Securities and Exchange Commission v. Binance Holdings Limited

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________

)

SECURITIES AND )

EXCHANGE COMMISSION, )

)

Plaintiff, )

v. ) Civil Action No. 23-1599 (ABJ)

)

BINANCE HOLDINGS )

LIMITED, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

____________________________________)

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

Plaintiff the Securities and Exchange Commission has brought this action against

defendants Binance Holdings Limited, its founder Changpeng Zhao, and two related U.S. entities,

BAM Trading Services, Inc. and BAM Management US Holdings, Inc., alleging violations of

federal securities laws. Compl. [Dkt. # 1] at 1. The SEC alleges that defendants violated the

Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by offering and selling crypto

assets and related programs without a registration statement; operating crypto currency trading

platforms without registering as an exchange, as a broker-dealer or broker, or as a clearing agency;

and making false statements to investors and engaging in acts and practices that operated as fraud

upon purchasers. Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint. For the reasons explained

below, the bulk of this action will move forward, but the motions to dismiss will be granted in part

and denied in part, and Count Two and portions of Counts One and Three will be dismissed.

BACKGROUND

Defendant Binance is a Cayman Islands limited liability company that does business as

Binance.com. Compl. ¶ 27. It has operated the internet-based Binance.com international crypto

asset trading platform “[s]ince at least July 2017.” Compl. ¶ 27. Defendant Zhao founded, owns,

and is the Chief Executive Officer of Binance. Compl. ¶¶ 27, 30. Also known as “CZ,” Zhao is a

Canadian citizen who lives outside of the United States. Compl. ¶ 30.

Defendant BAM Trading Services is a Delaware corporation that does business as

Binance.US. Compl. ¶ 29. It has operated the Binance.US crypto asset internet-based trading

platform since 2019. Compl. ¶¶ 7–8, 29. Defendant BAM Management, a Delaware corporation,

is the parent of BAM Trading and other affiliated entities. Compl. ¶ 28. When the Binance.US

platform launched in 2019, BAM Management was a Cayman Islands company, which was wholly

owned by CPZ Holdings Limited, a British Virgin Islands company that Zhao owned and

controlled. Compl. ¶ 28. Zhao now owns eighty-one percent of BAM Management. Compl. ¶ 28.

Zhao served as chairman of the boards of directors of both BAM Trading and of BAM

Management until approximately March 2022. Compl. ¶ 30.

Crypto Assets

To understand this case, it is appropriate to begin with a description of the assets at issue

and the crypto industry in general. A crypto currency is a digital, encrypted, and decentralized

medium of exchange, and individual units are often referred to as coins or tokens. See Compl.

¶¶ 62–64. They are traded on electronic platforms such as the Binance.com and Binance.US

platforms operated by defendants. Compl. ¶ 73. Crypto assets are transferred and secured using

technology known as a “blockchain” or distributed ledger: a database spread across hundreds and

even thousands of computer servers that records transactions in digitally recorded data packages

called “blocks.” Compl. ¶ 63; Joint Mot. to Dismiss Claims Against Binance and Zhao [Dkt.

# 118] (“Binance Mot.”) at 4. There are a number of different blockchain networks in existence,

with Bitcoin and Ethereum being two of the most well-known. Binance Mot. at 4.

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Crypto asset trading platforms operate as a central depository for the crypto assets

customers deposit or trade on the platforms. Compl. ¶ 73. Customers’ entitlements are “typically

tracked and maintained on the crypto asset trading platform’s internal ledgers,” Compl. ¶ 73, and

platforms usually settle transactions by updating internal records with each investor’s positions.

Compl. ¶ 76. Because transactions on a blockchain are validated by consensus, rather than by a

single entity such as a bank, the blockchains supply a decentralized location for recording

transactions. See Compl. ¶¶ 67–68.

As the complaint explains, defendants’ crypto asset trading platforms – Binance.com and

Binance.US – “are marketplaces that generally offer a variety of services relating to crypto assets,

often including brokerage, trading, and settlement services.” Compl. ¶ 71. Both platforms permit

their customers to purchase and sell crypto assets using other crypto assets or fiat currency – that

is, currency issued by a government. Compl. ¶ 72. One of the concerns underlying this action is

that according to plaintiff, Binance.com and Binance.US did not segregate their customers’ crypto

assets from other customers’ assets or the firm’s assets. Compl. ¶ 73.

Blockchains use cryptographic techniques to secure the recording of transactions, and like

many digital systems, they can be subject to hacks. Compl. ¶¶ 63, 65, 349; Notice of BAM Trading

Inc. and BAM Management US Holdings Inc.’s Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 117]; Mem. of Law in

Supp. [Dkt. # 117-1] (“BAM Mot.”) at 34. To validate transactions, then, and to validate the state

of the ledger, a blockchain will rely upon a “consensus mechanism,” the method or protocol that

will be utilized to agree on which transactions are valid and when and how to update the

blockchain. Compl. ¶¶ 66, 67. Independent users and “validators” apply the protocol to determine

whether they agree if a particular transaction is valid, and if the requisite number of them agree,

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the transaction is processed and recorded on the blockchain. Compl. ¶¶ 66–68, 340; BAM Mot.

at 6.

The two primary consensus mechanisms that blockchains employ are “proof of work” and

“proof of stake.” Compl. ¶ 68. Proof of work, used by the Bitcoin blockchain, involves computers,

known as “validator nodes,” that attempt to “mine” a “block” of transactions, in part by solving a

complex mathematical problem. Compl. ¶ 68. The first miner to successfully solve the problem

earns the right to update the blockchain and is rewarded with the blockchain’s native crypto asset.

Compl. ¶ 68. Proof of stake, used by the Ethereum blockchain, involves the selection of block

validators from the crypto asset holders who have committed or “staked” a minimum number of

crypto assets as part of the validation process. Compl. ¶ 68.

Blockchain protocols compensate those participants who validate transactions and add new

blocks to the blockchain. Compl. ¶¶ 67, 340. The compensation or “rewards” are usually paid in

the form of new tokens, and they are funded by various sources, including fees charged to those

engaged in transactions on the blockchain or through the blockchain’s creation or “minting” of

additional quantities of its native crypto asset. Compl. ¶¶ 67, 340, 341; BAM Mot. at 6.

Crypto assets “represented on” their own blockchain are considered “native” to that

blockchain, although a blockchain may represent both native and non-native crypto assets. Compl.

¶ 64. Crypto assets are typically stored in a “crypto wallet” – software that enables owners to

store and manage the cryptographic information necessary to identify and transfer their assets.

Compl. ¶ 65. Crypto wallets allow asset owners to make transactions on the associated

blockchains. Compl. ¶ 65. The wallets provide users with a “public key,” which is the user’s

blockchain “address” that can be shared with others, and a “private key,” which operates as a

password and is needed to transfer a crypto asset. Compl. ¶ 65.

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Transactions involving the transfer of a crypto asset from one blockchain address to another

are called “on-chain” transactions, and those that are only tracked in the internal recordkeeping

mechanisms of the platform and do not involve transferring crypto assets from one wallet to

another are called “off-chain” transactions. Compl. ¶ 72.

The complaint focuses on five of defendants’ crypto assets and programs:

• “BNB,” which is also called “Binance Coin,” a crypto asset that was launched

on the Binance.com platform in 2017. Compl. ¶¶ 4, 80–81.

• “BUSD,” a Binance “stablecoin” that is “purportedly backed with cash (and

cash equivalent) reserves and redeemable on a 1:1 basis for U.S. dollars.”

Compl. ¶¶ 4, 317. It is “a Binance-branded U.S. Dollar denominated crypto

asset on the Ethereum blockchain.” Compl. ¶ 31.

• Binance’s “Simple Earn,” which is marketed as set of “programs that pay

interest to investors who lend their crypto assets to Binance for fixed or flexible

lengths of time.” Compl. ¶ 327.

• Binance’s “BNB Vault,” a program similar to Simple Earn that is limited to

BNB holders and described on Binance.com as a “‘BNB yield aggregator’

whereby investors can lend their BNB to Binance to earn investment returns.”

Compl. ¶¶ 4, 328, 331.

• BAM Trading’s “Staking Program,” which allows crypto asset owners on the

Binance.US platform to pool their assets to collateralize BAM Trading’s

validation of transactions on a blockchain, such as Ethereum. See Compl. ¶¶ 4,

339–51.

Procedural History

On June 6, 2023, the SEC sued defendants for unlawfully soliciting U.S. investors to buy,

sell, and trade crypto asset securities through their unregistered trading platforms Binance.com

and Binance.US. Compl. ¶ 2. 1 It asserts thirteen violations of federal securities laws:

1 The SEC filed a motion for a temporary restraining order the following day. Mot. for TRO

[Dkt. # 4]; see also Tr. of Proceedings (June 16, 2023) [Dkt. # 69] (“TRO Hr’g Tr.”). The motion

was resolved by a June 17, 2024 consent order governing the parties’ conduct and customers’

assets pending resolution of the case. See Consent Order [Dkt. # 71].

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Count One: Binance violated Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act by

offering and selling BNB without a registration statement.

Count Two: Binance violated Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act by

offering and selling BUSD without a registration statement.

Count Three: Binance violated Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act by

offering and selling Simple Earn and BNB Vault programs

without registration statements.

Count Four: BAM Trading violated Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act

by offering and selling its Staking Program without a registration

statement.

Count Five: Binance violated Exchange Act Section 5 by operating the

Binance.com platform without registering as an exchange.

Count Six: Binance violated Exchange Act Section 15(a) by operating the

Binance.com platform without registering as a broker-dealer.

Count Seven: Binance violated Exchange Act Section 17A(b) by operating the

Binance.com platform without registering as a clearing agency.

Count Eight: Binance and BAM Trading violated Exchange Act Section 5 by

operating the Binance.US platform without registering as an

exchange.

Count Nine: BAM Trading violated Exchange Act Section 15(a) by operating

the Binance.US platform without registering as a broker.

Count Ten: Binance and BAM Trading violated Exchange Act Section 17A(b)

by operating the Binance.US platform without registering as a

clearing agency.

Count Eleven: Zhao violated Exchange Act Sections 5, 15(a), and 17A(b) as a

control person over Binance in connection with the alleged

violations related to the Binance.com platform.

Count Twelve: Zhao violated Exchange Act Sections 5, 15(a), and 17A(b) as a

control person over Binance and BAM Trading in connection with

the Binance.US platform violations.

Count Thirteen: BAM Management and BAM Trading violated Securities Act

Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) by making materially false and

misleading statements to investors and engaging in acts and

practices that operated as a fraud upon purchasers.

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On September 21, 2023, BAM Trading and BAM Management filed one motion to dismiss,

BAM Mot., and Binance and Zhao filed another. Binance Mot. The SEC filed a single opposition

to both motions, SEC’s Omnibus Mem. in Opp. to Defs.’ Mots. [Dkt. # 172] (“SEC Opp.”), and

the defendants filed reply briefs. Reply Mem. of BAM Trading and Bam Management [Dkt. #191]

(“BAM Reply”); Reply in Supp. of Binance Mot. [Dkt. # 192] (“Binance Reply”). On January 22,

2024, the Court held a hearing on the motions. See Tr. of Proceedings (Jan. 22, 2024) [Dkt. # 212]

(“Mot. Hr’g Tr.”).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Failure to State a Claim: Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12(b)(6)

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “a

complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In Iqbal, the Supreme Court reiterated the two principles

underlying its decision in Twombly: “First, the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the

allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

And “[s]econd, only a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to

dismiss.” Id. at 679, citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556.

A claim is facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

678. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than

a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. A pleading must offer more than

“labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” id.,

quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.

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In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must “treat the complaint’s

factual allegations as true and must grant plaintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences that can be derived

from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000)

(internal citation omitted), quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979);

see also Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011), quoting Thomas v.

Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Therefore, when considering a motion to dismiss, a

court must construe a complaint liberally in the plaintiff’s favor. Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp.,

16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Nevertheless, the court need not accept inferences drawn by

the plaintiff if those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the

court accept plaintiff’s legal conclusions. Id.; see also Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242

(D.C. Cir. 2002). In ruling upon a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court may

ordinarily consider only “the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or

incorporated by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the Court may take judicial

notice.” Gustave-Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002), citing EEOC v. St.

Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624–25 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

Pleading Fraud with Particularity: Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 9(b)

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) imposes heightened pleading standards in fraud cases,

as plaintiffs must “state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 9(b). However, “the rule specifically allows allegations of ‘intent, knowledge, and other

condition of mind’ to be averred generally.” U.S. ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp., 286 F.3d

542, 552 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (applying Rule 9(b) to claims under the False Claims Act), quoting Fed.

R. Civ. P. 9(b). This means that the degree of scienter involved or required for a particular cause

of action is not determinative of whether Rule 9(b) applies. See id. Rather, the circumstances that

must be pled “with specificity are matters such as the ‘time, place, and contents of the false

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representations,’ such representations being the element of fraud about which the rule is chiefly

concerned.” Id. (emphasis in original); see also Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278 (“[T]he pleader must state

the time, place and content of the false misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented and what was

retained or given up as a consequence of the fraud.”), quoting United States v. Cannon, 642 F.2d

1373, 1385 (D.C. Cir. 1981).

The D.C. Circuit applies Rule 9(b)’s pleading standards to claims of misrepresentation

under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act. See Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278. The majority of circuits

have held that Rule 9(b) applies to claims under the Securities Act as well if they “sound in fraud,”

even though plaintiff only needs to allege negligence to state a claim. See, e.g., Rombach v. Chang,

355 F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir. 2004) (“So while a plaintiff need allege no more than negligence to

proceed under Section 11 and Section 12(a)(2), claims that do rely upon averments of fraud are

subject to the test of Rule 9(b).”); In re Stac Elecs. Secs. Litig., 89 F.3d 1399, 1404–05 (9th Cir.

1996); Melder v. Morris, 27 F.3d 1097, 1100 n.6 (5th Cir. 1994); Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964

F.2d 272, 288 (3d Cir. 1992) (“[W]hen § 11 and § 12(2) claims are grounded in fraud rather than

negligence, Rule 9(b) applies.”). But see In re NationsMart Corp. Secs. Litig., 130 F.3d 309, 314

(8th Cir. 1997) (holding that “the particularity requirement of Rule 9(b) does not apply to claims

under § 11 of the Securities Act, because proof of fraud or mistake is not a prerequisite to

establishing liability under § 11”).

The D.C. Circuit has yet to rule on this issue, but courts in this district have held plaintiffs

alleging violation of the Securities Act to the heightened pleading standard. See Hite v. Leeds

Weld Equity Partners, IV, LP, 429 F. Supp. 2d 110, 115 (D.D.C. 2006) (noting that an action under

Section 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act must satisfy Rule 9(b)’s requirements); In re U.S. Office

Prods. Secs. Litig., 326 F. Supp. 2d 68, 82 (D.D.C. 2004) (observing that “the D.C. Circuit has

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never stated whether Rule 9(b)’s requirement of particularity applies to claims of violation of

Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act,” but that many other circuits have applied Rule 9(b)

to those claims).

Other courts have also required plaintiffs to meet Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard

in connection with claims under Section 17(a)(2) and 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act specifically,

which only require allegations of negligence. See, e.g., SEC v. Wey, 246 F. Supp. 3d 894, 911

(S.D.N.Y. 2017) (dismissing the misrepresentation claim under Section 17(a)(2) because it did not

meet Rule 9(b)’s requirements); SEC v. Thompson, 238 F. Supp. 3d 575, 591 (S.D.N.Y. 2017)

(concluding that Section 17(a) claims “all sound in fraud,” so they must be pled with particularity).

Personal Jurisdiction over Defendants: Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12(b)(1)

To survive a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the “plaintiff must make a

prima facie showing of the pertinent jurisdictional facts.” First Chi. Int’l v. United Exch. Co., 836

F.2d 1375, 1378 (D.C. Cir. 1988). That is, the plaintiff must allege specific acts connecting the

defendant with the forum. In re Papst Licensing GMBH & Co. KG Litig., 590 F. Supp. 2d 94, 97–

98 (D.D.C. 2008), citing Second Amendment Found. v. U.S. Conference of Mayors, 274 F.3d 521,

524 (D.C. Cir. 2001). The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing personal jurisdiction over each

defendant, Crane v. N.Y. Zoological Soc’y, 894 F.2d 454, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1990), and “cannot rely

on conclusory allegations” to establish personal jurisdiction. Atlantigas Corp. v. Nisource, Inc.,

290 F. Supp. 2d 34, 42 (D.D.C. 2003).

“A court may consider material outside of the pleadings in ruling on a motion to dismiss

for lack of . . . personal jurisdiction[.]” Artis v. Greenspan, 223 F. Supp. 2d 149, 152 (D.D.C.

2002). However, “the plaintiff is not required to adduce evidence that meets the standards of

admissibility reserved for summary judgment and trial; rather, [plaintiff] may rest [its] arguments

on the pleadings, ‘bolstered by such affidavits and other written materials as [it] can otherwise

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obtain.’” Urban Inst. v. FINCON Servs., 681 F. Supp. 2d 41, 44 (D.D.C. 2010), quoting Mwani

v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Any factual discrepancies should be resolved in

favor of the plaintiff. Crane, 894 F.2d at 456. But, the Court need not treat all of the plaintiff’s

jurisdictional allegations as true. United States v. Philip Morris Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 116, 120 n.4

(D.D.C. 2000). “Instead, the court may receive and weigh affidavits and any other relevant matter

to assist it in determining the jurisdictional facts.” In re Papst Licensing, 590 F. Supp. 2d at 98

(internal quotation marks omitted).

ANALYSIS

I. The complaint plausibly alleges that Binance and BAM Trading were engaged in

unregistered offers and sales of securities.

Defendants Binance and Zhao have moved to dismiss the complaint on multiple grounds,

first and foremost that it fails to state a claim as a matter of law, see Binance Mot., and the BAM

defendants similarly maintain that the action should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6). See BAM

Mot. The motions raise the fundamental question underlying each of the thirteen claims in the

complaint: were the defendants’ offerings and sales of crypto assets “securities” for purposes of

the Securities Act and the Exchange Act?

Section 2 of the Securities Act defines the word as follows:

The term “security” means any note, stock, treasury stock, security future,

security-based swap, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate

of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust

certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share,

investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a

security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, any

put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit,

or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on

the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into

on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or, in general,

any interest or instrument commonly known as a “security”, or any

certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for,

receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any

of the foregoing.

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15 U.S.C. §77(b)(a)(1) (emphasis added). The SEC alleges that certain coins and programs fall

within this definition because they were offered and sold by the defendants as “investment

contracts.” See Compl. ¶¶ 288, 316, 338, 348. The Supreme Court undertook to define that term

in 1946, and the definition has remained unchanged since then.

[A]n investment contract for purposes of the Securities Act means a

contract, transaction or scheme whereby a person invests his money in a

common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely from the efforts of the

promoter or a third party, it being immaterial whether the shares in the

enterprise are evidenced by formal certificates or by nominal interests in the

physical assets employed in the enterprise.

SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293, 298–99 (1946).

Since Howey continues to be the touchstone of the investment contract analysis, it is helpful

to review what the case was about. The W.J. Howey company was selling ownership in half of its

citrus groves in Lake County, Florida, and would-be purchasers were offered both a land sales

contract, which would result in the conveyance of a warranty deed for the acreage involved when

executed, and a service contract with a related Howey company for the cultivation and

development of the groves and the harvesting and marketing of the crops. Id. at 295. Prospective

purchasers were told that it was not feasible to invest in a grove unless service arrangements were

made. Id. Under the terms of the service contract, the landowner had no right to enter the land to

market the crops; all of the produce was pooled, and each landowner would receive a pro rata share

of the proceeds. Id. at 296. Purchasers tended to be out-of-state passive investors without the

experience or equipment needed to cultivate citrus trees; they were “attracted by the expectation

of substantial profits.” Id.

The Court found that its definition was satisfied because “the respondent companies are

offering something more than fee simple interests in land . . . . They are offering an opportunity to

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contribute money and add to the share in the profits of a large citrus enterprise managed and partly

owned by respondents.” Id. at 299.

[A]ll the elements of a profit-seeking business are present here. The

investors provide the capital and share in the earnings and profits; the

promoters manage, control, and operate the enterprise.

Id. at 300.

There is binding authority in this circuit that the determination before the Court is

controlled by Howey, which, as the Court of Appeals put it fifty years later, held that:

an investment contract is a security subject to the Act if investors purchase

with (1) an expectation of profits arising from (2) a common enterprise that

(3) depends upon the efforts of others.

SEC v. Life Partners, Inc., 87 F.3d 536, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (“Life Partners I”), rehearing denied,

102 F.3d 587 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

In addressing this concept, the Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that the statutory

definition in general, and the term “investment contract” in particular, must be read broadly to

address the variety of investment vehicles and money-making schemes that could not possibly

have been foreseen in 1934 when the Securities Act was passed.

In the Securities Act, the term ‘security’ was defined to include by name or

description many documents in which there is common trading for

speculation or investment. Some, such as notes, bonds, and stocks, are

pretty much standardized and the name alone carries well settled meaning.

Others are of more variable character and were necessarily designated by

more descriptive terms, such as ‘transferable share,’ ‘investment contract,’

and ‘in general any interest or instrument commonly known as a security.’

We cannot read out of the statute these general descriptive designations

merely because more specific ones have been used to reach some kinds of

documents. . . . [T]he reach of the Act does not stop with the obvious and

commonplace. Novel, uncommon, or irregular devices, whatever they

appear to be, are also reached if it be proved as matter of fact that they were

widely offered or dealt in under terms or courses of dealing which

established their character in commerce as ‘investment contracts,’ or as ‘any

interest or instrument commonly known as a ‘security.’

SEC v. C.M. Joiner Leasing Corp., 320 U.S. 344, 351 (1943).

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This was the state of the law before Howey was decided. Indeed, the Supreme Court made

reference to Joiner when it adopted the Howey definition in 1946 and explained that “[i]t embodies

a flexible rather than a static principle, one that is capable of adaptation to meet the countless and

variable schemes devised by those who seek the use of the money of others on the promise of

profits.” 328 U.S. at 299. The Court has not varied from that position. In 1967, it construed the

term “security” in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the first time, noting that the Securities

Act of 1933 “contains a definition of security virtually identical to that contained in the 1934 Act.”

Tcherepnin v. Knight, 389 U.S. 332, 335–36 (1967). It observed, “we are reminded that, in

searching for the meaning and scope of the word ‘security’ in the Act, form should be disregarded

for substance and the emphasis should be on economic reality.” Id. at 335–36, citing Howey,

328 U.S. at 298; see also id. at 338 (“Even a casual reading of section 3(a)(10) of the 1934 Act

reveals that Congress did not intend to adopt a narrow or restrictive concept of security in defining

that term.”). And fifty-eight years after Howey, the Supreme Court repeated that it looks to

“whether the scheme involves an investment of money in a common enterprise with profits to

come solely from the efforts of others,” SEC v. Edwards, 540 U.S. 389, 393 (2003), quoting

Howey, 328 U.S. at 301, and it once again recited Howey’s instruction that the test is a flexible

one. Id.

Thus, courts applying these principles to the crypto industry have clearly understood that

Howey requires “an examination of the entirety of the parties’ understandings and expectations.”

SEC v. Telegram Group Inc., 448 F. Supp. 3d 352, 379 (S.D.N.Y 2020), citing Howey, 328 U.S.

at 297–98; 2 see also SEC v. Terraform Labs PTE, Ltd., 684 F. Supp. 3d 170, 193 (S.D.N.Y. 2023),

2 The Telegram court also observed that in Howey, the Supreme Court declined to treat the

service contracts and the deeds as separate transactions. Id.

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(“Terraform I”) (“As the Supreme Court has long made clear, courts deciding whether a given

transaction or scheme amounts to a ‘investment contract’ under Howey must analyze the

‘substance’ – and not merely the ‘form’ – of the parties’ economic arrangement and decide if,

under the ‘totality of the circumstances,’ that transaction or scheme meets the three requirements

of Howey.”), citing Tcherepnin, 389 U.S. at 336, and Glen-Arden Commodities, Inc. v. Costantino,

493 F.2d 1027, 1034 (2d Cir. 1974); see also SEC v. Ripple Labs, Inc., 682 F. Supp. 3d 308, 321

(S.D.N.Y. 2023) (“Ripple Labs I”), motion to certify appeal denied, No. 20 CIV. 10832 (AT), 2023

WL 6445969 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 3, 2023) (“Ripple Labs II”).

A. There is no requirement that an investment contract involve a contractual

arrangement.

The defendants insist that the plain text of the provision and the history behind it require

that an “investment contract” must involve some sort of contractual relationship or arrangement

between the offeror and the purchaser. See BAM Mot. at 12–16; Binance Mot. at 14–20. But their

argument has been foreclosed by Supreme Court and Circuit precedent, and indignation alone

cannot open that door.

Defendant Binance argued at the hearing that the requirement was “inherent” in the Joiner

decision, Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 8, but that is an inaccurate characterization. In Joiner, the Supreme

Court found that the representations and economic inducements accompanying the marketing of

oil leases made that offering an “investment contract.” 320 U.S. at 352–353. The sales literature

assured potential purchasers that the Joiner Company would be drilling a test well on its own

property to reveal the oil-producing prospects of the nearby leaseholds; the leases being sold

offered purchasers the opportunity to share in the value of what the “current exploration enterprise”

might discover, with no further effort expended on their part. 320 U.S. at 346–48.

The drilling of this well was not an unconnected or uncontrolled

phenomenon to which salesmen pointed merely to show the possibilities of

15

the offered leases. The exploration enterprise was woven into these

leaseholds in both an economic and legal sense; the undertaking to drill a

well runs through the whole transaction as the string on which everybody’s

beads were strung.

Id. at 348. While the Court employed the vocabulary of traditional contract principles, see, e.g.,

id. (“[a]n agreement to drill formed the consideration upon which [Joiner] was able to collect

leases”), it pointedly declined to determine whether the seller’s representations gave rise to an

enforceable contract.

Whether . . . the assignee acquired a legal right to compel the drilling of the

test well is a question of state law which we find it unnecessary to

determine.

Id. at 349. 3 Instead, it was the expectations created by the seller, which were inextricable from the

interest being offered, that brought the transaction within the scope of the federal securities law.

It is clear that an economic interest in this well-drilling undertaking was

what brought into being the instruments that the defendants were selling and

gave to the instruments most of their value and all of their lure. The trading

in these documents had all of the evils inherent in the securities transactions

which it was the aim of the Securities Act to end.

Id.

With that as its foundation, the Howey Court then defined an investment contract as “a

contract, transaction or scheme,” 328 U.S. at 298–99 – using a comma after “contract,” the first

option in the series of three nouns – and not as a contractual transaction or scheme. The language

is deliberately broad, and the use of the word “scheme” pervades the Supreme Court’s next

3 It is true that the Court added, “[t]he terms of the offering as quoted above either by itself

or when read in connection with the agreement to drill as consideration for the original leases

might be taken to embody an implied contract in which payments were timed and contingent upon

completion of the well and therefore a form of investment contract in which the purchaser was

paying for both a lease and a development project.” Id. at 349. But it is clear from the use of the

word “might” that the actual existence of a contract was not necessary to the decision.

16

investment contract case, SEC v. Edwards. See 540 U.S. at 393. The question before the Court in

Edwards was whether an investment scheme that offered an entitlement to a fixed rate of return

could constitute an “investment contract,” but the point of the opinion was not the presence or

absence of a contract; the sole question before the Court was whether the fixed rate of the

anticipated return, as opposed to a variable rate, excluded the arrangement from the term

“investment contract.” Id. at 391.

The defendants do not only misread Supreme Court precedent; they insist that the D.C.

Circuit weighed in on the question in its decision denying rehearing en banc in SEC v. Life

Partners, 102 F.3d. 587 (D.C. Cir. 1996). But a review of that decision proves that defendants’

reliance on it is misplaced as well. In denying rehearing, the Court decided to clarify any

misimpression left by the discussion in its initial opinion concerning the third element of the

Howey test – that the expected profits must be generated by the “efforts of others” – and its

observation that “post-purchase efforts” are “most obviously relevant.” See Life Partners I,

87 F.3d at 545. The Court did not address the need for an actual contract at all.

Furthermore, the notion that a contractual relationship is required has been consistently

rejected by other district courts faced with crypto currency cases in recent years. See, e.g.,

Telegram, 448 F. Supp. 3d at 365 (“The Howey test provides the mode of analysis for an

unconventional scheme or contract alleged to fall within the securities laws.”) (emphasis added);

see also id. at 379 (“Howey refers to an investment contract, i.e. a security, as ‘a contract,

transaction or scheme,’ using the term ‘scheme’ in a descriptive, not pejorative, sense.”) In

granting a motion for a preliminary injunction, the court in Telegram pointed to an implicit

understanding, and not a formal agreement, as the basis for its finding that there was a substantial

17

likelihood the SEC would succeed on the merits of its claim that the Telegram Group sold its

tokens as an investment contract.

As part of its Howey analysis, the Court finds an implicit (though formally

disclaimed) intention on the part of Telegram to remain committed to the

success of the TON Blockchain post-launch. Indeed, Telegram, as a matter

of fact rather than legal obligation, will be the guiding force behind the TON

Blockchain for the immediate post-launch period while the 175 purchasers

unload their Grams into the secondary market. As such, the initial 175

purchasers possess a reasonable expectation of profit based upon the efforts

of Telegram.

Id. at 358–59; see also SEC v. Kik Interactive, Inc., 492 F. Supp. 3d 169, 178 (D. Conn. 2020)

(“[A]n ongoing contractual obligation is not a necessary requirement for a finding of a common

enterprise. . . . The contractual language is important to, but not dispositive of, the common

enterprise inquiry, and courts regularly consider representations and behavior outside the

contract.”); Terraform I, 684 F. Supp. 3d at 193 (“[T]here need not be – contrary to defendants’

assertions – a formal common-law contract between transacting parties for an ‘investment

contract’ to exist.”). 4

4 Defendants cite Rodriguez v. Banco Central Corp., 990 F.2d 7 (1st Cir. 1993), for the

proposition that a contract is required, but that decision – that the offering at issue was not a

security – did not turn on the absence of a contractual obligation on the part of the seller to make

improvements to the real estate it was selling. The court started with the principle that a simple

sale of land, for use or for investment, is not a “security,” id. at 10, but, after laying out the Howey

test, it acknowledged that “[a]t some point, however, the commitments and promises incident to a

land transfer, and the network of relationships related to the project, can cross over the line and

make the interest acquired one in an ongoing business enterprise.” Id. at 11. Its decision that the

deal in question did not qualify rested on the fact that while the defendants encouraged the buyers

to anticipate future growth and development, they did not promise to do anything to help achieve

that goal themselves; they “left the distinct, and distinctly false, impression that a community was

going to grow through natural forces.” Id. Indeed, the court noted, “[a] security might exist if the

defendants had promised, along with the land sales, to develop the community themselves. Then

each buyer might be acquiring an interest not only in land but in a package of commitments that,

taken together, could comprise a business venture harnessing the entrepreneurship of the

promoter.” Id.

18

B. The elements of an investment contract

1. The Court finds it necessary to distinguish between the digital coins

themselves and the offers to sell them.

The Court notes that several of the district courts presented with SEC enforcement actions

involving crypto currencies have taken pains to differentiate the alleged investment contracts from

the tokens themselves. See Telegram, 448 F. Supp. 3d at 379 (“While helpful as a shorthand

reference, the security in this case is not simply the Gram, which is little more than alphanumeric

cryptographic sequence. . . . This case presents a ‘scheme’ to be evaluated under Howey that

consists of the full set of contracts, expectations, and understandings centered on the sales and

distribution of the Gram.”); Terraform I, 684 F. Supp. 3d at 193 (the court need not “restrict its

Howey analysis to whether the tokens themselves – apart from any of the related various

investment protocols – constitute investment contracts”); see also Ripple Labs I, 682 F. Supp. 3d

at 323 (“Howey and its progeny have held that a variety of tangible and intangible assets can serve

as the subject of an investment contract. . . . In each of these cases, the subject of the investment

contract was a standalone commodity, which was not itself inherently an investment contract.

Here, defendants argue that XRP does not have the ‘character in commerce’ of a security and is

akin to other ‘ordinary assets’ like gold, silver, and sugar. . . . This argument misses the point

because ordinary assets – like gold, silver, and sugar – may be sold as investment contracts,

depending on the circumstances of those sales.”) (internal citations omitted).

The Court finds these observations to be clarifying and persuasive, as the differentiation is

consistent with the Supreme Court’s earliest pronouncements concerning the meaning of the term

“investment contract” buried within the lengthy list that comprises the definition of a “security”:

In applying acts of this general purpose, courts have not been guided by the

nature of the assets back of a particular document or offering. The test

rather is what character the instrument is given in commerce by the terms

of the offer, the plan of distribution, and the economic inducements held out

19

to the prospect. In the enforcement of an act such as this it is not

inappropriate that promoters’ offerings be judged as being what they were

represented to be.

Joiner, 320 U.S. at 352–53. Obviously, orange groves are not securities, yet the seminal case on

this point found the set of contracts and expectations surrounding their sale to be an investment

contract for purposes of the Act. See Howey, 328 U.S. 293.

In the Court’s view, then, the SEC’s suggestion that the token is “the embodiment of the

investment contract,” SEC Opp. at 29; see also Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 93 (“The token represents and

embodies that investment contract.”), as opposed to the subject of the investment contract,

muddied the issues before the Court, ignored the Supreme Court’s directive that the analysis is

supposed to be based on the entire set of understandings and expectations surrounding the offering,

and unnecessarily invited the defendants’ argument that a decision in the government’s favor here

would somehow encroach on the jurisdiction of the Commodities Futures Trading Commission.

Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 48–49. Therefore, the Court will endorse and follow the approach taken by the

thoughtful judges who boldly wrestled with crypto assets before this case was filed, and it will

assess the offerings identified in the complaint individually, resisting the government’s implication

that this ruling could go so far as to answer the definitional question that officials in the other

branches of government appear to have been assiduously avoiding. In short, no one should read

this case as deciding that crypto assets themselves are or are not “securities;” that is not the

question presented.

There is no D.C. Circuit precedent directly on point, and while district courts in other

jurisdictions have agreed on fundamental principles, they have sometimes diverged in important

ways when applying them to the circumstances before them. As the court in Kik Interactive

observed, this is a lonely place to be, but the general principles underlying securities jurisprudence

can help illuminate a path through the uncharted waters:

20

I have to decide this case without benefit of direct precedent in relation to

cryptocurrencies. I do so, understanding that the definition of investment

contract is “a flexible rather than a static principle, one that is capable of

adaptation to meet the countless and variable schemes devised by those who

seek the use of the money of others on the promise of profits.”

492 F. Supp. 3d at 177, quoting Howey, 328 U.S. at 299.

With the same understanding in mind, this Court will undertake the task it has been

assigned: to apply all of the principles set forth above to the allegations in the complaint, resolving

any inferences in favor of the plaintiff. But that being said, it is worth noting that intangible digital

assets do not fit neatly into the rubric set forth in the mere seven pages that comprise the Howey

opinion. Also, the agency’s decision to oversee this billion dollar industry through litigation –

case by case, coin by coin, court after court – is probably not an efficient way to proceed, and it

risks inconsistent results that may leave the relevant parties and their potential customers without

clear guidance.

2. The investment of money in a common enterprise

Under Howey and Life Partners, an investment contract requires an investment of money

by the purchaser in a common enterprise. 328 U.S. at 298–99; 87 F.3d at 542. Since neither

motion to dismiss challenges the sufficiency of allegations with respect to the investment of

money, the Court need not dwell on that aspect of the analysis further. But what is a “common

enterprise”?

Howey did not define the term. It observed, though, that the purchasers had no desire or

ability to occupy the land or develop it themselves, and that individual development of the plots

would not be economically feasible given their small size. 328 U.S. at 300. “A common enterprise

managed by respondents or third parties with adequate personnel and equipment is therefore

essential if the investors are to achieve their paramount aim of a return on their investments.” Id.

21

Subsequently, the Second Circuit explained that “[a] common enterprise within the

meaning of Howey can be established by a showing of ‘horizontal commonality’: the tying of each

individual investor’s fortunes to the fortunes of the other investors by the pooling of assets, usually

combined with the pro-rata distribution of profits.” Revak v. SEC Realty Corp., 18 F.3d 81, 87

(2d Cir. 1994). The Sixth Circuit also deemed the pooling of funds to be a necessary component

of the arrangement:

Horizontal commonality ties the fortunes of each investor in a pool of

investors to the success of the overall venture. In fact, a finding of

horizontal commonality requires a sharing or pooling of funds.

Hart v. Pulte Homes of Michigan Corp., 735 F.2d 1001, 1004 (6th Cir. 1984), quoting Union

Planters Nat. Bank of Memphis v. Com. Credit Bus. Loans, Inc., 651 F.2d 1174, 1183 (6th Cir.

1981).

The leading D.C. Circuit case on investment contracts advised that “[s]o-called horizontal

commonality – defined by the pooling of investment funds, shared profits, and shared losses – is

ordinarily sufficient to satisfy the common enterprise requirement.” Life Partners I, 87 F.3d.

at 543, citing Revak, 18 F.3d at 87. The Court added, “it is the inter-dependency of the investors

that transforms the transaction substantively into a pooled investment.” Id. at 544. But it did not

directly address the question of whether there was sufficient commonality in the situation before

it; it disposed of the case based on its analysis of the third element: whether there was an

expectation of profits based on the efforts of others, and it concluded that the test had not been

met. See id. at 545–46.

In SEC v. Banner Fund International, 211 F.3d 602 (D.C. Cir. 2000), the Circuit upheld a

trial court’s ruling that an offering of interests in the Off Shore Banner Fund International

Arbitrage Program was an investment contract. It repeated the Life Partners observation that a

common enterprise is ordinarily met with a showing of horizonal commonality, which, it explained

22

“requires that there be a pooling of investment funds, shared profits and shared losses.” Id. at 614

(internal quotations omitted), citing Life Partners I, 87 F.3d at 543. The Court emphasized that

the program at issue was marketed on the express premise that Banner Fund would combine the

funds from small investors so that they could participate in larger deals in the marketplace that

would otherwise be far beyond their reach. Id. at 615; see also id. at 606. It also observed that

profits and losses were shared with individual purchasers based upon the amount of their

investments. Id. at 615.

Other circuits have determined that a showing of “vertical commonality,” which is based

on the relationship between the promotor and the investors can also satisfy the requirement of a

common enterprise. See, e.g., SEC v. Koscot Interplanetary, Inc., 497 F.2d 473, 479 (5th Cir.

1974).

In an enterprise marked by vertical commonality, the investors’ fortunes

need not rise and fall together; a pro-rata sharing of profits and losses is not

required. Two distinct kinds of vertical commonality have been identified:

“broad vertical commonality” and “strict vertical commonality”. To

establish “broad vertical commonality”, the fortunes of the investors need

be linked only to the efforts of the promoter. . . . “Strict vertical

commonality” requires that the fortunes of investors be tied to the fortunes

of the promoter.

Revak, 18 F.3d at 87–88 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original).

District courts considering SEC actions against the issuers of crypto assets have referred to

both horizontal and vertical commonality when addressing this element. In granting the agency’s

motion for a preliminary injunction in Telegram I, the court found that the SEC had satisfied the

requirement of a common enterprise with a showing of both horizontal commonality and strict

vertical commonality.

After the 2018 Sales, Telegram pooled the money received from the Initial

Purchasers and used it to develop the TON Blockchain as well as to

maintain and expand Messenger. The ability of each Initial Purchaser to

23

profit was entirely dependent on the successful launch of the TON

Blockchain.

***

Alternatively, the SEC has made a substantial showing of strict vertical

commonality. Each Initial Purchaser’s anticipated profits were directly

dependent on Telegram’s success in developing and launching the TON

Blockchain. Telegram’s own fortunes were similarly dependent on the

successful launch of the TON Blockchain as Telegram would suffer

financial and reputational harm if the TON Blockchain failed prior to

launch.

Telegram I, 448 F. Supp. 3d at 369–70 (citations omitted).

Given the dearth of circuit precedent concerning the vertical theory, though, decisions

relying on horizontal commonality alone tend to predominate. The court in Kik Interactive granted

summary judgment in favor of the agency on a horizonal commonality theory: “[t]he economic

reality is that Kik, as it said it would, pooled proceeds from its sales of [the token] Kin in an effort

to create an infrastructure for Kin, and thus boost the value of the investment.” 492 F. Supp. 3d at

179; see also id. at 178 (“The success of the ecosystem drove demand for Kin and thus dictated

investors’ profits. Kik recognized and repeatedly emphasized this.”). The court acknowledged

that there was no pro rata distribution of profits as in the Howey situation, but it found that was not

necessary for horizontal commonality as “investors reaped their profits in the form of the increased

value of Kin.” Id., citing Balestra v. ATBCOIN LLC, 380 F. Supp. 3d 340, 354 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)

(“a formalized profit-sharing mechanism is not required for a finding of horizontal commonality”).

In Balestra, the court rejected the defendants’ contention that the purchasers’ ability to exercise

individual control over their own tokens signaled the absence of a common enterprise; “[p]laintiff

24

plausibly alleges that the potential profits stemming from the future valuation of the ATB Coins

were entirely reliant on the success of the defendants’ new blockchain.” Id. 5

3. The expectation of profits due to the efforts of others

The next element of the Howey standard is that the investor “is led to expect profits solely

from the efforts of the promoter or a third party.” 328 U.S. at 299. The D.C. Circuit has softened

the impact of “solely” by requiring only that profits be generated “predominantly” from the efforts

of others. SEC v. Int’l Loan Network, Inc., 968 F.2d 1304, 1308 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

Profits can mean a share of the earnings realized from the use of the investors’ funds, or

“capital appreciation resulting from the development of the initial investment.” United Hous.

Found., Inc. v. Forman, 421 U.S. 837, 852 (1975). With respect to crypto assets, courts have

found that an anticipated increase in the market value of the coin falls within the category of a

“profit” or financial return for purposes of the Howey test. See Kik Interactive, 492 F. Supp. 3d at

179.

When elaborating upon the Howey “efforts of others” requirement, the D.C. Circuit

differentiated between pre-purchase activities and the efforts to be undertaken after the investment

5 See also Ripple Labs I, 682 F. Supp. 3d at 325 (finding horizontal commonality since

Ripple pooled the proceeds of sales and controlled the accounts, using the funds to finance its

operations; also noting that the buyers’ ability to profit was tied to Ripple’s fortunes and the

fortunes of other buyers since all received the same fungible token, the value of which was

dependent on the success of the enterprise); Terraform I, 684 F. Supp. 3d at 195–96 (complaint

alleged the existence of a common enterprise with respect to two tokens based on horizontal

commonality: defendants marketed the UST coins to be deposited in the Anchor Protocol, where

they were “pooled,” and through defendants’ managerial efforts, would generate returns to be

redistributed on a pro-rata basis; and as to the LUNA coins, the SEC alleged that the sales proceeds

would be used to develop the Terraform blockchain, thereby increasing the value of the coins

themselves, benefitting all holders equally); see also SEC v. Terraform Labs, No. 23-cv-1346 JSR,

2023 WL 8944860, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 28, 2023) (“Terraform II”) (reaching the same

conclusion at summary judgement).

25

proceeds had been received, and between entrepreneurial efforts on the part of the promoter and

purely ministerial ones. Life Partners I, 87 F.3d at 545–46. It later clarified in Life Partners II:

“to the extent that we established any rule in applying the ‘efforts of others’ test, we held only that

[1] pre-purchase services cannot by themselves suffice to make the profits of an investment arise

predominantly from the efforts of others, and that [2] ministerial functions should receive a good

deal less weight than entrepreneurial activities.” 102 F.3rd at 588 (internal quotations omitted). 6

Finally, the law in this Circuit is clear: “the expected profits must, in conformity with

ordinary usage, be in the form of a financial return on the investment, not in the form of

consumption.” Life Partners I, 87 F.3d at 543; see also Forman, 421 U.S. at 853 (“[W]hen a

purchaser is motivated by a desire to use or consume the item purchased – ‘to occupy the land or

to develop it themselves,’ as the Howey Court put it . . . the securities laws do not apply.”); Banner

Fund, 211 F.3d at 614. “The inquiry is an objective one focusing on the promises and offers made

to investors; it is not a search for the precise motivation of each individual participant.” Telegram,

448 F. Supp. 3d at 371.

The Court must apply the principles set out above to each of the offerings alleged to be

“investment contracts” in the complaint.

6 Applying that test, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s determination that a

viatical settlement – an arrangement through which an investor acquires an interest in the life

insurance policy of a terminally ill person, at a discount determined by the insured’s life

expectancy – did not constitute an “investment contract” for purposes of the Securities Act. Life

Partners I, 87 F.3d at 549; Life Partners II, 102 F.3d at 589. The seller’s role was largely

ministerial once the interest had been sold, and more importantly, the existence or amount of any

“profits” was determined by the how long the insured survived, and therefore, it could not be said

that the profits derived predominantly from the efforts of others. Id.

26

C. Count One plausibly alleges that Binance offered and sold BNB as an

investment contract.

1. The Initial Coin Offering

The complaint alleges that in 2017, Binance launched its Binance.com platform to provide

services to crypto asset investors, and it created and marketed a new digital token called the

Binance coin, or BNB, to finance the venture. Compl. ¶ 80. BNB is an ERC-20 token issued on

the Ethereum blockchain. Compl. ¶ 287. During the initial coin offering (“ICO”), Binance created

200 million BNB on the blockchain and announced that it would never issue more. Compl. ¶ 293.

It structured the offering in phases with planned price increases at each successive phase, thereby

rewarding the earliest buyers with an effective discount and the potential for immediate returns

upon resale. Compl. ¶ 293.

According to the SEC, “BNB was offered and sold as a security because Binance touted

an investment in BNB as an investment in Binance’s efforts to create a successful crypto asset

trading platform centered around BNB.” Compl. ¶ 82. The complaint draws heavily on

representations and marketing statements contained in a whitepaper entitled “Binance Exchange,”

which was used to promote the ICO. Compl. ¶¶ 82–83, 290, referring to Binance Exchange,

Whitepaper V1.1 (June 16, 2017) (“Binance Whitepaper” or “Whitepaper”). 7

The Binance Whitepaper referred to the first purchasers of the new token coin as

“investors,” and it began, “[w]ith your help, Binance will build a world-class crypto exchange,

7 Since the Binance Whitepaper is referenced and incorporated in the complaint, the Court

may consider its contents in connection with the motion to dismiss. See EEOC v. St. Francis

Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997). A copy of the Whitepaper, among

other documents, were provided to the Court pursuant to its January 10, 2024 order for the parties

to file the documents they considered to be “incorporated by reference in the complaint.” Minute

Order (Jan. 10, 2024); see Notices of Docs. Incorporated by Reference in the Compl. [Dkt.

## 205–06].

27

powering the future of crypto finance.” Compl. ¶¶ 82, 291; see also Binance Whitepaper. 8 The

Whitepaper described the characteristics and capabilities of the new platform, “touting several

competitive advantages the platform would supposedly have over other crypto asset platforms,”

Compl. ¶ 290, and it “lauded the credentials and financial expertise of Zhao and other founding

members,” pointing to their “decades of combined experience building and maintaining world

class financial systems.” Compl. ¶ 291, quoting Binance Whitepaper. The document concluded:

We know this will be an ultra competitive space. There are probably

hundreds, if not thousands of teams wanting, planning or doing exchanges.

Competition will be fierce. But in this age, this is a common risk in any

decent concept/startup or mature company. The question is: given our

team, track record, experience, industry resources and product, do you

believe we stand a better chance than the rest of the pack? If yes, then please

join our ICO.

Compl. ¶ 292, quoting Binance Whitepaper.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the complaint plausibly alleges that the

BNB was offered as an investment contract at the time of the ICO. The allegations and the

Whitepaper itself give rise to an inference that investors purchased coins with an expectation of

profit, in the form of future appreciation, that would derive from a common enterprise dependent

upon the managerial and entrepreneurial efforts of others. Binance made it clear that it was

soliciting the funds for the specific purpose of building a strong exchange that would not be

plagued by the problems that had stymied the growth of other crypto exchanges, such as “poor

technical architecture,” “insecure platform,” “poor market liquidity,” “poor customer service,” and

“poor internationalization and language support.” See Whitepaper. It assured the potential

purchasers that its “matching engine is capable of sustaining 1,400,000 orders/second, making it

8 The seventeen-page Whitepaper lacks page numbers so they will be absent from the

citations as well.

28

one of the fastest matching engines in the market.” Id. It emphasized that its team had the

technical expertise and deep experience to bring the project to fruition. Id. And importantly for

the Howey analysis, Binance and its CEO expressly linked the future value of the coins to the

success of the exchange it planned to develop with the proceeds of the ICO. Compl. ¶¶ 301, 302

(“For example, in a public ‘Ask Me Anything’ discussion on Reddit on June 28, 2017, Zhao

explained: ‘The token is a tool to facilitate the ICO. We didn’t invent a new coin, our focus is on

building a valuable platform. The value of the coin is heavily associated with how well the

platform does. Basically, if the platform is successful, the more users use the platform to trade,

the more users will buy the coin, hence the price will increase.”).

Also, the averment that “each BNB coin is identical to every other BNB token, and the

price of all BNB tokens increases or decreases together,” Compl. ¶ 312, supports a finding of the

horizontal commonality needed for the “common enterprise” element. The case law points to

whether the proceeds of the offering were “pooled” as a critical aspect of analysis, and although

the complaint is thin on this point, it does allege that “Binance pooled the proceeds of its BNB

ICO to develop the Binance.com Platform as it stated publicly that it would,” Compl. ¶ 298, and

the Court is bound to accept the truth of that statement at this time. The Whitepaper further reflects

the shared stake in the success of the enterprise when it announced that Binance would reserve

forty percent of all BNB tokens for its “Founding Team” and another ten percent for the “Angel

Investors” who purchased before the ICO. Compl. ¶ 294; see also Compl. ¶ 313 (“Binance’s

distribution of tokens among investors and its Founding team aligned their incentives in building

29

a successful Binance.com Platform, as that would yield an increase in BNB’s market price that

would yield profits to all BNB investors.”). 9

With respect to the “efforts of others” that would be the engine behind future gains for the

investors, it is notable that in addition to undertaking to develop a superior platform, Binance also

vowed at the start that it would take steps to increase demand for BNB – and thus, its value – by

taking planned steps to restrict supply. “[T]he Binance Whitepaper stated that Binance would

‘destroy,’ or burn, half of the BNB over time by using Binance’s profits with respect to the

Binance.com Platform to repurchase and then destroy BNB.” Compl. ¶ 295.

For all of these reasons, the Court finds that the complaint plausibly alleges that BNB was

offered and sold as an investment contract, and therefore, as a security. There is no dispute that

BNB was offered and sold without a registration statement filed or in effect, see Compl. ¶ 515,

and therefore, to the extent that the First Claim for Relief is predicated on the initial coin offering

in 2017, it states a claim for a violation of Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act.

That is not to say that the SEC’s own allegations, and the materials upon which they are

based, do not raise questions about what will be established at the end of the day. The question as

to what motivated the reasonable purchaser at the time may prove to be a close one. As the court

observed in the Telegram case, “[a] transaction does not fall within the scope of the securities laws

when a reasonable purchaser is motivated to purchase by a consumptive intent.” 448 F. Supp. 3d.

at 371. In that case, the existence of an extended lockup period was one aspect of the first round

of the offering that in the court’s view “tend[ed] to negate the likelihood that a reasonable

9 Given the allegations supporting a plausible inference of horizontal commonality, the

Court will not go on to consider vertical commonality at this juncture, particularly given the

absence of Circuit precedent concerning a requirement of any form of vertical commonality.

30

[purchaser] purchased [the tokens] for consumptive use.” Id. at 373; see also id. (“Simply put, a

rational economic actor would not agree to freeze millions of dollars for up to 18 months . . . if the

purchaser’s intent was to obtain a substitute for fiat currency.”); Ripple Labs I, 682 F. Supp. 3d at

328 (the Institutional Buyers’ agreement to lock up the tokens was viewed as an additional factor

supporting the reasonable expectation of profit element, as it was not consistent with the use of the

tokens as currency). While that does not mean that the converse is true, i.e., that the absence of a

lockup period shows that consumption was the motivation for the purchases, it is notable that there

were no restrictions on even the first purchasers’ use of their BNB.

It is also significant that one key selling point of the BNB coin detailed in the Whitepaper

was that purchasers could use BNB to pay for any fees on the platform, including exchange fees,

withdrawals fees, listing fees, and any other fees, and that when they used BNB to pay those fees,

they would receive significant discounts: 50% the first year, 25% the second year, 12.5% the third

year, and 6.75% in year four. See Whitepaper. This could support a contrary finding at a later

stage in these proceedings that it was the ability to utilize the BNB to obtain discounts that served

as the incentive for participation in the ICO. Indeed, the complaint alleges that when BAM

“CEO B” looked back at the company’s experience with BNB in an interview in 2021, he said:

[W]e have learned a lot from the BNB coin (the Binance token) about the

power of coupling incentives inside of a smart contract with fungibility.

Think about what the Binance token is – it represents the right to

receive discounts on our trading fees, which people use it for, a lot. But

increasingly, people are choosing to hold the token, rather than spend it for

the discount because they found that the increased value of the token as the

company grows, exceeds the financial value of the discounts. And so it gets

our customers to act a little bit more like owners – people who want the

company to succeed; their interests are aligned with that of the company.

Compl. ¶ 302(d) (emphasis added). The facts underlying observations such as this could bear on

the ultimate objective analysis of what the reasonable purchaser’s expectations were at the time of

the ICO as opposed to how they may have evolved over time.

31

Also, while the complaint alleges that “Binance pooled the proceeds of its BNB ICO to

develop the Binance.com Platform – as it stated publicly it would,” Compl. ¶ 298, the Whitepaper

advised that just “35% of the funds will be used to build the Binance platform and perform

upgrades to the system, which includes team recruiting, training, and the development budget.”

Whitepaper. The connection between the allocation of the remaining 65% and the value of the

coins was somewhat more attenuated:

50% will be used for Binance branding and marketing . . . . A sufficient

budget for various advertisement activities, to help Binance become popular

among investors, and to attract active users to the platform.

15% will be kept in reserve to cope with any emergency or unexpected

situation that might come up.

Whitepaper.

Looking at everything that has been alleged that bears on the economic reality of the overall

transaction, though, and given the requirement that at this stage, it is required to accept the SEC’s

factual allegations as true and resolve every factual inference in its favor, the Court finds that the

allegations are sufficient to state a plausible claim that the initial offering of BNB qualifies as an

investment contract, and the claim will move forward.

2. Binance’s ongoing sales of BNB after the ICO

The complaint does not stop at the ICO, however. It alleges that that “from the time of the

ICO to the present, BNB was offered and sold as an investment contract and therefore, as a

security.” Compl. ¶ 288 (emphasis added). While this assertion is quite conclusory, if one

considers the set of allegations concerning subsequent sales in the context of the other allegations

in the complaint concerning the launch of BNB and the ICO, and resolves all inferences in favor

of the SEC, what has been provided is sufficient to enable this aspect of the BNB claim to move

forward for now as well.

32

Paragraph 302 alleges that “Binance has continued to tout the investment potential of BNB

over time, and has continued to tell investors after the ICO that Binance’s efforts to make the

Binance.com Platform more profitable will increase BNB’s value.” Compl. ¶ 302; see also Compl.

¶ 301 (“Since Binance.com launched in July 2017, BNB has traded on the Binance.com Platform,

and Binance and Zhao have continued to lead BNB investors to believe that BNB’s price is tied to

the success of the Binance.com Platform.”). The complaint includes several examples of

statements made by Binance executives encouraging purchasers to consider the coin’s investment

value:

• In an interview broadcasted globally on YouTube.com on October 10, 2018,

Binance’s Chief Growth Officer stated, “By having people invest in BNB token,

they’re even more interested in the success [of the Binance.com Platform] . . . .

By holding BNB, you are effectively holding an influential share of the crypto

project.”

• In an interview broadcasted globally on YouTube.com on January 10, 2020,

Binance’s Managing Director stated, “Recently we launched lending, we

launched staking, we launched futures, all of those new businesses contribute

to the value of BNB.”

Compl. ¶ 302. 10 The complaint further alleges that Binance launched a $7.5 billion venture capital

effort called “Binance Labs” that invested in grants to people developing applications for Binance

blockchains, including BNB-related applications. Compl. ¶ 304. “And in October 2022, Binance

announced that Binance Labs was investing in seven new projects that, as a Binance founder

10 Paragraph 302(c) also recites statements made by Zhao in December 2020 in “an internal

Binance town hall” to the effect that the Binance.com platform is a “relatively big driving force

for [BNB] value,” and that “we’ll push BNB as much as we can,” “[w]e’re also incentivizing the

ecosystem,” and “I’m fully bullish that BNB will outrun BTC.” Compl. ¶ 302(c). But there are

no facts alleged that would support an inference that this internal cheerleading reached the

investing public.

33

described, ‘will grow further and positively impact the BNB Chain and the broader crypto

ecosystem.’” Id.

The SEC also alleges that since 2019, Binance offered to pay their employees’ salaries in

BNB, and that it made the public aware of that fact:

Publicly reminding investors what the economic reality made plain – that

Binance and its employees’ fortunes with respect to BNB were tied to BNB

investors’ fortunes – Binance has frequently touted the popularity of

Binance’s program of offering BNB as compensation to its employees. For

example, in a February 11, 2019 interview, Zhao stated, “Almost all

[employees] take some comp in BNB. Many take 100% in BNB. They

know what we do, and how we do it, literally, from inside out. And it is an

easy decision for them to make.”

Compl. ¶¶ 306–07 (alteration in original); see also Compl. ¶ 310 (“Zhao frequently touted

Binance’s Employee Stock Token Options Plan (‘ESTOP’), which granted high performing

employees BNB, essentially equivalent to employee stock options, as the best way for employees

to profit from the growth of the Binance.com Platform. He has also encouraged Binance

34

employees to hold BNB to share in the company’s profits, noting that it would correlate closely to

the company’s long-term financial growth.”). 11

The post-ICO aspect of Count One survives the motion to dismiss, but that does not mean

that all questions have been put to rest. The SEC alleges that “[s]ince the ICO, Binance has

encouraged the Binance.com Platform’s customers to buy BNB by offering a 25 percent discount

when investors use BNB to purchase a crypto asset. . . . Accordingly, Binance creates additional

financial incentives to buy BNB, thereby increasing demand for BNB, and its value.” Compl.

¶ 300; see also Compl. ¶ 304 (“Binance has additionally worked to increase demand for BNB by

11 Paragraph 306 alleges that Binance “offered and sold BNB to its employees in the United

States and elsewhere by offering to pay salaries in the form of BNB.” Compl. ¶ 306. Since the

complaint does not have an independent claim alleging that the offer to employees was an

“investment contract,” and the SEC appears to be highlighting the statements about compensation

and the stock option plans to advance its claim that after the ICO, Binance continued to market

BNB to the public as an investment contract, the Court does not find it necessary to determine at

this time whether the SEC has shown that the offer to pay employees BNB itself includes all of

the elements of an investment contract, in particular, the first element of an investment of money.

See Ripple Labs I, 682 F. Supp. 3d at 330–31 (finding that distributions to employees as

compensation do not satisfy the first prong of Howey); Ripple Labs II, 2023 WL 6445969 at *6

(finding no substantial ground for difference of opinion about the holding in SEC v. LBRY,

639 F. Supp. 3d 211 (D.N.H. 2023), because the defendant in that case did not dispute the

“investment of money” element).

At the hearing, the SEC cited One-O-One Enterprises, Inc. v. Caruso, 668 F. Supp. 693,

700 (D.D.C. 1987), for the proposition that the investment of money prong can be satisfied with

the provision of services. Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 85. But that non-binding opinion does not discuss

employee compensation, and it is not particularly helpful. The case involved an agreement in

which the defendants, who owned a successful chain of steakhouses, purchased ten “debt ridden”

restaurants from the plaintiffs and had a six year option to purchase twenty-five more. The

plaintiffs alleged fraud in what they claimed was a securities transaction. 668 F. Supp. at 695–96.

The court found that the option for defendants to buy some of the restaurants was not a security,

even though the “investment of money” element was established: the defendants did not give the

plaintiffs any money in exchange for the restaurants, but they did give plaintiffs valuable

consideration in the form of waiving franchise fees, which had the same effect as giving them

money. Id. at 700. The court added that the defendants provided plaintiffs with “training, on-

going advice on operations, and marketing and promotional services,” all of which also had

financial value. Id.

35

seeking to create additional ways in which BNB can be used – thereby further increasing demand

for the token and its value.”) (emphasis added). While entrepreneurial acts to increase demand

may have the effect of enhancing BNB’s value, and that is certainly good for investors and may

support the “common enterprise” element, the allegation that Binance is marketing BNB –

successfully – by emphasizing the ways it can be used raises questions about the strength of the

showing supporting the existence of the “expected profits” element over time. Will an evaluation

of the totality of the circumstances surrounding sales after the ICO support the requisite finding

that Binance’s representations created an expectation on the part of the reasonable purchaser of

profits in the form of a financial return on the investment? Or was the company urging the

reasonable purchaser to acquire the coins to use them? While it is not necessary that each offeree

purchase the asset that is the subject of an investment contract as an investment, see Howey,

328 U.S. at 300; Terraform II, 2023 WL 8944860, at *14, citing Howey at 300 (finding, in

connection with grant of summary judgment in the SEC’s favor that it was of no consequence that

not all of the coin purchasers deposited them in the protocol that was part of the “investment

contract”), it does matter how the asset was sold and what a purchaser in the marketplace would

have reasonably understood it to be, and the complaint contains very little concerning how BNB

was actually promoted and sold after the ICO. 12 See Ripple Labs I, 682 F. Supp. 3d at 324

(differentiating between the circumstances surrounding Institutional Sales and those attending

Programmatic Sales).

12 Indeed, in a document the SEC identified as incorporated in the complaint, see SEC’s

Notice of Docs. Incorporated by Reference in the Compl. [Dkt. # 205] at 2; Compl. ¶ 282–86, 325–

38, Binance lauded the versatility and usefulness of its product: “As the native coin of Binance

Chain, BNB has multiple use cases: Fueling transactions on the Chain, paying for transaction fees

on Binance Exchange, making in-store payments, and many more.” “BNB Vault: One-click to

earn multi-benefits with BNB,” Binance.com (Apr. 2, 2023).

36

3. Secondary sales of BNB

The absence of allegations on this point becomes even more problematical when one

considers the SEC’s contention that a determination that the BNB was sold as an investment

contract at the outset necessarily means that any secondary sale of the token itself was a sale of a

security. See Compl. at ¶¶ 288, 305; SEC Opp. at 15–17, 28–30. There is no circuit precedent on

this issue, and district judges have differed in their approach.

The court in Ripple Labs I did not reach the issue, as it was addressing Programmatic Sales,

but it observed in a footnote:

Whether a secondary market sale constitutes an offer or sale of an

investment contract would depend on the totality of circumstances and the

economic reality of that specific contract, transaction, or scheme.

682 F. Supp. 3d at 329, n.16, citing, inter alia, Tr. of Mots. Hr’g at 34:14–16, SEC v. LBRY,

639 F. Supp. 3d 211 (D.N.H. 2023) (No. 21 Civ. 206), ECF No. 105 (declining to extend holding

to include secondary sales). 13 But the court in Terraform I expressly rejected that view:

[T]he Court declines to draw a distinction between these coins based on

their manner of sale, such that coins sold directly to institutional investors

are considered securities and those sold through secondary market

transactions to retail investors are not.

13 The court reiterated in its opinion denying the SEC’s motion for interlocutory appeal that

its decision that Ripple Labs’ Programmatic Sales were not investment contracts was not based

merely on the fact that they were sold through secondary market transactions to retail investors.

Ripple Labs II, 2023 WL 6445969 at *6. “Rather, the Court concluded, based on the totality of

circumstances, that an objective, reasonable Programmatic Buyer would not believe that ‘sales

from purchases of all [XRP] . . . would be fed back into [Ripple and the XRP Ledger] and would

generate additional profits for all [XRP] holders.” Id. (alterations in original). While this clarifies

that there is no holding in the Ripple Labs opinions with respect to secondary sales, it reiterates

the Ripple Labs court’s view that the determination of whether any sale constitutes an investment

contract must be based on the totality of the circumstances surrounding that sale, and what an

objective buyer’s understandings would be.

37

684 F. Supp. 3d at 197. It noted that Howey makes no distinction between purchasers; “[t]hat a

purchaser bought the coins directly from the defendants, or instead, in a secondary resale

transaction has no impact on whether a reasonable individual would objectively view the

defendants’ actions and statements as evincing a promise of profits based on their efforts. . . .

[D]efendants[] embarked on a public campaign to encourage both retail and institutional investors

. . . .” Id. (emphasis in original).

The Court is inclined to agree with the approach of the court in Ripple Labs, since the

“it-is-what-it-is” approach of the SEC appears to be inconsistent with the clear Supreme Court

directives quoted in its pleadings, which hold that it is the economic reality of the particular

transaction, based on the entire set of contracts, expectations, and understandings of the parties,

that controls. See SEC Opp. at 30–31, quoting Joiner, 320 U.S. at 352–53 (“[E]ven if these assets

have some inherent use . . . [w]hat matters are the ‘economic inducements’ used to encourage the

transaction. . . . All of the relevant circumstances surrounding the sale of the asset must be

analyzed.”). The SEC repeatedly hearkens back to “the circumstances under which the assets in

this case were offered and sold,” see, e.g., SEC Opp. at 31 (emphasis added), but those do not go

so far as to establish its contention that “BNB is offered and sold an investment contract.” SEC

Opp. at 14.

One cannot argue with the general proposition that once a thing is deemed to be a security,

it remains a security; the thing has not changed its nature. But the SEC is not alleging or asking

the Court to find that the thing in question – the BNB token – is a security. Its allegation is that

during the ICO and after, it was offered as, or sold as, a security. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 82. That

determination, the SEC has explained, does not depend on the nature of the thing. It does not

depend on what the thing represented. It depends on the economic reality of the transaction. See

38

SEC, Strategic Hub for Innovation & Fin. Tech., Framework for “Investment Contract” Analysis

of Digital Assets (2019), https://perma.cc/46KZ-P5EA (“Framework Analysis”) at 2 (“Whether a

particular digital asset at the time of its offer and sale satisfies the Howey test depends on the

specific facts and circumstances.”); see also Ripple Labs I, 682 F. Supp. 3d at 328–29; Ripple

Labs II, 2023 WL 6445969, at *6.

It may be that the SEC can establish that sales after the ICO or certain groups of secondary

sales meet the criteria of an investment contract. See, e.g., Telegram, 448 F. Suppl. 3d at 380–81

(finding based upon all of the surrounding facts and circumstances that secondary sales of the

crypto currencies at issue were an offering of securities under Howey because the crypto currencies

were initially sold with the intent that the institutional buyers re-sell them on the secondary market;

Telegram did not intend for the assets to “come to rest with the 175 Initial Purchasers but to reach

the public at large via post-launch resales by the Initial Purchasers” and built incentives into the

initial sales to ensure that the initial purchasers resold soon after launch). But the government’s

reliance on the assertion that “[t]he crypto assets are the embodiment of the investment contract,”

SEC Opp. at 28–29; see also Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 93–94, and its argument at the hearing about the

nature of the technology and the interdependence of the platform and the performance of every

token, is not enough, standing alone, to bring secondary sales of BNB under the investment

contract rubric. Moreover, the agreement is somewhat inconsistent with the singular theory the

government has been advancing since this action was filed: we aren’t saying that the coins are

securities – we are talking about investment contracts. For example, the case began with this

colloquy at the hearing on the motion to a temporary restraining order.

THE COURT: When you use the formulation crypto asset versus crypto

asset securities, can you tell me, what are the differentiating factors?

MR. SCARLATO: Whether they meet the Howey test.

39

THE COURT: That’s it? The Howey test for each one –

MR. SCARLATO: Yes.

TRO Hr’g Tr. at 11. 14

The question came up again at the hearing on the motion to dismiss.

THE COURT: . . . Just to get started, is it fair to say that the SEC is not

taking the position that every digital asset, token, or crypto asset is a

security?

MS. FARER: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: And it’s . . . not your position that one of the these tokens

standing alone is a security simply because somebody who buys it might

make a profit?

MS. FARER: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Now, do you agree that there is a difference between the

coins, the subject of the investment contracts, and the contracts themselves?

That is, the totality of the circumstances, or as the Telegram case puts it, the

full set of contracts, expectations, or understandings surrounding how any

particular coin is sold or distributed, and it’s the latter that’s dispositive?

MS. FARER: Yes, Your Honor. The crypto asset, as we briefed, as Your

Honor has seen in these cases, is simply a line of code and what we’re

14 The SEC seemed reluctant at that time to clarify fundamental aspects of its position.

THE COURT: But you have said all over the complaint crypto assets – and

you differentiate that specifically from crypto asset securities, and you make

it clear that one category is larger than the other category and that both

categories are on the Binance.com platform and the Binance.US platform,

correct?

MR. SCARLATO: Yes.

THE COURT: So I’m asking you, the ones that you are not putting in the

securities category, what are they? Are they commodities?

MR. SCARLATO: We are not – thank you, Your Honor. We are not taking

a position at this time. . . .

TRO Hr’g Tr. at 12.

40

looking at is the economic realities and the totality of circumstances of how

they’re offered and sold.

***

THE COURT: But as to [“the stablecoins”] in particular, or all of them, I

guess, a standalone sale is not enough, it has to be based on how it was sold

and marketed?

MS. FARER: Correct, Your Honor. You would have to take all of the

complex realities, including promotion, the efforts of the issuers, the

retention of any tokens. I could go through a variety of categories and

factors that are evaluated in these cases.

Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 66–67; see also Framework Analysis at 1 (“The focus of the Howey analysis is

not only on the form and terms of the instrument itself (in this case, the digital asset) but also on

41

the circumstances surrounding the digital asset and the manner in which it is offered, old or resold

(which includes secondary market sales).”) (emphasis added). 15

Insisting that an asset that was the subject of an alleged investment contract is itself a

“security” as it moves forward in commerce and is bought and sold by private individuals on any

number of exchanges, and is used in any number of ways over an indefinite period of time, marks

15 At the hearing on the motion, the SEC seemed to speaking out of both sides of its mouth

on this issue. At several points, it took pains to disavow any intention to argue that once the assets

were sold as securities, they retained that character forever, see e.g., Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 89 (“So, Your

Honor, to clarify, if anything that I said suggested that we think something once an investment

contract is always an investment contract, that’s not the case. That’s not our position at issue.”),

while at others, it left the distinct impression that that was exactly what it meant.

QUESTION BY THE COURT: . . . So if the buyer [in] the ICO could

reasonably think Binance is going to use my investment and it’s going to

develop this platform and it’s going to support this coin, and you’re not

saying that carries over, necessarily, after the buyer sells it to someone else,

what are the expectations and understandings for contracts that are the

circumstances that surround any resale?

MS. FARER: So, Your Honor, the token itself represents the investment

contract. . . . [W]hat is occurring here [with] the purchase of the token is

you’re buying into the enterprise. . . . [H]ere there is a pooling at the initial

ICO and the investors purchase based on marketing and the promise of

profitability, . . . and that . . . was based on the efforts of the issuers and

promoters. That then carries through with the token. The token represents

and embodies that investment contract. And nothing has changed simply

because someone buys it directly from the purchasers on the – in a primary

sale ICO or on a resale . . . .

Id. at 92–93 (emphasis added). In short, the SEC appears to be insisting that the representations

made at the outset travel with the token. That is different from saying that after the ICO, Binance

continued to market the BNB to new buyers as an investment contract. While counsel added that

Binance makes “representations about profitability” and “there are ongoing representations about

what they’re going to do,” and that the token’s “value derives solely from the blockchain” and

“they have to maintain the blockchain,” id. at 93, the complaint does not lay out enough of the

facts and circumstances surrounding ongoing secondary sales to support to a plausible inference

that the reasonable secondary buyer would expect Binance to use their investment to generate

profits on the buyer’s behalf.

42

a departure from the Howey framework that leaves the Court, the industry, and future buyers and

sellers with no clear differentiating principle between tokens in the marketplace that are securities

and tokens that aren’t. It is not a principle the Court feels comfortable endorsing or applying based

on the allegations in the complaint, particularly since the only term among the approximately

twenty options included in the statutory definition of “security” that is being relied upon in this

case is “investment contract.”

For these reasons, the Court will apply the only test the government has offered for

assessing for whether a non-traditional asset is a security, and it finds that the complaint does not

include sufficient facts to support a plausible inference that any particular secondary sales satisfy

the Howey test for an investment contract. The SEC argues in its opposition and at the hearing

that there were ongoing representations about the superiority of the platform that allegedly gave

the tokens their value, but more is needed. It may well be, as the government maintains, that the

“common enterprise” is ongoing, since the fortunes of all token holders rise and fall together and

that their fortunes are largely tied to those of the company and its platform or “ecosystem,” but

that element alone is not sufficient. What about the investment of money? Other courts have not

been troubled by payments made to an exchange instead of the issuer, see, e.g., SEC v. Coinbase,

Inc., 2024 WL 1304037, at *24 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2024); Terraform I, 684 F. Supp. 3d at 197;

see also In re Ripple Labs, Inc. Litig., No. 18-cv-06753-PJH, 2024 WL 3074379, at *7 (N.D. Cal.

June 20, 2024) (declining in a private securities class action to find, based on those decisions, that

there was no “investment of money” as a matter of law). And more importantly, the facts needed

43

to plausibly allege an “expectation of profits” in the form of a return on an investment have not

yet been alleged. 16

4. Count One is not barred by the statute of limitations.

Binance has also moved to dismiss Count One’s allegations that it offered and sold BNB

without filing a registration statement, Compl. ¶ 515, on the grounds that the portion of the claim

that involves the “offering” of BNB is barred by the statute of limitations. Binance Mot. at 35–

36.

A court may dismiss a claim on statute of limitations grounds if the claim is conclusively

time-barred on the face of the complaint; if the issue turns on contested questions of fact, dismissal

is not appropriate. Bregman v. Perles, 747 F.3d 873, 875–76 (D.C. Cir. 2014), citing de Csepel v.

Republic of Hungary, 714 F.3d 591, 603 (D.C. Cir. 2013) and Firestone v. Firestone,

76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (per curiam) (“[C]ourts should hesitate to dismiss a complaint

on statute of limitations grounds based solely on the face of the complaint . . . because statute of

limitations issues often depend on contested questions of fact . . . .”).

16 The SEC has directed the Court to a recent decision issued in In re Ripple Labs, Inc.

Litigation, a case consolidating a set of private class actions alleging both federal and state

securities violations by Ripple Labs, one of its subsidiaries, and its CEO. Notice of Supp. Auth.

[Dkt. # 247] (attaching 2024 WL 3074379). The court denied a defense motion for summary

judgment on a claim involving secondary investors because in that case, it declined to conclude,

as a matter of law, that Ripple’s conduct would not have led a reasonable retail investor to have an

expectation of profit due to the efforts of others. 2024 WL 3074379 at *10. The court took pains

to contrast the record before it with what was described in the opinions issued by the Southern

District of New York; its ruling was based on an evidentiary record that contained “numerous

promotional materials that were distributed to the general public via widely-distributed internet

posts and videos,” evidence of online marketing efforts in which the CEO answered XRP

purchasers’ questions directly on YouTube, and other “publicly disseminated” statements

regarding Ripple’s entrepreneurial and/or managerial efforts, for example, in connection with the

cross-border payments industry. Id. at *9. The instant complaint does not contain analogous

allegations concerning outreach to retail buyers by Binance, and the California court’s careful,

fact-based reasoning does not point to a different conclusion here.

44

Defendant submits that the portion of the claim concerning the “offering” of BNB

necessarily relates to the June 26 to July 3, 2017 initial coin offering. Binance Mot. at 35–36;

Compl. ¶ 81. Since the complaint in this case was filed more than five years later, Binance

contends that the ICO falls outside the five-year limitations period for SEC actions for civil

monetary penalties or disgorgement. Binance Mot. at 35–36, citing 28 U.S.C. § 2462, 15 U.S.C.

§ 78u(d)(8)(A)(i), and Kokesh v. SEC, 581 U.S. 455, 459 (2017).

The defense is correct that ordinarily, a five-year statute of limitations applies to actions

for civil penalties, 28 U.S.C. § 2462, and non-scienter-based disgorgement claims, 15 U.S.C.

§ 78u(d)(8)(A)(i), while a ten-year statute of limitations applies for SEC scienter-based

disgorgement actions and equitable actions. 15 U.S.C. §§ 78u(d)(8)(A)(ii), 78u(d)(8)(B). But that

is not the end of the analysis for a defendant who is not found in the United States.

The provision governing civil penalties states that an action “shall not be entertained unless

commenced within five years from the date when the claim first accrued if, within the same period,

the offender or the property is found within the United States in order that proper service may be

made thereon.” 28 U.S.C. § 2462. Courts applying this provision have held that the statute of

limitations did not begin to run until the defendants were present in the United States. See SEC v.

Sharp, 626 F. Supp. 3d 345, 386 (D. Mass. 2022); SEC v. Straub, 921 F. Supp. 2d 244, 259–61

(S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“[T]he operative language in § 2462 requires, by its plain terms, that an offender

must be physically present in the United States for the statute of limitations to run.”); SEC v. Wey,

246 F. Supp. 3d 894, 935 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (“[T]he Court finds that the limitations period has not

run as to claims for civil penalties against [the defendant] as he has not been present in the United

States during the five-year period.”).

45

The statute governing the limitations periods for SEC disgorgement and equitable actions

provides that when “calculating any limitations period under this paragraph with respect to an

action or claim, any time in which the person against which the action or claim, as applicable, is

brought is outside of the United States shall not count towards the accrual of that period.”

15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(8)(C). 17 “Accrual is the date on which the statute of limitations begins to run,”

Connors v. Hallmark & Son Coal Co., 935 F.2d 336, 342 (D.C. Cir. 1991), quoting Cada v. Baxter

Healthcare Corp., 920 F.2d 446, 450 (7th Cir. 1990), and under this section, the statute of

limitations does not begin to run until the defendant is in the United States. See Sharp,

626 F. Supp. 3d at 386.

Binance is a limited liability company based in the Cayman Islands. Compl. ¶ 27. While

its violations of federal securities laws are alleged to have had effects within the United States,

Compl. ¶ 24, they were undertaken from outside the United States. The complaint alleges that as

of the launch of the Binance.com platform, Binance actively solicited customers in the United

States, Compl. ¶ 104, and that U.S. based investors purchased BNB during the initial ICO. Compl.

¶ 297. When advisors and employees warned Binance and Zhao they were potentially running

afoul of U.S. securities laws, they allegedly established mechanisms to circumvent those laws and

created the BAM entities and the Binance.US platform, which they controlled from outside the

United States. Compl. ¶¶ 110–208. The SEC asserts that Binance has been and remains outside

of the United States, and the company does not contest this, so the statute of limitations with

17 The statute defines “person” to mean “a natural person, company, government, or political

subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of a government.” 15 U.S.C. § 78c(a)(9).

46

respect to the initial BNB offering has not yet begun to run. Therefore, the motion to dismiss

Count One in part on this basis will be denied. 18

D. Count Two does not plausibly allege that Binance offered and sold BUSD as

an investment contract.

The complaint also alleges that Binance offered and sold another ERC-20 token issued on

the Ethereum blockchain, BUSD, as an investment contract, and therefore, a security. See Compl.

¶¶ 315–24. But the description of the asset, how it was sold, and how the proceeds from its sale

were to be distributed is quite different from the allegations concerning BNB, and the allegations

do not align with the prongs of the Howey test.

The SEC alleges that in September of 2019, Binance entered into a “Stablecoin as a Service

Agreement” with its affiliate, Binance (Switzerland) AG and Trust Company A, in which “the

parties agreed to ‘build and manage a platform on which BUSD can be issued and redeemed’ in

exchange for one U.S. dollar and to maintain reserves supporting redemption.” Compl. ¶ 317.

Since then, Binance has marketed BUSD as a “stablecoin,” which can be redeemed on a 1:1 basis

for U.S. dollars. Compl. ¶ 317.

18 The defense argues that the SEC cannot “have it both ways,” with Binance’s offering of

BNB occurring outside the United States for purposes of the statute of limitations and inside the

United States for purposes of extraterritoriality. Binance Reply at 18. But this argument conflates

the two issues. Whether the statute of limitations has begun to run turns on when a defendant is

located in the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 2462; 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(8)(C). Extraterritoriality,

as explained in detail in Section V below, “turns on the location of the conduct relevant to the

focus” of the statutory provision being enforced. See Spanski Enterprises, Inc. v. Telewizja Polska,

S.A., 883 F.3d 904, 914 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (rejecting argument that because defendant’s conduct

occurred exclusively in Poland, imposing Copyright Act liability would amount to an

impermissible extraterritorial application of the Act and ruling that directing copyrighted video

from foreign website to U.S. viewers upon their request “involves a permissible domestic

application” of the act).

47

Beginning in September 2019, Binance offered and sold BUSD to investors on the

Binance.com Platform. Compl. ¶ 320. The coin was also listed and marketed by the Binance

affiliate, Compl. ¶ 317, and it could be purchased from Trust Company A. Compl. ¶ 320. “Trust

Company A agreed to invest the BUSD reserves (essentially, proceeds from BUSD purchases) in

profit-generating opportunities for the benefit of both Trust Company A and Binance. Trust

Company A and Binance agreed that they would evenly split the net interest revenue earned on

the reserves underlying BUSD.” Compl. ¶ 317.

Absent from all of this is any suggestion that purchasers were informed that the proceeds

from BUSD sales were to be deployed, through the issuers’ managerial and entrepreneurial efforts,

to generate a return for their benefit. While the complaint emphasizes with respect to BNB that

potential buyers were told that proceeds from the offering would be used to strengthen the platform

that would in turn give the tokens their value, for BUSD it simply states that the proceeds were to

be spent on “profit-generating opportunities for the benefit of both Trust Company A and

Binance.” Compl. ¶ 317. There are no facts alleged to support an inference that this advanced the

fortunes of those who bought the BUSD tokens, or that they reasonably expected to share in the

companies’ profits in the form of a return on their investment. The SEC makes the vague assertion

that Binance used “at least a portion” of those returns to enable and promote the Binance

ecosystem, which it says “gave BUSD its potential profit,” Compl. ¶ 321, but it does not explicitly

link the value of the token – which was tied to the U.S. dollar – to the success of the platform. Nor

does it spell out how promoting the ecosystem made BUSD more profitable when the alleged

defining feature of the “stablecoin” was that its value would remain constant. And there is little

48

in this count that connects the future value of the BUSD to the “entrepreneurial activities” the D.C.

Circuit found to be important. See Life Partners II, 102 F.3d at 588. 19

As for the “common enterprise” element, the most the SEC can say is “[t]he proceeds from

investor purchases of BUSD were purportedly pooled in reserves, and Binance earned 50 percent

of the investment returns on those pooled assets.” Compl. ¶ 321. But it does not allege that the

coin holders would share in those returns in any way. For these reasons, the Court finds that the

complaint does not plausibly allege that Binance offered and sold BUSD as an investment contract

under the Howey test.

The SEC goes on to allege, though, that “from the outset,” Binance “marketed BUSD’s

profit-earning potential” and promoted “BUSD profit opportunities.” Compl. ¶ 322. One example

identified is the “BUSD Reward Program,” which “promised interest payments to BUSD investors

19 Defendants have supplied the Court with a document to show that in an unrelated criminal

case alleging fraud in connection with a “mixed swap” under the commodities laws, which, under

the statute at issue, could not involve “a security,” lawyers from the U.S. Attorneys’ Office for the

Southern District of New York, and not the SEC, said the following to the court:

[T]here is no factual basis for treating USDC as a security or putting that

question to the jury. A core component of a security is that the holders of

the security “expect profits” from the efforts of others. The evidence at trial

uniformly showed that holders of USDC do not expect profits from the

token because the token is advertised as “maintain[ing] a value of one U.S.

dollar.” While that dollar peg is not always successful, there is no basis for

a jury to conclude that holders of USDC expect to profit from holding it, so

there is no basis for putting an instruction to the jury requiring them to find

that USDC is not a security.

See Notice of Suppl. Auth., Letter brief filed by the government in United States v. Eisenberg,

ECF No. 145, Case No. 1:23-cr-10 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2024) [Dkt. # 236] (citations omitted). This

representation was based on the state of the evidentiary record at trial, it does not purport to

represent the position of the U.S. government as to all stablecoins, and the Court is not relying

upon it in making its ruling concerning BUSD. But it does point out the need for consistency in

how these investments are treated, and the fact that it may be more difficult to make the Howey

showing when stablecoins are involved.

49

merely for holding BUSD on the Ethereum blockchain.” Compl. ¶ 323. 20 There were also

“Binance Flexible Savings, through which [token holders] can earn bonus BUSD at a 2%–5%

APY,” Compl. ¶ 324; and a “‘Binance Launchpool,’ where a user’s ‘BUSD deposit will get [them]

a share of the free tokens from the offerings that launch on the platform and include BUSD in their

yield options,’ and ‘DeFi staking offerings’ that ‘can give around 20%–30% APY.” Id. The

complaint does not explicitly allege, though, that any or all of these individual programs available

to BUSD purchasers satisfies the criteria of an investment contract. Compare Compl. ¶¶ 323–24

with Compl. ¶¶ 325–338 (“Binance offered and sold its BNB Vault and Simple Earn Programs as

securities.”) and Compl. ¶¶ 339–52 (“BAM Trading offered and sold its Staking Program as a

security.”). Nor does it assert that the marketing of any particular protocol or opportunity in

connection with the sale of BUSD at any particular time made the overall transaction an investment

20 Paragraph 323 states that in the Reward Program, “BUSD investors’ expectation of profits

came from the potential for direct, interest-like payments made by Binance, in part from the

proceeds of deploying BUSD investors’ capital.” Compl. ¶ 323 (emphasis added). This vague

and anemic statement is the only allegation that begins to tie BUSD purchasers’ potential earnings

to what Binance would do going forward. However, it pales in comparison to what was shown in

Terraform II, where the court held that a protocol that promised “accrued interest pro-rata

distributed to all depositors” of the stablecoin in that case, was an investment contract in part

because “defendants’ efforts developed” it. Terraform II, 2023 WL 8944860, at *13–14. These

efforts included a manager who was responsible for “strategic direction of the protocol, user

adoption, making sure that people were accountable for product roadmap items, [and] working

with [Terraform’s founder] and the team on what those products should be.” Id. at *14.

50

contract. So the Court has not been presented with the question of whether the allegations

concerning programs are sufficient for that purpose. 21

E. Count Three plausibly alleges that Binance offered and sold “BNB Vault” as

an investment contract, but the allegations are not sufficient as to “Simple

Earn.”

Count Three relates to two types of programs or “profit-making opportunities” offered by

Binance on the Binance.com platform – “BNB Vault” and “Simple Earn” – which the SEC alleges

were offered and sold as investment contracts, or securities. Compl. ¶¶ 325–38. According to the

complaint, Binance markets Simple Earn as a set of “programs that pay interest to investors who

lend their crypto assets to Binance for fixed or flexible lengths of time. The interest paid depends

on the crypto asset lent and the duration of the loan,” Compl. ¶ 327, and Binance determines the

rate for each offering at its discretion. Compl. ¶ 328. “According to Binance, it may pool assets

loaned through Simple Earn and use its managerial expertise to deploy them ‘for a variety of

21 At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the SEC assured the Court that it was “not alleging

that the [BUSD] token itself was a crypto asset security.” Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 100. It asserted that its

claim was focused on the fact that BUSD “was offered and sold as a package, as an opportunity

for purchasers to participate in these other profit-making programs.” Id.; see also id. at 101 (“[T]he

fact remains, Your Honor, that the offering and sale at issue provides opportunities to deploy the

particular token for profit-making endeavors”). Counsel further insisted that the BUSD claim in

the lawsuit only concerned when BUSD was “offered and sold as an opportunity for performing

in these profit-making opportunities.” Id. at 102. But that language does not appear anywhere in

the complaint, and it is not at all clear that a package involving any reward program is the “offering

and sale at issue.” Count Two simply charges that “by engaging in the conduct in the Complaint,

specifically by offering and selling BUSD without a registration statement filed or in effect as to

that security,” Binance violated and is violating the Securities Act. Compl. ¶¶ 518–519.

Notwithstanding counsel’s protestations, this language is identical to the language used in Count

One concerning BNB.

51

purposes,’ including on-chain staking, loans, or for other operational purposes by other business

units within Binance.” Compl. ¶ 329. 22

While the SEC includes the words “profit-making,” “pooled,” and “managerial expertise”

in its description of Simple Earn, its description of the program does not fit the rubric for an

investment contract that the agency carefully laid out in its submissions to the Court. Compl.

¶¶ 326, 329. Not every “profit-making opportunity” is an investment contract, and the allegations

concerning Simple Earn do not describe a scheme or transaction in which investors were urged to

put their money in Binance’s hands so that they could share in the return that Binance would

generate through its managerial or entrepreneurial efforts. The holders of crypto assets simply

agreed to loan them to the company for a specified period of time at a specified rate of interest,

22 In its Notice of Documents Incorporated by Reference in the Complaint [Dkt. # 205] (“SEC

Notice of Incorporated Docs.”), the SEC informed the Court that paragraph 328 incorporated a

September 22, 2022 description on the Binance website entitled, “Introduction to Binance Simple

Earn.” There the company informed asset holders: “Simple Earn allows you to earn daily rewards

by depositing your digital assets for flexible or locked terms. You can subscribe or redeem at any

time, so you can retain flexibility and liquidity over your assets while earning daily rewards. . . .

Locked products provided higher rewards in exchange for your assets being committed for fixed

terms.” Id. The company explained that “[d]aily rewards are distributed from Binance’s own

funds and are determined based on the assessment and evaluation of prevailing market conditions.

The assets you deposit in Simple Earn are used for a variety of purposes, including by other

business units within Binance,” which may use them “for operational purposes.” Id. Finally,

Binance announced, “Simple Earn APR rewards are determined with various carefully designed

factors to ensure that rewards paid to Simple Earn users are sustainable and competitive.

Moreover, the APR offered to Simple Earn users is discretionary and doesn’t reflect any indication

of profitability within Binance’s various operations. For example, Binance may have regard to its

competitor’s offerings in deciding on appropriate levels of APR.” See id.

Given those statements, it is not clear to the Court how the SEC could summarily allege

that “[i]n both the Simple Earn and BNB Vault programs, Binance pools the crypto assets lent by

investors and uses those assets to generate revenue that was used to pay returns to investors . . . .

Investors share pro rata the benefits of their pooled assets investment in the Simple Earn and BNB

Vault programs.” Compl. ¶ 335. The Simple Earn materials do not inform potential participants

in the program that the loaned crypto assets were pooled or, more importantly, that they would be

utilized by Binance to generate revenue that would be the source of the returns.

52

and the complaint lacks any allegation that they were led to believe that Binance’s efforts would

generate the return or make the assets more valuable at the end of the day. Binance could pool the

assets or not, and it could deploy them for any purpose, without any connection between the use

of the funds and the rewards paid to “investors.” Moreover, the interest rate paid would be set at

Binance’s discretion, at a rate that would take market conditions and competitors’ offerings into

consideration, and the company explicitly disavowed any relationship between the interest rate to

be paid and the company’s profitability. While the BNB holders who chose to use their tokens in

this manner may have had the expectation that they would be paid, the hallmarks of the “common

enterprise” and the necessary connection between the anticipated returns and the offeror’s

managerial or entrepreneurial efforts are absent. There is no allegation that people who

participated in the program reasonably understood that the tokens they loaned would be put

towards the enhancement of the vaunted Binance “ecosystem” or any other enterprise, or that the

interest rate was dependent on that enterprise’s success. 23

By contrast, the complaint alleges that “BNB Vault” was advertised to BNB holders as a

“‘BNB yield aggregator’ whereby investors can lend their BNB to Binance to earn investment

returns.” Compl. ¶ 331. It was launched with the announcement, “Earn Daily Income from the

$BNB Ecosystem.” Compl. ¶ 332. Binance stated on its website in November 2020 that “BNB

‘deposited’ in BNB Vault will be ‘flexibly allocated in different products to help users maximize

potential rewards.’” Compl. ¶ 333; see Notice of Incorporated Docs., referring to the April 2, 2023

Binance.com website page, “BNB Vault: One-Click to earn multi-benefits with BNB” (FAQ:

23 In light of the ruling in SEC v. Edwards that a scheme could qualify as an investment

contract even if it promised a fixed rate of return, 540 U.S. at 394, the Court’s ruling is not based

on the fact that Binance described the Simple Earn rewards in terms of APR.

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“What are the sources of BNB Vault reward?” “The rewards from BNB Vault is accumulated by

the income of different projects. Currently, it includes Simple Earn and Launchpool.”); see also

id. (“BNB Vault is equivalent to participating in multiple projects at the same time . . . .”).

Paragraph 334 alleges, “[o]ne tweet from Binance touted the profit potential of BNB Vault: ‘Just

one click can increase how much you earn with your #BNB. BNB Vault combines the multiple

income benefits of #Binance Smart Chain, Launchpool, Savings, #DeFi Staking, and more through

just one interface.’” Compl. ¶ 334. This appears to be a way for coin holders to invest, as opposed

to just use, their crypto assets, and they reaped their rewards by participating jointly in a set of

specific programs that would be the source of their return. See Compl. ¶ 335 (alleging that in the

BNB Vault program, “Binance pools the crypto assets lent by investors and uses those assets to

generate revenue that was used to pay returns to investors . . . . Investors share pro rata the

benefits . . . .”).

For these reasons, the Court finds that the complaint plausibly alleges that Binance offered

and sold BNB Vault as an investment contract, but it finds the allegations as to Simple Earn to be

insufficient.

F. Count Four plausibly alleges that BAM Trading offered and sold its Staking

Program as an investment contract.

Count Four relates to the U.S. entity, BAM Trading, and the BAM Trading Staking

Program, marketed on the Binance.US platform “as a way to earn ‘passive income’ through the

efforts of Binance.” Compl. ¶ 339. While individual investors may stake their assets and

participate in the “Proof of Stake” consensus mechanism used by some blockchains to determine

which transactions are valid, BAM Trading’s Staking Program was promoted “as a superior and

much easier way to obtain staking rewards by, among other things, pooling the crypto assets of a

large number of investors.” Compl. ¶¶ 339–40. The complaint explains that staking assets on

54

one’s own is a “daunting process” that “requires considerable technical knowhow,” as well as the

requisite level of holdings: potential validators must commit “a set amount of the blockchain’s

native asset;” validators are required to perform certain functions; and the more a person stakes,

the more likely they are to be selected as a validator. Compl. ¶¶ 341–44. “The most successful

staking operations maximize the chances of being selected by staking a large number of assets and

minimizing server downtime.” Compl. ¶ 342.

The BAM Staking Program was designed to attract investors who lacked the technical

acumen and hardware requirements to operate on their own, and the SEC alleges that it was

“marketed as a way for investors to rely on and profit from BAM Trading’s technical expertise

and knowhow, industry relationships, and infrastructure.” Compl. ¶ 343. “For each staking-

eligible crypto asset that is a part of the Staking Program, BAM Trading, directly or through

affiliates or other third parties, pools investor assets in a common ‘staking pool’ in which investors

‘combine their staking power and share the reward proportionally to their contributions to the

pool.’ Moreover, for as long as the investors choose to stake their tokens, investors receive payouts

from BAM Trading that are distributed to them pro rata.” Compl. ¶ 350. Participants in the

program lose the ability to use their tokens for other purposes: “BAM Trading will not allow users

to sell or withdraw crypto assets while they are staked.” Compl. ¶ 349. 24

24 Defendants take the position that “staking” does not involve the necessary investment of

money since the would-be validators are not giving their coins away. BAM Mot. at 32–34. But

since the complaint alleges that investors must forego the right to sell or withdraw their assets

while they are staked, and that there is a risk that investors could lose staked assets entirely, Compl.

¶ 349, resolving all inferences in favor of the government, the participants’ inability to use or

access their tokens while they are committed to the BAM Staking Program satisfies the

requirement.

55

Given these allegations, the complaint plausibly alleges an investment in a common

enterprise with the expectation of profit due to the managerial or entrepreneurial efforts of others.

The investors’ assets are pooled and controlled by BAM Trading, and their fortunes rise and fall

with BAM Trading’s success as a validator.

II. The complaint plausibly alleges that both Binance and BAM Trading were obliged

and failed to register under the Exchange Act and that the Court has personal

jurisdiction over Zhao for these violations.

A. The complaint plausibly alleges that both Binance and BAM Trading were

obliged and failed to register as an exchange, as a broker-dealer, and as a

clearing agency under the Exchange Act.

In Counts Five, Six, and Seven, the SEC alleges that by operating the Binance.com

platform, Binance made use of the mails and the means and instrumentalities of interstate

commerce to effect transactions in a security, to induce or attempt to induce the purchase or sale

of any security, and to act as a clearing agency with respect to securities, and therefore, it was

required to register under Section 5 of the Exchange Act as an exchange, as a broker-dealer, and

as a clearing agency. Counts Eight, Nine, and Ten similarly allege that Binance and BAM Trading

were required to register as an exchange, a broker-dealer, and a clearing agency due to their

operation of the Binance.US platform.

Given the Court’s findings that Binance.com offered BNB and the BNB Vault Program as

investment contracts, and that BAM Trading offered its Staking Program as an investment

contract, each of these counts will move forward. The registration requirements are triggered by

transactions involving just one security, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 78e, 78o(a), 78q-1(b); see also Compl.

¶ 361, and putting aside the extraterritoriality issue raised with respect to Binance.com, which will

be addressed below, the defendants have not challenged the sufficiency of these counts on any

other basis. See BAM Mot. and Binance Mot.

56

The Court notes, though, that the SEC fattened the complaint with thirty-eight additional

pages, comprised of 157 paragraphs, asserting that the defendants made at least ten other crypto

assets, that had been offered and sold by their issuers as investment contracts, available on their

platforms, see Section VIII of Compl. ¶¶ 352–509, along with four others that have been the

subject of prior SEC enforcement actions. Compl. ¶ 360. Counsel explained at the hearing that in

the government’s view, this is just the tip of the iceberg: “We have alleged the other tokens

because we maintain that this representative sample is just that, it’s a representative sample of

[]other crypto asset securities that are offered and traded on the platform, and so that is relevant

both to the scope of the violation and the remedy at issue.” See Mot. Hr’g Tr. at 105. Since no

party has challenged the sufficiency of these allegations, or relied on these allegations to attack or

sustain the sufficiency of any count, the Court need not address their merits at this time. Indeed,

it would be highly irregular to do so, since the issuers are not parties to this action and have not

had an opportunity to weigh in on the claims that the offerings satisfy the requirements of an

“investment contract” or security; the parties have not submitted memoranda measuring the

allegations against the Howey framework; and the SEC has not yet specified which crypto assets

should be brought under the umbrella of this case or why. Id. at 106–07 (“[W]e are not saying we

would pursue or need to evaluate the hundreds of tokens on the particular – on these platforms.”).

B. The Court may exercise personal jurisdiction over defendant Zhao with

respect to Exchange Act allegations.

In Count Eleven, the SEC alleges that as “a control person of Binance” for purposes of

Exchange Act Section 20(a), defendant Zhao is personally liable for Binance’s alleged violations

of Sections 5, 15(a), and 17A(b) of the Exchange Act in connection with the operations of the

Binance.com platform. Compl. ¶¶ 544–48. Count Twelve alleges that as “a control person of

Binance and BAM Trading,” he bears personal responsibility for the alleged violations of

57

Sections 5, 15(a), and 17A(b) of the Exchange Act in connection with the Binance.US platform.

Compl. ¶¶ 549–53; see also Compl. ¶ 15. Zhao moves to dismiss these counts pursuant to Rule

12(b)(2) on the basis that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over him. Binance Mot. at 43–45.

1. The requirements for personal jurisdiction

The Due Process Clause protects an individual’s liberty interest in not being subject to the

binding judgments of a forum with which he has no meaningful “contacts, ties, or relations.”

Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 471–72 (1985), quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v.

Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 319 (1945). It is undisputed that Zhao resides outside of the United

States. Compl. ¶ 30. Accordingly, to have personal jurisdiction over Zhao, the Court must find

that it has specific jurisdiction over him. See Lewis v. Mutond, 62 F.4th 587, 591 (D.C. Cir. 2023)

(general jurisdiction applies when a defendant resides in the jurisdiction). Specific jurisdiction

may arise when a defendant has “certain minimum contacts with [the forum] such that the

maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’”

Id., quoting Int’l Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 316 (alteration in original).

With respect to foreign defendants, due process “requires meaningful contacts, ties, or

relations with the United States to create a fair warning that a particular activity may subject [them]

to the jurisdiction of a foreign sovereign.” Lewis, 62 F.4th at 593 (alteration in original) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Defendants’ contacts, ties, or relations “must be ‘purposefully directed’

at the forum to establish ‘foreseeability . . . that the defendant’s conduct and connection with the

forum . . . are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’” Id. at 591,

quoting Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 474 (citation omitted); see also Mwani, 417 F.3d at 12

(when deciding whether a court has specific jurisdiction over a foreign defendant, the question is

whether the foreign defendant purposefully availed himself of the forum).

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Moreover, a plaintiff’s claims “must aris[e] out of or relat[e] to the defendant’s contacts

with the forum.” Id. (alterations in original), quoting Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Super. Ct. of

Cal., 582 U.S. 255, 262 (2017). In cases brought under statutes that authorize nationwide service,

though, such as the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, the relevant “forum” is the United States.

SEC v. e-Smart Techs., Inc., 926 F. Supp. 2d 231, 236 (D.D.C. 2013).

The plaintiff bears the burden of “establishing a factual basis for the exercise of personal

jurisdiction” over each defendant. Crane, 894 F.2d at 456. “Each defendant’s contacts with the

forum . . . must be assessed individually,” Keeton v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 781 n.13

(1984), and “specific personal jurisdiction is claim-specific.” Smartmatic USA Corp. v. Powell,

No. 1:21-cv-02995 (CJN), 2023 WL 3619346, at *4 (D.D.C. May 24, 2023), citing Seiferth v.

Helicopteros Atuneros, Inc., 472 F.3d 266, 274–75 (5th Cir. 2006); Cockrum v. Donald J. Trump

for President, Inc., 319 F. Supp. 3d 158, 175 (D.D.C. 2018). Courts must resolve factual disputes

in favor of the plaintiff, and jurisdictional facts are plausible if they allow a “court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant” intended to target the United States. Lewis, 62 F.4th at

592–93, citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, and Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556. If a plaintiff’s assertions are

conclusory or reflect bare allegations that “merely state the plaintiff[’s] theory of specific

jurisdiction[,] then exercising specific jurisdiction is improper.” Id. at 593 (alterations in original)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

2. The requirements for control person liability

Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act attaches liability to “[e]very person who,

directly or indirectly, controls any person liable under any provision of this chapter or of any rule

or regulation thereunder . . . unless the controlling person acted in good faith and did not directly

or indirectly induce the act or acts constituting the violation or cause of action.” 15 U.S.C.

59

§ 78t(a). 25 “Control” is defined by regulation as “the possession, direct or indirect, of the power

to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a person, whether through the

ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.” 17 C.F.R. § 230.405 (2024).

Defendants Binance and Zhao argue that control person liability under the Securities

Exchange Act cannot support personal jurisdiction on its own, Binance Mot. at 44, and that the

allegations in the complaint are insufficient to give rise to personal jurisdiction over Zhao for “the

registration-based control person claims at issue.” Binance Mot. at 43; id. at 44 (arguing that

allegations that “Zhao ‘actively solicited U.S. investors to trade on the Binance Platforms’ (Compl.

¶ 24) are insufficient to establish the requisite ‘suit-related conduct’” needed to create “a

substantial connection” between Zhao and the forum, and that the SEC alleges no direct contact

between Zhao and U.S. users), quoting Cockrum, 319 F. Supp. 3d at 175.

Circuit courts are split on whether “control person” liability under the Securities Exchange

Act, on its own, is enough to confer personal jurisdiction over a defendant. In San Mateo County

Transit District v. Dearman, Fitzgerald & Roberts, Inc., 979 F.2d 1356, 1358 (9th Cir. 1992), the

Ninth Circuit held that a plaintiff need only make “a non-frivolous allegation that the defendant

controlled a person liable for the fraud” for a court to have personal jurisdiction over the defendant.

But the Sixth Circuit rejected that approach, and it followed an opinion from this district instead.

In City of Monroe Employees Retirement System v. Bridgestone Corp., the Sixth Circuit held that

substituting a claim of statutory liability for establishing personal jurisdiction would

“impermissibly conflate[] statutory liability with the Constitution’s command that the exercise of

25 See 15 U.S.C. § 78c(a)(9) (defining “person” to mean “a natural person, company,

government, or political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of a government”).

60

personal jurisdiction must be fundamentally fair.” 399 F.3d 651, 667 (6th Cir. 2005) (alteration in

original), quoting In re Baan Co. Sec. Litig., 245 F. Supp. 2d 117, 129 (D.D.C. 2003).

The D.C. Circuit has not decided this issue, but the SEC does not appear to be relying

solely on control person liability to support the Court’s exercise of jurisdiction over Zhao. See

SEC Opp. at 71 (recognizing the circuit split but noting that the factual inquiries into control person

liability and personal jurisdiction “involve a similar contact-based analysis”), quoting City of

Monroe Emps. Ret. Sys., 399 F.3d at 667. And the Court finds the reasoning in City of Monroe,

399 F.3d at 667, and in In re Baan Co. Sec. Litig., 245 F. Supp. 2d at 128–29, to be persuasive, so

it will apply a traditional due process analysis without deciding whether control person status alone

would be sufficient.

The complaint alleges that in November 2018, a consultant hired by Zhao to advise Binance

on managing U.S. legal exposure recommended that Zhao and Binance create a U.S. entity, which

the consultant referred to as the “Tai Chi” entity, and the SEC refers to the company’s effort to

follow this advice as the “Tai Chi Plan.” Compl. ¶ 112. According to the agency, “Binance

implemented much of the Tai Chi Plan. In addition to creating BAM Trading and the Binance.US

Platform, Zhao and Binance implemented policies and controls to give the impression that the

Binance.com Platform was blocking U.S. customers while at the same time secretly subverting

those controls.” Compl. ¶ 125. “On June 13, 2019, Binance issued a press release announcing

that BAM Trading would soon be launching the Binance.US Platform. . . . ‘[T]o launch trading

services for users in the United States.’” Compl. ¶ 151. It quoted Zhao as stating that “Binance.US

will be led by our local partner BAM and will serve the U.S. market in full regulatory compliance.”

Compl. ¶ 152. The next day, “Binance updated the Binance.com Platform’s ‘Terms of Use’ to

provide – for the first time – that U.S. customers were not permitted to trade on the Binance.com

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Platform” and announced that it would “begin implementing measures to block U.S. customers

from trading or depositing assets on the platform after 90 days.” Compl. ¶ 126.

But, the SEC alleges, “Zhao and Binance engaged in widespread covert efforts to permit

U.S. customers to continue to trade on the platform.” Compl. ¶ 127. Specifically, “Zhao directed

Binance to implement a plan to encourage customers to circumvent Binance’s geographic blocking

of U.S.-based IP addresses by using a VPN service to conceal their U.S. location” and “to

encourage certain U.S.-based VIP customers to circumvent the new [Know Your Customer

(“KYC”)] restrictions by submitting updated KYC information that omitted any U.S. nexus.”

Compl. ¶ 128.

The complaint further alleges that after launching BAM Trading, Zhao continued to control

both its high-level and the day-to-day operations. Zhao was responsible, it says, for “[giving] final

signoff on various decisions relating to the Binance.US Platform’s trading services, including

customer account opening processes, development of the front-end access, and creating a reserve

to cover ACH deposits.” Compl. ¶ 157. He was allegedly responsible for personally approving

BAM Trading employees obtaining certain real-time trading data for the Binance.US Platform, “at

least through much of 2021.” Compl. ¶¶ 158–60. He was responsible for “direct[ing] which

investment opportunities BAM Trading offered on the Binance.US Platform,” including the

decision to have Binance.US Platform offer BNB for purchase and sale – despite the perceived

legal risks it presented with respect to U.S. securities law and against the advice of BAM Trading’s

CEO. Compl. ¶¶ 161–64. And, the agency asserts, Zhao was responsible, at least through

January 30, 2020, for approving “all BAM Trading expenditures exceeding $30,000,” and BAM

Trading sought his and Binance’s approval for such routine business expenses as “rent, franchise

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taxes, legal expenses, Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) fees to host Binance.US Platform customer

data, and even an $11,000 purchase of Binance-branded hooded sweatshirts.” Compl. ¶ 170.

In short, the complaint amasses considerable detail to show that Zhao effectively operated

as the CEO of BAM Trading. The complaint alleges various failed efforts by the company’s first

CEO to gain independence from Zhao, Compl. ¶¶ 193–201, and it quotes testimony from

company’s second CEO, reporting: “[W]hat became clear to me at a certain point was CZ was the

CEO of BAM Trading, not me.” Compl. ¶ 205 (alteration in original). BAM Trading’s second

CEO resigned three months later. Compl. ¶ 205.

According to the Supreme Court, allegations of direct contact between Zhao and U.S. users

are not required to exercise personal jurisdiction over Zhao: “our ‘minimum contacts’ analysis

looks to the defendant’s contacts with the forum State itself, not the defendant’s contacts with

persons who reside there.” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285 (2014), citing Int’l Shoe Co.,

326 U.S. at 319. The SEC alleges that Zhao ran the day-to-day operations of BAM Trading,

Compl. ¶¶ 157–205, a U.S.-based company created to provide trading services for users in the

United States of the crypto assets at issue in this case. Compl. ¶ 151. And it claims that Zhao

personally directed Binance to instruct customers to circumvent the Binance.com platform’s

“geographic blocking of U.S.-based IP addresses” and Know Your Customer restrictions. Compl.

¶ 128.

Construing the facts alleged in the plaintiff’s favor, as it must at this stage of the litigation,

Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1276, the Court finds that the SEC has set forth sufficient facts to plausibly

allege that Zhao had “meaningful contacts, ties, or relations[] with the United States to create a

fair warning” that his activity may subject him to this Court’s jurisdiction. Lewis, 62 F.4th at 593

(alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Given these activities, the Court finds

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that Zhao “purposefully avail[ed himself] of the privilege of conducting [business] activities

within” the United States with respect to both Binance and BAM Trading, Burger King, 471 U.S.

at 475, and that exercising jurisdiction over him would not offend due process. See Walden,

571 U.S. at 284. 26

Nonetheless, citing Mazza v. Verizon Washington DC, Inc., 852 F. Supp. 2d 28 (D.D.C.

2012), defendants argue that allegations that a parent company is “responsible for establishing”

strategies for local subsidiaries are insufficient for establishing specific jurisdiction. Binance Mot.

at 45, citing 852 F. Supp. 2d at 40. The Mazza case arose from a billing dispute between a D.C.

consumer and a defendant telecommunications company. The plaintiff claimed that defendant

Verizon Washington D.C., Inc. reported false information about his credit to consumer reporting

agencies and engaged in abusive collection strategies, and that these actions should be imputed to

its corporate parent Verizon Communications. Id. at 41. The court disagreed, ruling that

allegations that the parent was “responsible for establishing revenue targets, operational goals and

guidelines, customer acquisition and support strategies [and] for the infrastructure and client

databases for [the subsidiaries]” were insufficient to “demonstrate that Verizon Communications

directed any activity into the District of Columbia related to Mazza’s claims” concerning bills

collection and credit reporting. Id. at 40.

26 In addition, in November 2023, Zhao admitted a plea agreement in a criminal matter in the

U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington that “Binance was a foreign-located

[money services business] that did business in the United States.” Plea Agreement at 7, United

States v. Zhao, 23-cr-0179RAJ (W.D. Wash Apr. 30, 2024) (emphasis added).

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The decision is entirely inapposite. The instant case does not involve a corporate parent’s

setting broad corporate strategies or goals while its subsidiary managed local operations; the

complaint is replete with allegations concerning Zhao’s personal direction of the U.S. subsidiary.

Defendants also argue that broad allegations that a defendant influenced and controlled a

company’s decision-making are insufficient to support personal jurisdiction. Binance Mot. at 45,

citing In re Braskem S.A. Sec. Litig., 246 F. Supp. 3d 731, 770 (S.D.N.Y. 2017). In that case,

investors in a Brazilian petrochemical company alleged that its failure to disclose a bribery scheme

violated federal securities law. 246 F. Supp. 3d at 740–41. The plaintiffs also named a major

shareholder of the company as a defendant, but the court ruled it had no personal jurisdiction over

the shareholder. Id. at 770. It found that the complaint failed to plead specific facts that the

shareholder was accountable for the statements: the complaint did “not allege, concretely, that

[the shareholder] played any role in making, proposing, editing or approving [defendant’s] public

filings in the United States.” Id. (emphasis in original). Rather, it made only “sweeping and

conclusory allegations” that the shareholder “had the power to influence and control and did

influence and control, directly or indirectly,” the company’s decision-making, including the

dissemination of the allegedly false and misleading statements. Id. This is also easily

distinguished from the case at hand.

Defendants suggest that the allegations that Zhao actively solicited U.S. investors to trade

on the Binance Platforms are insufficient, but this is a narrow characterization of the complaint

that ignores the many allegations of Zhao’s significant involvement in activities, in and directed

towards, the United States. See Compl. ¶¶ 125–28, 157–205. The complaint specifically alleges

that Zhao directed Binance to maintain U.S. customers on the Binance.com platform and that he

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created and then controlled BAM Trading, all for the purpose of evading U.S. securities laws. See

Compl. ¶¶ 125–40. The Court therefore finds that it has personal jurisdiction over Zhao.

III. The Securities Act and Exchange Act reach the offshore conduct in this case.

Defendants Binance and Zhao argue that the foreign components of Counts One and Two

and all of Counts Three and Five through Seven against Binance, along with Count Eleven against

Zhao, must be dismissed because the registration provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange

Act do not have extraterritorial reach. Binance Mot. at 36. 27 The motion to dismiss on that basis

will be denied.

A. The law on extraterritoriality

It is a “longstanding principle of American law ‘that legislation of Congress, unless a

contrary intent appears, is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United

States’” and is “presume[d to be] ‘primarily concerned with domestic conditions.’” EEOC v.

Arabian Am. Oil Co., 499 U.S. 244, 248 (1991) (“Aramco”), quoting Foley Bros. v. Filardo,

336 U.S. 281, 285 (1949). Extraterritoriality is a canon of construction, or a presumption about a

statute’s meaning, rather than a limit upon Congress’s power to legislate. Morrison v. Nat’l Austl.

Bank Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, 255 (2010). So whether a statutory provision has extraterritorial reach is

a merits question, not a matter that goes to subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 253–54.

27 Counts One, Two, and Three allege that defendant Binance violated Sections 5(a) and (c)

of the Securities Act by offering and selling BNB, BUSD, Simple Earn, and the BNB Vault

programs without registration statements. See 15 U.S.C. § 77e(a), (c). Counts Five through Seven

allege that it violated Sections 5, 15(a), 17A(b) of the Exchange Act by operating as an unregistered

exchange, broker-dealer, and clearing agency with respect to the Binance.com platform. See

15 U.S.C. §§ 78e, 78o(a), 78q-1(b). Count Eleven alleges that Zhao is liable for Binance’s

Exchange Act violations as a control person for Binance under Section 20(a) of the statute. See

15 U.S.C. § 78t(a).

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When considering whether a statute is extraterritorial, courts apply a two-step analysis.

Abitron Austria GmbH v. Hetronic Int’l, Inc., 600 U.S. 412, 417 (2023), citing RJR Nabisco, Inc.

v. Eur. Cmty., 579 U.S. 325, 337 (2016). First, a court must determine whether “Congress has

affirmatively and unmistakably instructed that” the statutory provision at issue should “apply to

foreign conduct.” Id. at 417–18, quoting RJR Nabisco, 579 U.S. at 335. Next, it must go on to

determine whether the suit seeks a permitted domestic or prohibited foreign application of the

provision. Id. at 418. “To make that determination, courts must start by identifying the focus of

congressional concern underlying the provision at issue,” id. (internal quotation marks omitted),

quoting RJR Nabisco, 579 U.S. at 336, then determine “whether the conduct relevant to that focus

occurred in United States territory.” Id., quoting WesternGeco LLC v. ION Geophysical Corp.,

585 U.S. 407, 413 (2018). In other words, “to prove that a claim involves a domestic application

of a statute, plaintiffs must establish that the conduct relevant to the statute’s focus occurred in the

United States.” Id. (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

The Supreme Court has made clear that while its “cases sometimes refer to whether the

‘statute’ applies extraterritorially, . . . the two-step analysis applies at the level of the particular

provision implicated.” Abitron Austria, 600 U.S. at 419 n.3, citing RJR Nabisco, 579 U.S. at 346;

Morrison, 561 U.S. at 264–65. So the question here is whether Sections 5(a) and (c) of the

Securities Act and Sections 5, 15(a), and 17A(b) of the Exchange Act – and by extension Section

20(a) – apply extraterritorially. Because “the SEC has alleged only domestic violations under step

two,” SEC Opp. at 61, the Court will address only that step of the analysis. See WesternGeco,

585 U.S. at 413 (noting discretion to begin at step two).

The “focus” of a statute is “the object of its solicitude, which can include the conduct it

seeks to regulate, as well as the parties and interests it seeks to protect or vindicate.” Abitron

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Austria, 600 U.S. at 418 (internal edits and quotation marks omitted); see WesternGeco, 585 U.S.

at 413–14; Morrison, 561 U.S. at 267. “The ultimate question regarding permissible domestic

application [of a statutory provision] turns on the location of the conduct relevant to the focus.”

Abitron Austria, 600 U.S. at 422–23 (ruling that the conduct relevant to the Lanham Act provision

at issue in that copyright infringement case was “infringing use in commerce”); see also Spanski

Enters., Inc., S.A., 883 F.3d 904 (Copyright Act case).

In the securities context, the Supreme Court has held that Section 10(b) of the Exchange

Act, the anti-fraud provision of the statute, does not focus on all deceptive conduct but only

deceptive conduct with respect to “purchases and sales of securities in the United States.”

Morrison, 561 U.S. at 266. Accordingly, it held, Section 10(b) applies only to (a) “transactions in

securities listed on domestic exchanges” and (b) “domestic transactions in other securities.” Id. at

267.

Applying Morrison, the Second Circuit has held that “to sufficiently allege the existence

of a ‘domestic transaction in other securities,’” a plaintiff “must allege facts indicating that

irrevocable liability was incurred or that title was transferred within the United States.” Absolute

Activist Value Master Fund Ltd. v. Ficeto, 677 F.3d 60, 62 (2d Cir. 2012). Irrevocable liability

attaches when parties “becom[e] bound to effectuate the transaction or enter[ ] into a binding

contract to purchase or sell securities.” Mia. Grp. v. Vivendi, S.A., 838 F.3d 223, 265 (2d Cir.

2016) (internal quotation marks omitted); Absolute Activist, 677 F.3d at 68 (internal citation

omitted) (explaining irrevocable liability occurs “when the parties to the transaction are committed

to one another”).

B. The complaint alleges domestic transactions.

Defendants argue that the SEC has failed to allege domestic transactions within the

meaning of Morrison. They maintain that the allegations that Binance is a Cayman Islands

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company, Binance.com is an international platform, individuals place orders on the platform from

the United States, defendants market tokens to U.S. customers, and Binance accepts payment in

U.S. dollars do not suffice to allege irrevocable liability arising in the United States under Absolute

Activist. Binance Mot. at 39–41. The SEC maintains that the registration provisions do not focus

on domestic transactions, but rather, on “those who promote securities, and who create or facilitate

a market for securities in the United States,” so Morrison does not apply. SEC Opp. at 60–65. It

adds that even if it does, the complaint alleges that irrevocable liability attached in the United

States in the case of transactions initiated in the United States. SEC Opp. at 66–68.

Morrison involved a provision of the Exchange Act not at issue here, and neither the

Supreme Court nor the D.C. Circuit has considered whether the registration provisions of the

Exchange Act and the Securities Act apply extraterritorially. But Morrison observed that the

“same focus on domestic transactions” found with respect to the Exchange Act “is evident in the

Securities Act of 1933, enacted by the same Congress as the Exchange Act, and forming part of

the same comprehensive regulation of securities trading.” 561 U.S. at 268 (internal citation

omitted). Accordingly, the Court will assume for purposes of this case that for the provisions of

the Exchange Act and the Securities Act at issue here to apply, the complaint must allege “domestic

transactions” – that is, “purchases and sales of securities in the United States,” id. at 266, since

there is no allegation that Binance.com is a domestic exchange. See Compl. ¶ 27. That

requirement is met here.

Defendants argue that to comply with Morrison then, the complaint must allege that

irrevocable liability was incurred or that title was transferred in the United States. Binance Mot.

at 39, citing Absolute Activist, 677 F.3d at 67–68. But Williams v. Binance, 96 F.4th 129 (2d Cir.

2024), which was decided after the parties briefed this issue, undercuts defendants’ argument. In

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that case, the Second Circuit held that when a defendant such as Binance disavows being located

anywhere, it is appropriate to consider factors that are relevant to cases involving securities not

traded on foreign exchanges in examining irrevocable liability. Id. at 139–40, quoting City of

Pontiac Policemen’s & Firemen’s Ret. Sys. v. UBS AG, 752 F.3d 173, 181 n.33 (2d Cir. 2014). It

reasoned that transactions on an online exchange that purports to have no physical location cannot

occur “nowhere.” See id. at 137–38. It distinguished cases involving trades executed over a

foreign exchange from the case before it, in which transactions occurred on an unofficial exchange,

which disclaimed having any physical location, foreign or otherwise. Id. at 140, citing City of

Pontiac, 752 F.3d at 181 (ruling that Morrison precludes Exchange Act claims by U.S. purchasers

of shares of Swiss issuer on a Swiss exchange).

The plaintiffs in Williams were U.S. purchasers of seven Binance tokens: EOS, TRX, ELF,

FUN, ICX, OMG, and QSP. Id. at 132–33. They claimed that Binance promoted, offered, and

sold tokens in violation of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Id. at 132. They alleged that

transactions on Binance.com were matched on servers located in the United States, that the

plaintiffs were in the United States when they agreed to the Binance.com Terms of Use, placed

purchase orders, and sent payments, and that they could not revoke their trades once they were

submitted. Id. at 134–35. They also alleged, as here, that Binance targeted the U.S. market with

advertising and customer support specifically aimed at U.S. users and advised U.S.-purchasers

how to circumvent its own restrictions using VPNs while ostensibly cutting off U.S.-customer

access to the platform in September 2019. Id. at 135.

Binance disclaimed having any location or being subject to any other particular

jurisdiction, and its intransigence on that point led the court to reject its argument that the plaintiffs’

transactions were not domestic. Williams, 96 F.4th at 136, 139. The court explained that the

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irrevocable liability test, which examines where and when a transaction becomes irrevocable, “is

particularly difficult when a transaction takes place over an exchange that claims to have no

physical location in any geographic jurisdiction and not be subject to the oversight of any country’s

regulatory authority.” Id. at 136–37. In such cases, the court reasoned, it is appropriate to consider

factors typically considered in the context of transactions not on a foreign exchange: “our cases

look to ‘facts concerning the formation of the contracts, the placement of purchase orders, the

passing of title, or the exchange of money’ to determine when and where an

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