Norman J. Resnicow

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

)

In re: ) Chapter 11

)

NORMAN J. RESNICOW, ) Case No. 24-10354 (DSJ)

)

Debtor. )

)

DECISION AND ORDER GRANTING DEBTOR’S MOTION TO ENFORCE

AUTOMATIC STAY

I. Introduction and Summary of Ruling

Before the Court is the motion of Debtor Norman J. Resnicow (“Mr. Resnicow”) to

enforce the automatic stay as against 71 Washington Place Owners, Inc. (“71 Washington” or

“Landlord”), the cooperative apartment corporation that owns the eight-unit building in which

Mr. Resnicow and his wife have long resided. As is typical of New York coop owner-residents,

Mr. Resnicow owns shares in 71 Washington (the “Shares”) and holds rights arising under an

associated proprietary lease from 71 Washington that entitled him to the use and occupancy of

“his” apartment in the building (the “Apartment”).

Mr. Resnicow’s relationship with 71 Washington has been acrimonious for years and has

involved extensive state-court litigation, culminating in 71 Washington’s securing a “Decision +

Order on Motion” from the state court terminating Mr. Resnicow’s proprietary lease based on his

“objectionable conduct.” [ECF No. 19-5] (“Decision + Order on Motion”) at 7-8. The presiding

state court filed its judgment on March 5, 2024; later that same day Mr. Resnicow filed the

Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition that commenced this case. 71 Washington nevertheless persisted

in its efforts to enforce its judgment terminating the lease, including by communicating with the

New York County Sheriff regarding a planned eviction of the Resnicows. In response, after 71

Washington rejected Mr. Resnicow’s demands that it discontinue enforcement efforts, Mr.

Resnicow moved for an order in this Court to enforce the automatic stay. [ECF No. 17]

(“Debtor’s Motion”). 71 Washington opposed the motion. [ECF No. 22] (“Opposition”).

The central question now before the Court is whether 71 Washington’s actions violated

the automatic stay that arose on the filing of the bankruptcy petition. See generally 11 U.S.C. §

362. 71 Washington says no, on the theory that 71 Washington is a lessor that obtained a

judgment for possession of the Apartment before Mr. Resnicow filed his petition, thus (71

Washington contends) rendering the automatic stay ineffective against its efforts to evict Mr.

Resnicow. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22). 71 Washington advances no other argument against the

Debtor’s Motion beyond its asserted rights under 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22).

Careful review of the record reveals that 71 Washington does not satisfy the requirements

of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22). That statutory text provides that the automatic stay does not bar

lessors from continuing any eviction or similar proceeding under a lease “with respect to which

the lessor has obtained before the date of the filing of the bankruptcy petition” a “judgment for

possession of such property against the debtor.” Id. (emphasis added). Under New York law,

neither a decision in a proceeding, nor a judge’s opinion, nor an order that judgment be entered,

amount to a judgment. See Marsh v. Johnston, 108 N.Y.S. 161, 161-62 (App. Div. 1908). As the

state court’s decision in favor of 71 Washington states that “it is further ordered that [upon]

submission of a proposed judgment in the appropriate form, the Clerk of the Court is directed to

enter judgment in favor of Plaintiff [71 Washington],” the state court decision does not amount

to a judgment under New York law. Decision + Order on Motion at 15; see H & H Realty Prop.

LLC v. Rodriguez, 926 N.Y.S.2d 344 (Civ. Ct. Bronx Cnty. 2011) (unpublished table decision)

(“[A]n order directing that judgment be entered is not a judgment.”) (citing, inter alia, Marsh,

108 N.Y.S. at 161). Entry of a judgment under New York law requires the clerk to sign and file

the judgment. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. 5016(a) (McKinney 2024). Thus, as the Decision + Order on

Motion cannot be a judgment under New York law, the Ejectment Order & Judgment, which

bears the clerk’s signature, represents the only document that could count as a judgment for

purposes of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22). Compare Decision + Order on Motion (lacking clerk’s

signature) with [ECF No. 19-6] (“Ejectment Order & Judgment”) at 3 (bearing clerk’s

signature).

The clerk signed and filed the Ejectment Order & Judgment in favor of 71 Washington

on March 5, 2024, Ejectment Order & Judgment at 3-4; Mr. Resnicow filed his bankruptcy

petition on that same date. [ECF No. 1] (“Petition”) at 6. The judgment in favor of 71

Washington thus fails to meet the explicit requirement of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22)’s exception to

the automatic stay that the lessor obtain the judgment for possession “before the date of the filing

of the bankruptcy petition.” 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22).

It therefore is inescapable that 71 Washington has violated the automatic stay, although

the Court does not question the sincerity of its belief that 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) authorized its

actions. The case thus presents yet another cautionary tale regarding the sweep of the automatic

stay and the importance of proceeding with caution and Court authorization in the absence of

well-founded certainty that the stay does not apply.

The question becomes one of remedy. Mr. Resnicow demands an award of his reasonable

costs and fees in bringing this motion, and 71 Washington’s briefing did not meaningfully

address what sanction would be appropriate if the Court concludes it violated the automatic stay.

The Court concludes that an award of reasonable costs and fees of bringing the motion is

appropriate and supported by abundant case law. The Court therefore directs Mr. Resnicow to

submit a proposed order along with a showing of what his fees and expenses were; 71

Washington will have an opportunity to respond. The Court would welcome an agreed-upon

proposed fee award. More broadly, the Court encourages constructive engagement toward a

consensual resolution of the parties’ overall entitlements, or, failing that, shared commitment to

an efficient process that minimizes unproductive legal expense, delay, and acrimony.

II. Background, Motion, and Positions

Mr. Resnicow lives in Apartment 1A of 71 Washington Place, New York, NY 10011.

Petition at 2. In 2004, Mr. Resnicow and his wife, Barbara Resnicow (a non-debtor; together,

“the Resnicows”), simultaneously signed a proprietary lease with 71 Washington and purchased

and received 320 shares in 71 Washington. Debtor’s Motion at ¶¶ 11-12. The Resnicows, 71

Washington, and others have litigated various claims against each other in New York state courts

for years. For purposes of this decision, the relevant events are as follows: On February 15, 2022,

71 Washington terminated the proprietary lease as between itself and the Resnicows. See

Ejectment Order & Judgment at 2. 71 Washington then sought to eject the Resnicows in a

proceeding before the Supreme Court of the State of New York which the Resnicows opposed.

See Decision + Order on Motion at 2-5. The presiding New York state judge ruled for 71

Washington and signed its Ejectment Order & Judgment on February 29, 2024, which the clerk

of that court subsequently signed on March 5, 2024, and which the clerk then filed at 9:40 a.m.

on March 5. See Ejectment Order & Judgment at 3-4.

Later the same day, Mr. Resnicow filed a bankruptcy petition in this Court. See Petition

at 6; Opposition at ¶ 30. Also on March 5, he filed a Suggestion of Bankruptcy in state court, to

which 71 Washington responded on March 15, 2024, with a letter to the state court, asserting that

it had the right to continue with eviction proceedings. [ECF No. 19-8] (“State Court Ejectment

Letter”). Debtor, through counsel, informed 71 Washington of its view that the stay applied and

demanded that 71 Washington cease any efforts to enforce the Ejectment Order & Judgment; 71

Washington, through counsel, refused. See generally [ECF No. 19-12]. On March 18, 2024, Mr.

Resnicow filed the motion now before this Court to bar any attempt by 71 Washington to evict

him. He argued that the State Court Ejectment Letter violated the automatic stay, and he asked

this Court to hold 71 Washington in civil contempt and impose sanctions under 11 U.S.C. §

362(k). See 11 U.S.C. § 362(k); Debtor’s Motion at ¶ 59.

Mr. Resnicow’s motion raised three main arguments, none of which relied on what the

Court views as the dispositive plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22). First, he asserts that the

Ejectment Order & Judgment is not a “judgment for possession” within the meaning of the

exception to the automatic stay set out in 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) because the Ejectment Order &

Judgment is not “final” since Mr. Resnicow may still appeal it. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22);

Debtor’s Motion at ¶¶ 42-45. Second, he insists that any eviction would interfere with the

estate’s interest in the Shares and thereby violate the automatic stay. See Debtor’s Motion at ¶¶

52-54. Third, he contends that the proprietary lease survived the Ejectment Order & Judgment

and thus became property of his bankruptcy estate, so that any act to dispossess him of the

Apartment violates the automatic stay. See id. at ¶¶ 47-48.

71 Washington opposed, invoking 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) and arguing that the cases Mr.

Resnicow cites supporting his interpretation of it do not bind this Court and do not persuasively

interpret the statute. See Opposition at ¶¶ 46-57. 71 Washington also argues that the proprietary

lease terminated at a time no later than the entry of the Ejectment Order & Judgment—meaning

that Mr. Resnicow’s bankruptcy estate has no interest in it—and that Debtor’s Motion

improperly conflates eviction with attempting to exercise control over the Shares. See id. at ¶¶

66-76.

The Court heard argument on March 20, 2024, and reserved decision after 71

Washington agreed not to pursue eviction before the Court issued its decision. [ECF No. 33]

(“Hearing Transcript”) at 32-33. At the hearing, both parties appeared to accept that the

temporal requirement of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) was satisfied because the state-court judgment

was entered “before” the petition was filed, see id. at 8-11, and neither party identified the

statutory wording issue that the Court now considers controlling. Neither did the Court.

While working on its decision, however, the Court realized that the actual wording of 11

U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) requires the eviction judgment being enforced to have been “obtained” on a

date before the petition date, not merely at any time before the petition was filed. The Court

entered an order identifying this issue and inviting the parties to files responses on or before

April 12. [ECF No. 38]. The parties have done so, and the Court has reviewed their supplemental

submissions.

III. Legal Standards

The Bankruptcy Code, as applicable here, defines a debtor’s bankruptcy estate as “all

legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case.” 11

U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). It further provides:

Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a petition filed under section

301, 302, or 303 of this title . . . operates as a stay, applicable to all entities, of (1)

the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of

process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the

debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the

case under this title . . . (2) the enforcement, against the debtor or against property

of the estate, of a judgment obtained before the commencement of the case under

this title [and] (3) any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of

property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate . . . .

11 U.S.C. § 362(a). However, 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) shields from the automatic stay certain

eviction actions:

The filing of a petition under section 301, 302, or 303 of this title . . . does not

operate as a stay, subject to subsection (l), under subsection (a)(3), of the

continuation of any eviction, unlawful detainer action, or similar proceeding by a

lessor against a debtor involving residential property in which the debtor resides

as a tenant under a lease or rental agreement and with respect to which the lessor

has obtained before the date of the filing of the bankruptcy petition, a judgment

for possession of such property against the debtor . . . .

11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22). “The default rule is that the automatic stay does not apply to eviction

proceedings where the lessor obtained a judgment for possession prior to the petition date.” In re

Williams, 646 B.R. 399, 402 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2022). Further, although not at issue here,

Subsection (1) of 11 U.S.C. § 362 provides a method by which a tenant in some circumstances

may stop an eviction that 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) would otherwise permit. However, Mr.

Resnicow has not invoked the protections of 11 U.S.C. § 362(l), nor does it appear that he could,

as the eviction action at issue in this case arises from a non-monetary default. See Decision +

Order on Motion at 7-8; In re Soto, 500 B.R. 679, 682 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Section 362(l)

of the Code does not prevent the operation of Section 362(b)(22) where the judgment of

possession is based on a non-monetary default.”) (citing In re Griggsby, 404 B.R. 83, 88–89

(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009)).

The standards for imposing remedies for stay violations are discussed below, after this

decision’s analysis of whether the exception to the stay applied.

IV. Discussion

A. The Ejectment Order & Judgment Does Not Trigger the Section 362(b)(22) Exception to

the Stay Because It was Not “Obtained” on a Date Before the Petition Date

The parties’ arguments failed to identify what the Court views as controlling statutory

text. Contrary to the parties’ discussion, 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) does not state that it applies to

all judgments “obtained before” the moment the bankruptcy petition was filed. It applies to

judgments that were “obtained before the date of the filing of the bankruptcy petition.” 11 U.S.C.

§ 362(b)(22). The presiding state-court judge signed the judgment in question on February 29,

and the clerk signed it on March 5; the clerk filed it on March 5. See Ejectment Order &

Judgment at 3-4. New York law dictates that, “[a] judgment is entered when, after it has been

signed by the clerk, it is filed by him.” N.Y. C.P.L.R. 5016(a) (McKinney 2024). 71

Washington’s supplemental submission, [ECF No. 43] (“Landlord Supplement”), fails to

establish any viable theory supporting the idea that a judgment entered on March 5, 2024, could

be said to have been “obtained” on any date before that day. In fact, authority in New York runs

against 71 Washington. “Once his judgment has been entered—that is the moment which makes

the judgment enforcible [sic]—the judgment creditor may turn to whichever devices suit his

particular purpose.” Herbert H. Levess & Co. v. Celebrity Knitwear, Inc., 498 N.Y.S.2d 974, 975

(Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. 1986).

None of 71 Washington’s authority and none of its arguments grapple with the text of 11

U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) itself, which renders the stay inapplicable only on account of judgments of

eviction or similar relief “obtained before the date” of the petition. Nor can 71 Washington’s

invocation of Congress’s evident intent to protect residential landlords from having their

possessory rights derailed by eleventh-hour bankruptcy filings, Landlord Supplement at 10-12,

override the statute’s express language. See United States v. Locke, 471 U.S. 84, 95 (1985)

(“[T]he legislative purpose is expressed by the ordinary meaning of the words used.”) (quoting

Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1, 9 (1942)).

B. Other Issues Contested by the Parties Need Not Be Resolved

The inapplicability of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) is dispositive here. The parties briefed

several issues which the Court notes without deciding.

1. Whether the Ejectment Order & Judgment Constitutes a “Judgment for

Possession”

Mr. Resnicow contends that an eviction judgment must be “final,” meaning non-

appealable, to constitute a “judgment for possession” within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. §

362(b)(22). See Debtor’s Motion at ¶¶ 42-45. Decisions of several courts appear to support this

view. See, e.g., In re Nicholson, No. 2:17-BK-20744-TLM, 2019 WL 2524291, at *3 (B.A.P. 9th

Cir. June 18, 2019) (“The Code does not define the phrase ‘judgment for possession’ in §

362(b)(22). The few courts that have addressed this issue have interpreted the phrase to mean a

final, non-appealable judgment. Thus, for the exception to the automatic stay to apply, the

landlord must obtain a final, non-appealable judgment for possession prior to the debtor's

bankruptcy filing.”) (citing Bedford Hill Cmty. v. Brown (In re Brown), 545 B.R. 123, 126-27

(Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2016); In re Tatum, No. 14-03676-NPO, 2015 WL 1061673, at *3 (Bankr. S.D.

Miss. Mar. 6, 2015); In re Nitzsky, 516 B.R. 846, 848-49 (Bankr. W.D.N.C. 2014); In re

Griggsby, 404 B.R. 83, 86-87 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009); Hous. Auth. of Beaver Cnty. v. Alberts (In

re Alberts), 381 B.R. 171, 177-78 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2008)).

71 Washington challenges this view, noting that the court in In re Griggsby described the

judgment in question as final but did not rest its holding on that fact, let alone halt an eviction on

the grounds that the state court judgment needed to be final and therefore non-appealable for 11

U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) to apply. See Opposition at ¶ 48; In re Griggsby, 404 B.R. 83, 86 (Bankr.

S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“On January 5, 2007, after a hearing, the Civil Court entered an order (the

“2007 Order”) awarding a final judgment of possession to the Landlord. . . . The Order indicated

that the Civil Court would issue a warrant of eviction forthwith but stayed the warrant's

execution to permit Griggsby to cure the defaults by a January 16, 2007 deadline. Griggsby's

appeal of the final judgment was dismissed for failure to perfect.”). The language quoted above

shows how the Griggsby court considered the January 5, 2007, judgment for possession to be

final enough to justify issuing a warrant of eviction even before the judgment became non-

appealable.

71 Washington also points out that a bankruptcy court in this district allowed a landlord

to proceed with eviction under 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) even before the time to take an appeal, let

alone the time to perfect an appeal, had run. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. 5513(a) (McKinney) (“An appeal

as of right must be taken within thirty days after service by a party upon the appellant of a copy

of the judgment or order appealed from and written notice of its entry . . . .”); RAE Realty LLC v.

Alsterklint, No. LT-320305-22 (Civ. Ct. N.Y. Cnty. May 31, 2023) (docket showing no affidavit

of service of the judgment or notice of its entry); In re Alsterklint, No. 23-11582 (JLG), 2023

WL 8261350, at *5 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2023) (“[T]he Court finds that the automatic stay

is not applicable to the Summary Proceeding. The Court grants the Landlord’s Motion under

section 362(b)(22).”).

The Court’s holding based on the judgment’s date means the Court need not decide

whether a judgment must be “final” and unappealable to support application of 11 U.S.C. §

362(b)(22). The Court therefore declines to endorse either party’s position at this time.

2. Whether Eviction Would Violate the Automatic Stay by Interfering with Mr.

Resnicow’s Ownership of Shares in 71 Washington

The parties agree that Mr. Resnicow’s bankruptcy estate owns the Shares. Debtor’s

Motion at ¶¶ 52-55; Opposition at ¶¶ 71-76. 71 Washington argues that it has not sought to strip

Mr. Resnicow or the estate of the Shares, but Mr. Resnicow contends that eviction would violate

the automatic stay by interfering with his estate’s property rights in the Shares. Debtor’s Motion

at ¶¶ 50-55. “Property interests are created and defined by state law.” Butner v. United States,

440 U.S. 48, 55 (1979).

“The ownership interest of a tenant-shareholder in a co-operative apartment is sui

generis. It reflects only an ownership of a proprietary lease, and therefore arguably an

interest in a chattel real, conditional however upon his shareholder interest in the co-

operative corporation, an interest always treated as personal property. The leasehold and

the shareholding are inseparable. For some special purposes [principally relating to

federal securities laws, see, e.g., United Hous. Found., Inc. v. Forman, 421 U.S. 837,

854-60 (1975); Grenader v. Spitz, 537 F.2d 612, 619-20 (2d Cir. 1976)], the real property

aspect may predominate . . . .”

State Tax Comm'n v. Shor, 371 N.E.2d 523, 524 (N.Y. 1977). The parties and this Court have not

identified case law under 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) discussing whether pursuit of eviction remedies

under the lease held by a coop “owner” would interfere with that resident’s simultaneous

shareowner rights, and that question need not be decided here.

3. Whether the Automatic Stay Protects any Interest in the Proprietary Lease

Mr. Resnicow contends that the proprietary lease survived the state court Ejectment

Order & Judgment, making the proprietary lease property of his bankruptcy estate. See Debtor’s

Motion at ¶ 48. To support his argument, he cites a decision of this Court interpreting the New

York Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law, as amended in 2019, which held that “[a]fter

the amendment of RPAPL § 749(3), the issuance of the warrant of eviction no longer cancels the

nonresidential lease and annuls [the] landlord-tenant relationship.” In re Payam, Inc., 642 B.R.

365, 367 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2022). He thus argues that the proprietary lease remains property of

his bankruptcy estate and that 71 Washington therefore cannot legally evict him without relief

from the automatic stay. See Debtor’s Motion at ¶ 48. 71 Washington replies that the clear

language of 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) controls and allows enforcement of its judgment of eviction.

Again, because 71 Washington is incorrect in its view that 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) applies

to its judgment at all, the Court need not decide whether Mr. Resnicow’s bankruptcy estate

possesses some vestigial interest in the leasehold that remains protected by the automatic stay

even if the eviction could otherwise proceed. 71 Washington’s post-petition pursuit of eviction

has no support from 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22) and, thus, violated the stay.

C. Remedy

As a stay violation has occurred, the question becomes what remedy to impose. Section

362(k) of the Bankruptcy Code directs that, subject to limited exceptions that do not apply here,

“an individual injured by any willful violation” of the automatic stay “shall recover actual

damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may recover

punitive damages.” 11 U.S.C. § 362(k)(1). For damages to be imposed, “[s]uch an act need not

be performed with the specific intent to violate the stay . . . [r]ather, so long as the violator

possessed general intent in taking such actions which have the effect of violating the automatic

stay, the intent requirement of § 362(h) [now § 362(k)] is satisfied.” In re Congregation Birchos

Yosef, 535 B.R. 629, 634-35 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015) (internal quotations and citations omitted);

see also In re Windstream Holdings, Inc., 634 F. Supp. 3d 99, 112 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (“This

observation echoes that of courts in [the 2d Circuit] discussing the standard applicable to

individual debtors under § 362(k), under which any deliberate act taken in violation of a stay,

which the violator knows to be in existence, justifies an award of actual damages.”) (internal

quotations omitted). This standard “encourages would-be violators to obtain declaratory

judgments before seeking to vindicate their interests in violation of an automatic stay, and

thereby protects debtors’ estates from incurring potentially unnecessary legal expenses in

prosecuting stay violations. . . . That is, Congress intended in § 362 to prevent self-help, or

shooting first and aiming later.” Yosef, 535 B.R. at 635 (internal citations and quotations

omitted).

71 Washington’s Opposition to the motion did not challenge Debtor’s explanation of the

standards for imposition of sanctions upon a showing of contempt; rather, 71 Washington

insisted that there was no basis to impose sanctions because, in its view, the stay did not apply.

See Opposition at ¶¶ 77-80. Unfortunately for 71 Washington, it is incorrect. The stay applies

and is not overridden here by 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(22). Accordingly, the Code requires that an

appropriate remedy “shall” be awarded, as explained in the authority cited immediately above.

To summarize, the Court concludes that the stay applies and was violated by 71

Washington even after specific notice and a demand to discontinue its eviction efforts, that Mr.

Resnicow is entitled to his damages, and that the appropriate measure of those damages is his

reasonable fees and costs in bringing this motion. Mr. Resnicow did not seek punitive damages

and the Court sees no need to impose them. Mr. Resnicow is to make a supplemental submission

of a proposed order along with a showing of his fees and expenses, to which 71 Washington will

have an opportunity to respond. The Court encourages the parties to meet and confer in an

attempt to arrive at an agreed upon form of order and sanction. If necessary, the Court will

convene a conference or hearing upon receipt of the parties’ further submissions.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Debtor’s Motion to enforce the automatic stay is

GRANTED, and the Court awards Mr. Resnicow his reasonable costs and fees in bringing his

motion. On or before May 3, 2024, Mr. Resnicow shall file a proposed order along with a

showing of his fees and costs. 71 Washington shall have five business days to respond. The

Court then will enter an appropriate order or, if necessary, convene a further hearing. The Court

encourages the parties to attempt to reach a consensual resolution of the award amount and, more

broadly, the parties’ overall entitlements. The Court further encourages the parties to minimize

unproductive legal expense, delay, and acrimony throughout the case.

It is so ordered.

Dated: New York, New York

April 24, 2024

s/ David S. Jones

Honorable David S. Jones

United States Bankruptcy Judge