Holman, LLC

112 Moores Road, Suite 30

Malvern, PA 19355