The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
February 22, 2013 Session
ANGELA CARROLL v. ROBERT CORCORAN
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sumner County
No. 2011-CV-1058 C. L. Rogers, Judge
No. M2012-01101-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 29, 2013
Unmarried Father and Mother of infant child filed petitions to establish initial custody,
calculate parenting time, set child support, and determine residential sharing schedule.
Father sought to have the child bear his surname. The trial court entered a parenting plan and
denied Father’s request to change the child’s surname. Father appeals and assigns as error
certain parenting plan provisions, the trial court’s award to Mother of her attorney fees, and
the trial court’s decision not to change the child’s surname. Mother appeals the trial court’s
calculation of the number of days of parenting time for purposes of determining child
support. Finding that the court miscalculated the number of days of parenting time, we
remand for a redetermination of child support. We also remand the attorney fee award for
reconsideration. In all other respects, we affirm the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated in
Part, Affirmed in Part, and Remanded
A NDY D. B ENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which F RANK G. C LEMENT, J R.,
and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, JJ., joined.
B. Lynn Morton and Nick T. Tooley, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Robert
Corcoran.
Russell E. Edwards and Michael W. Edwards, Hendersonville, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Angela Carroll.
OPINION
F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND
This appeal concerns the parenting plan for Alivia Carroll, a child born to Angela
Carroll (“Mother”) and Robert Corcoran (“Father”) on July 26, 2011. Neither parent has
other children. Mother and Father ended their relationship during the pregnancy and have
not lived together since the child’s birth. Father resides in Robertson County; since birth, the
child has resided with Mother in Sumner County. Although Father visited Alivia after she
was born, he and Mother could not agree to a visitation schedule so, on August 26, 2011,
Mother and Father each filed similar petitions to establish a parenting plan in their respective
counties of residence.1
Mother’s petition, filed in Sumner County, sought the establishment of a parent-child
relationship between Father and Alivia,2 absolute custody, child support dating back to the
child’s birth, reimbursement for hospital expenses, the cost of the child’s care since birth, and
attorney fees. Father’s pro se petition, filed in Robertson County, is not in the record, but he
testified that he filed it to “get [his] parental rights, to set custody, [and] to set child support.”
On September 26, 2011, Father pro se filed a motion to dismiss Mother’s petition in Sumner
County. Mother then filed a motion to dismiss Father’s petition, and the Robertson County
court granted her motion. After a hearing and by order entered October 18, 2011, the Sumner
County circuit court denied Father’s motion to dismiss Mother’s petition because Mother’s
petition had been filed first. Therefore, the case proceeded in Sumner County.
On November 22, 2011, Father, now represented by counsel, answered Mother’s
petition and counter-petitioned for implementation of his proposed parenting plan. In his
counter-petition, Father submitted that Mother should be Alivia’s primary residential parent,
requested “substantial time” with Alivia, and sought to change her surname to Corcoran.
Mother submitted a proposed parenting plan on the hearing date, January 31, 2012.3
Following the hearing and by order entered February 9, 2012, the trial court fashioned
a parenting plan such that Mother was designated primary residential parent and Father
would have the child for a few hours on Sundays and Thursdays through March 1, 2012, for
an overnight visit on March 9, and, beginning March 23, 2012, for every other weekend and
every Thursday from 11 a.m. until 6 p.m. Furthermore, the trial court denied Father’s request
that the child receive his surname and, based upon her attorney’s affidavit, awarded Mother
$2,576.50 in attorney fees.
1
When pro se filing his petition, Father did not know that Mother had, through her attorney, filed
a petition in Sumner County just hours beforehand.
2
This relationship was not disputed. Father attended Alivia’s birth, signed her birth certificate, and
executed a “Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-304.
3
The evidence adduced at the hearing will be presented in greater detail below as relevant to the
issues on appeal.
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Father moved to set aside or amend the order, for an evidentiary hearing on the issue
of changing the child’s surname, and for a new trial. Father averred that the trial court
should have given him mid-week parenting time from Wednesday evenings at 6 p.m. until
Thursday evenings at 6 p.m. and that the court erred in its calculation of parenting days,
award of attorney fees to Mother, and assignment of all transportation costs to him. Father
also took issue with certain restrictions contained in the February 9, 2012 parenting plan such
as, “No overnight guests of the opposite sex in the presence of the minor child.”
The trial court heard these post-trial motions on April 11, 2012 and, by amended order
and parenting plan entered April 19, 2012, struck certain provisions contained in the prior
plan, including the overnight guest provision, denied the rest of Father’s requests, and
changed the yearly residential time as follows: 259 days to Mother and 106 days to Father.
Father appeals.
S TANDARD OF R EVIEW
In cases involving parenting plans and the designation of a primary residential parent,
we review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of correctness, unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90
S.W.3d 566, 570 (Tenn. 2002). A trial court’s conclusions of law are subject to a de novo
review with no presumption of correctness. Nelson v. Nelson, 66 S.W.3d 896, 901 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2001) (citing Ganzevoort v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997)). Appellate
courts are reluctant to second-guess a trial judge’s determination regarding permanent
parenting arrangements. See Adelsperger v. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1997). While we accord trial courts broad discretion in these matters, “they must still
base their decisions on the proof and upon the appropriate application of the applicable
principles of law.” Thompson v. Thompson, No. M2011-02438-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL
5266319, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2012). However, it is not the role of appellate courts
to “tweak [parenting plans] in the hopes of achieving a more reasonable result than the trial
court.” Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001). Thus, a trial court’s decision
regarding a permanent parenting plan will be set aside only when it “falls outside the
spectrum of rulings that might reasonably result from an application of the correct legal
standards to the evidence found in the record.” Id.
A NALYSIS
On appeal, Father and Mother raise several issues for our review which we will
address in turn.
I. Overnight Guest Provision
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Father challenges the parenting plan provision “prohibiting [him] from having
overnight guests of the opposite sex with the child present and failing to impose a similar
restriction on [Mother],” and requests that this Court either strike the provision or impose it
on both parties. Mother maintains that the restriction should apply to both parties.4
This is a nonissue. The original parenting plan entered February 9, 2012, contained
seven restrictions within the section entitled “Decision Making.” The first one reads, “No
overnight guests of the opposite sex in the presence of the minor child.” During the hearing
on Father’s post-trial motions, the trial court concluded that “conditions one, two, and three,
the Court just simply overlooked. I had no evidence, no reason to even be thinking in terms
of including those type conditions, so take those out.” The trial court’s ruling on this issue
is memorialized in its final order:
c. Decision making (B) Other, page 3 of the original parenting plan is
modified to delete provisions 1, 2, and 3.
Consistent with the trial court’s order, the amended parenting plan entered April 19, 2012
contains only four of the seven original restrictions:
B. OTHER: (1) The Father must be present for all visitation with the child
unless he is needed at work (2) The Father will provide proof that someone
else will be taking an emergency call from the gun store in the middle of the
night, while the child is in his care (3) The Father must lock up or remove all
guns prior to the child arriving at his home (4) The Father is not permitted to
stay overnight with the child at a non family member’s home.
Having reviewed the record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in incorporating only the four restrictions above into the amended parenting plan. With no
finding that the overnight guest provision would serve Alivia’s best interest, the trial court
correctly took it out of the parenting plan. See Barker v. Chandler, No. W2008-02255-COA-
R3-CV, 2009 WL 2986105, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 18, 2009).
II. Wednesday Night Parenting Time
Father contends that the trial court erred in failing to award him substantial parenting
4
From our reading of the original parenting plan, the “overnight guest of the opposite sex” provision
has always applied to both parties because the other six provisions specify that they apply to “The Father,”
whereas the overnight guest provision does not.
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time with Alivia. Specifically, Father challenges the trial court’s parenting plan to the extent
that his mid-week parenting time was set for Thursdays from 11:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m.
instead of Wednesdays at 6:00 p.m. until Thursdays at 6:00 p.m., as requested in his proposed
parenting plan. His proposal, Father argues, would eliminate the need for “the child to stay
unnecessarily with a babysitter one day a week.”
Because “‘the details of custody and visitation with children are peculiarly within the
broad discretion of the trial judge,’” we review issues of parenting time for an abuse of
discretion. Eldridge 42 S.W.3d at 85 (quoting Suttles v. Suttles, 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn.
1998)). “[A]ppellate courts will decline to disturb a parenting plan fashioned by a trial court
unless that decision is based on application of an incorrect legal standard, is against logic or
reasoning, or is not supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” Cummings v. Cummings,
No. M2003-00086-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 2346000, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2004).
In this case, the trial court adopted parts of Mother’s and parts of Father’s proposed
parenting plans in fashioning a plan that would serve Alivia’s best interest. In fact, the trial
court awarded Father more parenting time than he proposed–such as every other spring and
fall break and two weeks in the summer–thus following the mandate of Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-6-106(a) to “order a custody arrangement that permits both parents to enjoy the
maximum participation possible in the life of the child” consistent with all of the statutory
factors. In considering Alivia’s best interest and Father’s request to modify the mid-week
parenting time, the trial court reasoned:
I’ve given the Father every Thursday from eleven a.m. to six p.m. That
decision was driven by the testimony of his work schedule and his schedule
after work, which did include Wednesdays.5
I don’t recall much effort put or suggestions that [the Wednesday trivia night]
would be given up or that would be changed, and I didn’t see it as any big deal
and just sort of trying to follow what the Father’s usual schedule was and that,
in my opinion, being in the child’s best interest. There just wasn’t enough
testimony in there for me to assume that [trivia night] would definitely stop.
Nothing wrong with what the Father was doing.
Although Father testified that he would forgo Wednesday trivia night, we cannot
conclude that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s decision or that the court
abused its discretion in its assignment of parenting time to Mother and Father.
5
The Father’s Wednesday “schedule after work” refers to a weekly trivia night with his friends.
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III. Transportation Arrangement
Per the parenting plan, Father is to pick up and return Alivia to Mother’s residence
when exercising his parenting time. Father “submits that it was grossly inequitable and an
abuse of discretion to have him bear all the costs and time invested with transporting the
child” and that “[t]his was a completely arbitrary decision on the part of the trial court.” We
disagree. Mother testified that she commutes from Hendersonville to her job in Brentwood
causing her to be away from home for nine hours each weekday. Father testified that, as part
owner of his own business, he enjoys a flexible work schedule and does not work on
Thursdays. The trial court explained:
Transportation, I didn’t hear any real issue about transportation. The Father
is in Greenbrier, and he seemed to have a more easy method of work time and
work schedule. That went into my decision. Greenbrier and Hendersonville
[are] like neighbors almost. It’s not that far. And because the Father’s ease
of work schedule because of his business, that’s why I put the obligation of
transportation on the Father . . . . I did consider Mother’s work schedule and
she can’t just up and walk out.
We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision.
IV. Calculation of Parenting Days
In the posture of appellee, Mother raises for our review the trial court’s calculation
of the number of days per year that each parent exercises parenting time for purposes of
setting child support. Specifically, Mother contends that she and Father spend 285 days and
80 days with the child, respectively, rather than 259 days and 106 days, as the trial court
found. Father has not addressed this issue.
Under the amended parenting plan, Father has the child every other weekend from
Friday at 6:00 p.m. to Sunday at 6:00 p.m. and every Thursday from 11:00 a.m. until 6:00
p.m. Each parent exercises two weeks of summer vacation with the child. Mother has the
child on Mother’s Day and on her birthday, as does Father on Father’s Day and on his
birthday. The plan requires the child to alternate other holidays between the parents, e.g.,
spending New Year’s Day with Mother during even-numbered years and with Father during
odd-numbered years. For fall break, Mother has the child during even-numbered years and
Father has her during odd-numbered years. For spring break, Mother has the child during
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odd-numbered years and Father has her during even-numbered years.6
The Child Support Guidelines promulgated by the Department of Human Services
define “days” for the purpose of calculating child support as follows:
For purposes of this chapter, a “day” of parenting time occurs when the child
spends more than twelve (12) consecutive hours in a twenty-four (24) hour
period under the care, control or direct supervision of one parent or caretaker.
The twenty-four (24) hour period need not be the same as a twenty-four (24)
hour calendar day. Accordingly, a “day” of parenting time may encompass
either an overnight period or a daytime period, or a combination thereof.
Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.02(10).
The record does not provide information regarding the trial court’s method of
calculating parenting time. Our application of Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.02(10)
to the schedule set forth in the amended parenting plan establishes that Father should be
credited for 80 days per year of parenting time.7 That would leave 285 parenting days for
Mother. Because the trial court erroneously used 259 days and 106 days as the number of
parenting days for Mother and Father, respectively, we must remand for a redetermination
of child support under the Guidelines based on Father’s 80 days of parenting time and
Mother’s 285 days of parenting time.
V. Changing the Child’s Surname
Father assigns error to the trial court’s denial of his request to change Alivia’s
surname to his surname, Corcoran. At oral argument, Father stated that he would also accept
Carroll-Corcoran as Alivia’s last name. Mother strongly opposes changing or hyphenating
the child’s last name.
As Father concedes, a child born to an unmarried mother takes its mother’s surname.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-3-305(b)(1); Barabas v. Rogers, 868 S.W.2d 283, 287 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1993). This Court has previously addressed the issue of changing a child’s surname:
6
The parties have agreed to count fall and spring breaks even though Alivia has yet to begin school.
7
Using a 2013 calendar, we arrive at this number by counting New Year’s Day, President’s Day,
Memorial Day Weekend, Father’s Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving Weekend, one day for Father’s
birthday, 14 days for summer vacation, two days every other weekend, and assuming five days for fall break.
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The courts should not change a child’s surname unless the change promotes
the child’s best interests. Halloran v. Kostka, 778 S.W.2d 454, 456 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1988); see also In re Marriage of Schiffman, 169 Cal. Rptr. 918, 921, 620
P.2d 579, 582 (1980); In re Cardinal, 611 A.2d at 517; Kristine C. Karnezis,
Annotation, Rights and Remedies of Parents Inter Se With Respect to the Name
of Their Children, 92 A.L.R.3d 66 § 8.5 (Supp. 1992). Among the criteria for
determining whether changing a child’s surname will be in the child’s best
interests are: (1) the child’s preference, (2) the change’s potential effect on the
child’s relationship with each parent, (3) the length of time the child has had
its present surname, (4) the degree of community respect associated with the
present and proposed surname, and (5) the difficulty, harassment, or
embarrassment that the child may experience from bearing either its present
or its proposed surname. In re Saxton, 309 N.W.2d 298, 301 (Minn. 1981);
Bobo v. Jewell, 528 N.E.2d at 185; Daves v. Nastros, 105 Wash.2d 24, 711
P.2d 314, 318 (1985). The parent seeking to change the child’s surname has
the burden of proving that the change will further the child’s best interests.
In re Petition of Schidlmeier, 344 Pa.Super. 562, 496 A.2d 1249, 1253 (1985);
In re M.L.P., 621 S.W.2d 430, 431 (Tex. Ct. App. 1981).
Barabas, 868 S.W.2d at 287.
At trial, Father testified that Alivia’s having his surname is “one of the most important
things to [him].” He further explained, “It’s my only child. I don’t know if I’ll ever have
another one, but it’s important to me for her to have my last name, the last name of the
family. She has a huge Corcoran family, and they are all here in Middle Tennessee.” On
appeal, Father notes that the child does not have other relations who live in Tennessee and
have the last name Carroll.8 The trial court discussed its decision to deny Father’s request:
Name change, I’ve been asked to reconsider that. The request is all I had at
trial. The burden was on the Father to introduce almost like a comparative
proof for the Court to make a decision and that would require evidence. There
was just nothing other than a request; so that was the reason that was denied.
I can’t strain and try to make inferences or anything. The Father just didn’t
carry that burden.
We agree with the trial court and reiterate that “[a] parent’s wish that a child’s
8
On appeal, Father also states that “should [Mother] ever marry and take her husband’s surname,
the child would be the only person in that household with the surname ‘Carroll’.” We decline to weigh such
an assumption in our analysis.
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surname be changed is not sufficient to justify such relief” and that a parent’s preference that
the child share his or her surname “is not evidence that a name change is in the child’s best
interest.” Sullivan v. Brooks, No. M2009-02510-COA-R3-JV, 2011 WL 2015516, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2011) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).
Father’s proffered reasons to change Alivia’s surname do not amount to his carrying
the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. Accordingly, we affirm the trial
court’s decision on this issue.
VI. Attorney Fees
Lastly, Father argues that the trial court’s award of $2,576.50 in attorney fees to
Mother was excessive and inappropriate, especially considering “Father’s forthrightness in
accepting his paternity of Alivia and its accompanying obligations.” Mother insists that the
attorney fee award was warranted because “[t]his case was very difficult to even bring to
trial,” given the time and effort her attorney expended in seeking to dismiss Father’s
Robertson County petition and in defending against Father’s motion to dismiss her Sumner
County petition.
Tennessee abides by the American Rule regarding the payment of attorney fees. State
v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 194 (Tenn. 2000). The rule requires
litigants to pay their own attorney fees unless a statute or an agreement provides otherwise.
Id. At trial, Mother testified that she intended to seek her attorney fees “under the statute.”
The record is silent as to “the statute” under which Mother is entitled to attorney fees. We
assume Mother refers to either Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) which provides:
The plaintiff spouse may recover from the defendant spouse, and the spouse
or other person to whom the custody of the child, or children, is awarded may
recover from the other spouse reasonable attorney fees incurred in enforcing
any decree for alimony and/or child support, or in regard to any suit or action
concerning the adjudication of the custody or the change of custody of any
child, or children, of the parties, both upon the original divorce hearing and at
any subsequent hearing, which fees may be fixed and allowed by the court,
before whom such action or proceeding is pending, in the discretion of such
court.9
9
In In re Lamont B., II, No. M2004-02027-COA-R3-JV, 2006 WL 1727332 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
23, 2006), a case like the one before us involving the initial custody determination for a child born out of
wedlock, we noted that Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c) “does not limit recovery of attorney’s fees to
divorcing spouses who are parents of the child, but also includes ‘other persons to whom custody of the child,
(continued...)
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(emphasis added) or to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-311(a)(14) which provides that “[u]pon
establishing parentage, the court shall make an order declaring the father of the child” which
“shall include . . . [d]etermination of the liability for counsel fees to either or both parties
after consideration of all relevant factors.”
Where a trial court has discretion to award attorney fees, appellate courts do not
interfere except upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352,
359 (Tenn. 2005); Threadgill v. Threadgill, 740 S.W.2d 419, 426 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987).
Furthermore, where a trial court has awarded attorney fees, but there is nothing in the record
to indicate that the trial court actually evaluated the fee amount for reasonableness in light
of the appropriate factors, the correct approach for an appellate court “is to vacate the award
and ‘remand [the] case to the trial court for a new determination of an attorney’s fee award
under [Supreme Court Rule 8, RPC 1.8] and the applicable case law.’” First Peoples Bank
of Tenn. v. Hill, 340 S.W.3d 398, 410 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Ferguson Harbour Inc.
v. Flash Market, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 541, 553 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)).
In this case, the trial court did consider the reasonableness of the attorney fee award.
The trial court considered both parties’ arguments and Mother’s attorney’s affidavit detailing
the work on Mother’s behalf and explained:
Attorney’s fees, those were awarded, and I found the amount to be reasonable.
Those were awarded because in this case we have a pro se [litigant]. And, for
good or bad, if someone attempts to represent themselves, things like this
can–it’s not punishment, but by their lack of understanding in the law, they
cause unnecessary fees. It’s not fair for the opposing party, who does have an
attorney, to have to pay their attorney because a pro se person doesn’t
understand what they’re doing and they’re costing the other party fees. I didn’t
award [Mother’s attorney] his whole fee; it was 50 percent, about what I could
make for running up and down the highways and going to court.
From our reading of Mother’s attorney’s affidavit, she incurred $1,675 in attorney fees
in bringing this case to trial and remedying Father’s procedural missteps at the time he was
proceeding pro se. It appears, however, that at least some of the fees were awarded for
dealing with Father’s petition filed in Robertson County. We are unaware of any authority,
and have been provided none, that allows a court to award attorney fees in one case for
actions taken in another case. Therefore, we remand the attorney fee issue to the trial court
9
(...continued)
or children, is awarded.’” In re Lamont B., II, at *4 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-103(c); Stephenson v.
West, No. W1998-00668-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 52899, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 13, 2000)).
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for reconsideration of the fee award. We decline to award Mother attorney fees on appeal.
C ONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we remand this case for a redetermination of child support
in accordance with the number of days for each parent and for reconsideration of the attorney
fee award. In all other respects, we affirm the trial court’s order. Costs of appeal are
assessed against the appellant, Robert Corcoran, and execution may issue if necessary.
_____________________________
ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE
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