The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs September 5, 2012
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. THEOTUS BARNETT
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 11-00038 James C. Beasley, Judge
No. W2012-00048-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 22, 2013
The defendant was convicted of especially aggravated kidnapping, a Class A felony, and
aggravated robbery, a Class B felony. He was sentenced to twenty-five years for the
kidnapping conviction and to a consecutive ten years for the aggravated robbery, for a total
effective sentence of thirty-five years. On appeal, the defendant claims that: 1) the evidence
is insufficient to support his conviction; 2) the trial court erred by failing to apply a
mitigating factor at sentencing; and 3) the trial court erred by imposing consecutive
sentences. After a careful review of the record, we find no error and affirm the judgments
of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
T HOMAS T. W OODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C AMILLE R.
M CM ULLEN and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.
Stephen Bush, District Public Defender; and Barry Kuhn, Assistant Public Defender,
Memphis, Tennessee, (on appeal); and Rusty White, Assistant Public Defender, Memphis,
Tennessee, (at trial), for the appellant, Theotus Barnett.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Leslie E. Price, Assistant Attorney
General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Pamela Flemming and Kirby May,
Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On January 1, 2011, the defendant, Theotus Barnett, was indicted on one count of
especially aggravated kidnapping in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-
305 and one count of aggravated robbery in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-13-402. The charges against the defendant resulted from an incident that occurred at a
U-Store-It facility on September 11, 2010. At the defendant’s trial on September 19-21,
2011, the State presented the testimony of five witnesses.
The victim, Ashley Rankin, testified that on September 11, 2010, she was working
alone at a U-Store-It facility located on Austin Peay Highway in Shelby County. She
testified that she was eight months pregnant at the time. She testified that between 9:30 a.m.
and 10:30 a.m. that morning, the defendant (whom she identified in open court) entered the
facility indicating that he was a potential client. He looked at several storage units. Ms.
Rankin testified that the defendant was wearing a blue baseball cap with a star logo in the
middle, a pale blue button-down shirt, and blue jeans. She testified that after he finished
looking at the storage units, she wrote down the various prices for him. The defendant told
her that he would make a decision that afternoon and perhaps return later in the day.
The victim testified that the defendant returned to the facility around 12:30 p.m. and
asked to see one of the storage units again. She took the defendant to look at the unit again.
As they were re-entering the office, the defendant placed her in a choke hold. The victim
testified that she panicked and began to struggle, at which point the defendant started
punching her. She testified that the defendant pulled her to the floor and repeatedly hit her
in the face. The defendant also told her that he could shoot her and “nobody would hear a
thing.” The victim testified that she eventually ceased struggling out of fear for the safety
of her unborn child.
The victim testified that the defendant instructed her to go sit in a chair in a nearby
break room. Once there, the defendant asked her about the money in the facility’s cash
register, and they walked to the front together and retrieved the cash before returning to the
break room. The defendant then began to interrogate the victim concerning accounts with
the company. The victim informed him that she could not access client accounts. The victim
testified that the defendant started asking her about the facility’s surveillance system, and
they again walked to the front office, where she turned off all of the cameras at the
defendant’s request. The victim testified that the defendant demanded to see her
identification, and she walked back to the break room, retrieved her purse, and gave him an
unspecified identification card belonging to her.
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The victim testified that the defendant instructed her to sit back down in the chair in
the break room. The victim surmised that some customers had just arrived. The defendant
informed her that “they’re not leaving,” and the victim informed him that “usually they will
leave after a few minutes if they don’t see anybody coming out front.” However, the
customers did not leave. Instead, they walked around the building and knocked on the doors
and windows.
The victim testified that the defendant began to hit her in the head again, and then he
hit her in the back with the point of his gun, knocking her to the ground. The defendant then
threatened to kill her, and told her that he had her identification and that he knew where she
lived. The defendant told her that if she said anything to anyone concerning the robbery, he
would kill her and her whole family. The victim testified that the defendant hit her in the
head with his gun a total of eight times. The victim testified that the defendant abruptly
stopped hitting her in the head and pulled out a knife and held it to her neck. She testified
that she told the defendant “after you’ve done all this . . . now you’re going to cut me,” and
the defendant put the knife away.
The victim testified that she told the defendant that the customers were not going to
leave unless someone went outside to service them. She testified that she instructed the
defendant concerning how to access the facility’s computer system and look up client
accounts. She testified that the defendant asked her if there was any blood on him, and she
told him “no.” She testified that the defendant went to the front of the store. The victim
testified that she did not call out for help because the defendant had told her that if she did
so, he would shoot the customers and then return and shoot her. The victim testified that the
defendant returned after approximately five minutes and instructed her to give a fake
description and license tag number to the police. She testified that the defendant told her that
if she failed to do so, he had a partner who would know where she lived and where she
worked and would “get” her. The defendant then placed the victim’s cell phone down on a
table and told her to give him twenty minutes to escape.
The victim testified that the minute that she was sure that the defendant was gone, she
locked the doors to the office. Then she pressed the facility’s panic button and turned the
surveillance cameras back on. She testified that she realized that the police would need to
be able to enter the building in order to assist her, so she unlocked the front doors and then
collapsed. Someone entered the room shortly afterward, raised her up, and told her that he
was calling 911. She testified that the police arrived sometime afterward, but she could not
remember much of what happened next due to her trauma. The victim testified that she was
transported by ambulance to the hospital. She testified that she was treated for six or seven
lacerations to the head which required “a lot of stitching” to close.
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The victim testified that the entire incident lasted from one to two hours. The victim
testified that only five minutes elapsed between the time that the defendant placed her in a
choke hold and the time that she gave the defendant the money from the cash register. The
victim estimated that five to ten minutes passed between the time that the defendant took the
money from the register to the time that the customers first arrived. The victim estimated that
only two or three minutes passed between the time the defendant left the facility and the time
that someone came in to assist her.
The victim testified that two days after the incident, the police came to her house and
showed her a photographic array. She testified that she identified the defendant as her
attacker from this array, which was entered into evidence.
On cross-examination, the victim testified that she was seeing a psychiatrist
concerning her memory loss due to post-traumatic stress disorder. The victim also admitted
that she could not testify for certain concerning the amount of time that passed during the
incident. The victim testified that she might have been knocked unconscious for periods of
time by one or more of the defendant’s blows. The victim testified that the defendant wore
a hat and sunglasses throughout the incident. The victim denied that the police had shown
her a single photograph of the defendant before they showed her the photographic array
containing his picture.
Ms. Sherita Douglas testified that she went to the U-Store-It facility on Austin Peay
on September 11, 2010, to pay a bill on a storage unit that her mother had rented there. She
testified that she arrived at the facility between 12:00 p.m. and 12:30 p.m., with her two
children in tow. She testified that she had been to this particular facility on prior occasions
to pay her mother’s bills. When she arrived and found that the front door to the office was
locked, she waited outside because she knew from past experience that an employee might
arrive to unlock the door if she waited for a few minutes. She testified that after waiting
about ten minutes, she called her mother to confirm that the facility ought to be open, and
then she walked around the building, knocking on its doors and windows. She testified that
she saw a gold Tahoe or Yukon model SUV in the parking lot near the office as well as
another vehicle parked further away.
Ms. Douglas testified that after she had been at the facility for twenty-five or thirty
minutes, she set off her car alarm in an effort to attract an employee. About five minutes
after she set off the alarm, another car pulled into the parking lot, and a gentleman and his
son got out. She asked them if they worked at the facility, and they informed her that they
did not. The new arrival also circled the building knocking on doors and windows.
Afterward, the man and his son slipped through a gate and searched the facility’s lot. By the
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time they returned from this fruitless endeavor, an hour had passed since Ms. Douglas had
arrived at the facility.
Ms. Douglas testified that she became concerned that something unusual was
happening and called the police. She informed the police that she was not sure that “anything
was going wrong,” but that she was “very concerned” because she had been outside of the
facility for an extended period and no one had arrived. Ms. Douglas testified that shortly
after she placed her call to the police another gentleman “came and opened the door and he
fanned us in.” She testified that this individual was wearing a Dallas Cowboys’ hat, a blue
shirt, and blue jeans. She testified that this individual appeared to be nervous. The
individual informed her that he had been sick and had been suffering from diarrhea all day,
and he explained that he had not heard anyone at the door.
Ms. Douglas entered the building with her children. Ms. Douglas testified that she
was not able to pay her mother’s bill because the individual who had let her in was not able
to pull up her account. She testified that she noticed blood on this individual’s right hand and
informed him that he was bleeding. She testified that she became convinced that something
was “not right,” and she tried to get the attention of the male customer to draw his attention
to the individual’s wound. Ms. Douglas testified that she told the individual that she needed
to call her mother because the amount owed on her account was not right, and he told her to
go outside to get better reception. However, she did not leave because she did not want to
leave her children alone in the building with the stranger. Eventually, she found an
opportunity to have a private conversation with the other customer, and they discussed the
blood they saw on the individual behind the counter. She told the other customer she was
going to go get her children and call the police. She spoke with the man behind the counter
again, who told her to come back in an hour when his supervisor would be there and he
would be able to help her. She left the building, drove across the street, and called the police.
Ms. Douglas testified that three or four minutes after she left, the man behind the
counter left the building, got into the gold-colored Tahoe or Yukon SUV, and drove away
at a speed well in excess of sixty-five miles per hour. She testified that she wrote down the
license tag number of the SUV. From the stand, she identified the defendant as the man she
saw behind the counter and driving the SUV.
Ms. Douglas testified that after the defendant left the storage facility, she returned to
the building and waited for the police to arrive. She did not re-enter the facility. She spoke
with police at the scene. Ms. Douglas testified that on September 13, 2010, the police
showed her a photographic array at her home. She testified that she identified the defendant
from this photographic array, which was entered into evidence.
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On cross-examination, Ms. Douglas testified that she was inside of the facility with
the defendant for a total of five or six minutes. She testified that the defendant wore a hat
and sunglasses the entire time. She also denied that the police had shown her a single shot
photograph of the defendant prior to the time that they showed her the photographic array.
She testified that she was very certain of her identification of the defendant because she was
extremely concerned and nervous during the long minutes that she and her children spent in
the room with him. She testified that sunlight was entering the room from the outside and
that this light allowed her to see the shape of the defendant’s eyes and the fact that he had a
scar under one eye. After her testimony was completed, the court permitted the defendant
to stand in front of the jury for inspection to determine whether or not he had a scar under
one eye.
Mr. Anthony Boyd testified that on September 11, 2010, he and his son went to the
U-Store-It facility on Austin Peay Highway to rent a storage unit. When they arrived, there
were three individuals trying to get inside the facility to make a payment on a storage unit.
He testified that he walked around the facility twice in a fruitless attempt to gain entry. He
testified that the “young lady” in front informed him that she was concerned that something
was wrong. The young lady also pointed out that there was a car parked in the back of the
parking lot where the employees normally parked. Mr. Boyd testified that he also saw a
gold-toned Yukon SUV parked in front of the building. As he and his son went to walk
around the building for a third time, the young lady yelled to him that someone was inside,
and they entered the building.
Mr. Boyd testified that once inside, he overheard the conversation between the young
lady and the gentleman who had let them in. The gentleman was explaining to the young
lady that he could not access the facility’s computer system because the female employee on
duty had taken ill, and he had just taken her to the hospital. He testified that while the man
was attempting to access the computer, he noticed “blood droppings” on the man’s pants.
He also noticed that the young lady was trying to signal to him under the counter. He
suggested that the young lady go outside to call her mother to determine the amount owed
on the unit. He caught the woman and they briefly conversed about the blood that they saw
on the man behind the counter. He told the woman to leave and call the police, and he went
to the counter and started asking the man questions about a storage unit.
Mr. Boyd identified the defendant in open court as the man behind the counter that
day. He testified that the defendant was wearing a wrinkled hat and a wrinkled blue jean
shirt. He testified that he spoke with the defendant for several minutes, and during that time
the defendant’s story kept changing. At first, the defendant claimed that he had diarrhea.
Later, he claimed that the young lady who worked there had become sick and had been
rushed to the hospital. The defendant first claimed that the girl’s boyfriend would return so
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that he could leave, and he later indicated that he was waiting for someone else. Mr. Boyd
testified that the scene continued until “it was just getting a little crazy.” He testified that he
eventually told the defendant that he would just return on Monday.
Mr. Boyd testified that he followed the young lady across the street to watch what
would happen. The defendant emerged from the facility less than two minutes later. Mr.
Boyd told the young lady to call 911, and then he went back to the facility. As he returned,
the defendant appeared to panic and sped away. Mr. Boyd testified that he followed the
defendant long enough to obtain his vehicle license tag number.
Mr. Boyd testified that he returned and re-entered the building. He saw the victim
raise her bloody head over the counter and ask for help. He testified that victim had dried
blood all over her head and appeared to have been injured “for quite a while.” He testified
that the victim passed out after requesting assistance.
Mr. Boyd testified that he gave a statement to the police when they arrived. He also
gave the police the license tag number of the gold-colored SUV. He testified that the police
showed him a photographic array later that day, but the array that he was shown did not
contain a picture of the perpetrator, and he informed the police of this fact. He testified that
the police showed him a second photographic array sometime later, and he identified the
defendant as the perpetrator from that second array, which was entered into evidence. Mr.
Boyd testified that he was “100 percent” certain that he had correctly identified the
perpetrator from the second photographic array.
On cross-examination, Mr. Boyd testified that he was positive that he was at the
facility for a total of an hour and a half on the day in question. Mr. Boyd testified that he
never saw the individual behind the counter without his sunglasses or a hat on. Mr. Boyd
was also cross-examined extensively concerning his prior statement to police, in which he
mentioned that the defendant had claimed to have had diarrhea on the day in question but did
not mention that the defendant “kept changing his story.”
Following this testimony, the defendant’s ex-girlfriend, Ms. Sharon Mayhue, testified
that in September of 2010 she drove a 2004 Chevy Tahoe. She testified that the papers listed
the SUV as silver, but it was actually a “shimmery” color that appeared to be gold. She
testified that on September 11, 2010, she drove her vehicle to the grocery store approximately
10:00 a.m. or 11:00 a.m. and returned home about half-an-hour to an hour later. She testified
that her vehicle had last been cleaned two or three weeks previously and that the car was in
“junkie” condition. She testified that she noticed that her vehicle’s license tag was missing
when she returned home with her groceries. Ms. Mayhew testified that the police came to
visit her two days later and asked her questions about her vehicle.
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Officer Terry Johnson of the Memphis Police Department testified that he was one
of the first responders to the scene of the incident. He testified that he arrived at the storage
facility around 1:30 p.m. and that he discovered Ms. Douglas and Mr. Boyd at the scene
speaking to another officer. He testified that he entered the front building and discovered the
victim lying on the floor in a puddle of blood. He testified that another room located down
the hallway “had blood all over everything, on the floor and walls.” He testified that the
victim was lapsing in and out of consciousness and that she had so much blood on her head
that it was impossible to see her wounds. Officer Johnson testified that he secured the crime
scene, and after the paramedics arrived, he interviewed the witnesses.
Following this testimony, the victim’s medical records were entered into evidence by
stipulation of the parties. In addition, the parties stipulated that the security video system at
the U-Store-It was not operating from 12:40 p.m. to 1:38 p.m.
Sergeant James A. Taylor, a Memphis Police Officer assigned to the Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) violent crime task force, testified that he investigated the crimes that
occurred at a U-Store-It on Austin Peay Highway on September 11, 2010. Sergeant Taylor
testified that, as the assigned case officer, he was responsible for handling the case “from the
cradle to the grave.” Sergeant Taylor testified that he interviewed the witnesses and received
the license tag number of a vehicle that was seen leaving the scene. Sergeant Taylor testified
that after running that tag number he discovered that an individual named “Reggie Price” had
once received a ticket while driving that vehicle. He showed a photographic array containing
Mr. Price’s picture to one of the witnesses, but the witness did not identify Mr. Price as the
perpetrator. After further research, Sergeant Taylor determined that the car at issue was
registered to an individual named “Ms. Sharon Mayhue.” He interviewed Ms. Mayhue, who
informed him that she owned the vehicle at issue and that she had parked it on Friday,
September 10, 2010, and did not return to it until the following Sunday, when she took it to
Walmart to get some groceries and discovered that the license plate was missing. Sergeant
Taylor testified that he asked for Ms. Mayhue’s permission to search the car, and she
consented.
Sergeant Taylor testified that the vehicle appeared to have been recently detailed; its
seats were still slick with Armor All and its running boards had a “silicone” shine. Sergeant
Taylor testified that the vehicle was extremely clean inside and out. Sergeant Taylor testified
that he asked Ms. Mayhue if anyone else had access to her vehicle, and she replied that the
defendant, “her ex-boyfriend of the past six days,” also had access.
Sergeant Taylor testified that he prepared a photographic array containing the
defendant’s picture and showed it to the victim and the other witnesses. He testified that the
victim identified the defendant as the perpetrator, and the other witnesses identified the
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defendant as the individual they saw at the crime scene. He testified that an arrest warrant
for the defendant was issued, and the defendant was arrested on September 17, 2011.
Sergeant Taylor testified that he interviewed the defendant following his arrest. After
being advised of and waiving his Miranda rights, the defendant gave a statement, in which
he acknowledged robbing the victim at the time and place in question. The defendant stated
that no one else had participated in the robbery. The defendant stated that he was wearing
a black hat with a star, a light blue shirt, and blue jeans during the robbery, and he was
carrying a .32 caliber handgun loaded with two bullets. The defendant claimed that he had
stolen approximately $300.00. Sergeant Taylor authenticated the defendant’s statement from
the stand, and it was entered into evidence.
On cross-examination, Sergeant Taylor testified that there was no audio or video
recording of the defendant’s statement. Sergeant Taylor testified that he did not request any
DNA testing of the blood found at the crime scene because he felt that such testing would
be a waste of money in light of the defendant’s confession. Sergeant Taylor acknowledged
that he had shown a picture of the defendant to Ms. Mayhue and that Ms. Mayhue had
claimed that the individual depicted was not the defendant. Sergeant Taylor denied that he
ever told Ms. Mayhue that he would charge her as an accessory if she did not sign any papers
that he put in front of her.
Following this testimony, the State rested. The defendant was advised of and waived
his right to testify in his own defense pursuant to the procedures established in Momon v.
State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 162-64 (Tenn. 1999). The jury returned a verdict finding the
defendant guilty as charged. The defendant was sentenced to twenty-five years as a Range
I, violent offender for the especially aggravated kidnapping conviction and to ten years as a
Range I, standard offender for the aggravated robbery. Finding that the defendant was a
dangerous offender who had no hesitation about committing a crime where the risk to human
life was high, the trial court ordered the defendant to serve his sentences consecutively, for
an overall effective sentence of thirty-five years.
The defendant filed a timely motion for new trial, the trial court denied the motion,
and a timely notice of appeal was filed. Satisfied that the matter is properly before this court
for review, we proceed to consider the defendant’s claims.
ANALYSIS
The defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for
especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery. The defendant also claims that
the trial court erred by failing to apply a statutory mitigating factor at sentencing and by
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sentencing him to consecutive sentences. For the reasons that follow, we deny the
defendant’s claims for relief and affirm the judgments of the trial court.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for
especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery. “When the sufficiency of the
evidence is challenged, the relevant question is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379
(Tenn. 2011); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “Because a guilty verdict
removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presumption of guilt, on appeal
a defendant bears the burden of showing why the evidence is insufficient to support the
conviction.” State v. Wagner, 382 S.W.3d 289, 297 (Tenn. 2012). In assessing whether the
defendant has carried this burden, we afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence. See id. All reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from the
evidence are drawn in favor of the State. See id. “The credibility of the witnesses, the
weight to be given their testimony, and the reconciliation of conflicts in the proof are matters
entrusted to the jury as the trier of fact.” State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tenn.
2008). A reviewing court “neither re-weighs the evidence nor substitutes its inferences for
those drawn by the jury.” Wagner, 382 S.W.3d at 297.
The defendant in this case challenges his convictions for especially aggravated
kidnapping and aggravated robbery. As relevant to the charges in the indictment,
“[e]specially aggravated kidnapping is false imprisonment . . . [a]ccomplished with a deadly
weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe
it to be a deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-305 (a)(1) (2010). “A person commits the offense
of false imprisonment who knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as to
interfere substantially with the other’s liberty.” T.C.A. § 39-13-302(a). “Robbery is the
intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the
person in fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401. Robbery is aggravated if it is “[a]ccomplished with a
deadly weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably
believe it to be a deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-402(a)(1).
The victim’s direct testimony contains all of the evidence necessary for a reasonable
jury to have found the essential elements of both crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. The
victim testified that on September 11, 2010, the defendant entered her place of employment
and assaulted her from behind. The victim testified that the defendant threatened to shoot
her with a gun and that she feared for her life and for the life of her unborn child. The victim
testified that the defendant demanded money from the facility’s cash register, and she gave
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the money to him. The victim testified that afterward, the defendant ordered her to go into
another room and again assaulted her by hitting her with his fists and with a firearm. The
victim testified that the defendant continued to keep her in that room for approximately ten
additional minutes until some customers arrived. The victim testified that after the customers
arrived, the defendant left her alone in the room but told her that if she attempted to seek
help, he would shoot both her and the customers. The victim testified that after the
customers left, the defendant continued to imprison her long enough to threaten her life and
the lives of her family if she did not provide police with a false description of the perpetrator
and a false license tag number.
With respect to the defendant’s conviction for especially aggravated kidnapping,
viewed in the light most favorable to the State, this testimony standing alone provides a
sufficient basis for a reasonable jury to have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant knowingly interfered with the victim’s liberty (by moving her back and forth
between the front office and break room of the U-Store-It facility and by preventing her from
leaving the facility) and that he accomplished this task using a deadly weapon, a firearm.
With respect to the defendant’s aggravated robbery conviction, the victim’s testimony
standing alone likewise provides a sufficient basis for a reasonable jury to have found beyond
a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed theft (by stealing $300.00 from the store’s
cash register), that he committed the theft by employing means of violence (choking, hitting,
and striking the victim with a gun) and/or placing the victim in fear (by threatening her life
and the life of her unborn child), and that he accomplished these tasks by using a deadly
weapon (the aforementioned firearm). Although it is not critical to our decision, we further
note that the victim’s testimony concerning the essential elements of both crimes is supported
in varying degrees by: 1) the store’s surveillance system, which was offline for a period of
time generally corroborative of the victim’s testimony; 2) the testimony of eyewitnesses, who
placed the defendant at the crime scene during the time period in question, saw blood on his
body and clothes, and saw the wounded victim plead for help after he left; and 3) the written
confession that the defendant subsequently provided to the police. The defendant is not
entitled to relief on his claim that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions.
In his reply brief, the defendant also seeks to raise a claim that the trial court erred by
failing to properly instruct the jury. The defendant’s sufficiency argument in his initial brief
cites to State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991), and State v. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532,
535 (Tenn. 1997), for the proposition that “[i]f the kidnapping is merely incidental to the
offense of robbery, [the defendant] cannot be found guilty of kidnapping as a separate
offense” without violating due process. These two cases were recently overruled by State
v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559, 578 (Tenn. 2012), in which our supreme court re-categorized this
formerly due process-type claim as one concerning a failure to properly instruct the jury. In
White, after conducting a thorough review of Anthony, Dixon, and other past decisions, our
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supreme court explained: “While the Court in Anthony rested its holding on constitutional
grounds, legislative intent and the strict construction of criminal statutes were also guiding
principles.” Id. at 576. After considering various amendments to the criminal code during
in the intervening years, the court ultimately concluded that “the kidnapping statutes,
‘construed according to the fair import of their terms,’ Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-104, and
coupled with their derivation from the Model Penal Code, evince a legislative intent to
punish as kidnapping only those instances in which the removal or confinement has criminal
significance above and beyond that necessary to consummate some underlying offense, such
as robbery or rape.” Id. at 576-77. Consequently, our supreme court directed trial courts to
“ensure that juries return kidnapping convictions only in those instances in which the
victim’s removal or confinement exceeds that which is necessary to accomplish the
accompanying felony,” and provided trial courts with model instructions to give to juries to
assist in this task. Id. at 578.
The defendant, who was tried in 2011, obviously neither requested nor received the
jury instructions required by White, which was filed in 2012. The defendant’s notice of
appeal was filed on January 3, 2012, and his appeal was pending on March 9, 2012, when
the decision in White was filed. Although the White court stated that its ruling did not require
retroactive application, see id. at 578, our court has determined that limited retroactive
application is appropriate with respect to cases that were already on appeal when White was
decided. State v. David Earl Scott, No. E2011-00707-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 5503951, at
*11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 14, 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 5, 2013).
As an instruction-related error, any White error that might have been committed by
the trial court would be subject to constitutional harmless error analysis. See White, 362
S.W.3d at 580 n.20 (“Because we cannot conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury
verdict would have been the same absent the instructional error, we cannot find the error
harmless.” (emphasis added)). Upon review of this record, we are able to conclude that any
White error that might have occurred was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The victim’s
testimony—undisputed at trial and supported by the parties’ joint stipulation concerning the
duration of time that the facility’s surveillance system remained offline—reflects that the
defendant completed the aggravated robbery within the first five minutes of the ordeal, but
he continued to hold the victim captive for well over an hour afterward. During this time,
he moved her from room to room in an effort to disarm the facility’s surveillance system,
threatened and beat her repeatedly, and held her captive while he engaged in an extended
discussion with customers directed toward encouraging them to leave—all in an effort to
increase his odds of effectuating a successful escape. The victim’s testimony is supported
by the testimony of two other eyewitnesses, who engaged in extended interaction with the
defendant and provided important corroboration of the general timeline. In light of this
undisputed proof presented by the State, we conclude beyond any reasonable doubt that,
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properly instructed, the jury would still have concluded that the victim’s confinement went
well beyond that necessary to accomplish the robbery, and its verdict would have been the
same.
Consequently, we hold that any error stemming from the trial court’s failure to provide
the jury with a White instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The defendant’s
claim that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions—which we have construed
as also raising a claim that the trial court erred by failing to properly instruct the jury as
discussed in White—is without merit.
II. SENTENCING ISSUES
The defendant claims that the trial court erred by failing to properly consider a
statutory mitigating factor during sentencing and by imposing consecutive sentences. When
an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this court reviews the
trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion standard accompanied by
a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn. 2012). This
court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within the appropriate
range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in compliance with the
purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709-10. The party challenging the sentence
imposed by the trial court has the burden of establishing that the sentence is erroneous.
T.C.A. § 40-35-401 (2010), Sentencing Comm’n Comments; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d
166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).
The defendant claims that the trial court erred by failing to consider the fact that the
victim was released alive as a mitigating factor at sentencing. The law governing especially
aggravating kidnapping provides that: “If the offender voluntarily releases the victim alive
or voluntarily provided information leading to the victim’s safe release, such actions shall
be considered by the court as a mitigating factor at the time of sentencing.” T.C.A. § 39-13-
305(b)(2). The record from the sentencing hearing is clear that the trial court found that no
statutory mitigating factors applied on the facts of this case.
We are not convinced that the trial court erred by failing to apply this mitigating factor
in light of the facts of this case. The defendant’s release of the victim was only “safe” and
“voluntary” in the loosest sense of the terms. His presence at the crime scene had been
detected by multiple witnesses. He was prevented from escaping without arousing their
suspicion for an extended period of time, and he was eventually given only a narrow window
of time in which to make his escape after they left the front office and went across the street.
Using one or both of the two bullets that he possessed to kill the victim would almost
certainly have aroused additional unwanted attention. Before fleeing the crime scene, the
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defendant forcibly obtained the victim’s identification, beat her severely, and promised to
return and kill her and her entire family if she reported that he was the perpetrator. The
defendant’s decision to flee the crime scene without slaying the victim under these
circumstances can hardly be considered an intentional “release” of the victim at all, much
less a safe release of the voluntary sort that we believe the legislature intended for courts to
consider as a mitigating factor. This court has not hesitated to hold that section 39-13-
305(b)(2) is inapplicable when the facts of the case indicate that the defendant released the
victim only after being compelled by circumstances to do so, or when the defendant did not
release the victim in a safe manner. See, e.g., State v. Christopher Fielder, No.
W2009-01663-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 663, at *38 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Aug. 22, 2011) (“We do not feel that forcing a severely injured victim into the back of his
own vehicle with a pillowcase over his head, and continuing to beat him until arrival at a
destination where he is ‘tossed’ from the vehicle and left alone, without a vehicle, meets the
statutory definition of voluntary release of the victim.”).
Even if the trial court had erred by failing to apply this mitigating factor, the defendant
would still not be entitled to any relief. The law is clear that “a trial court’s misapplication
of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not remove the presumption of reasonableness
from its sentencing decision.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709. A defendant’s sentence will be
upheld if it is within the appropriate range and generally complies with the principles and
purposes of sentencing. Id. at 709-10. After reviewing the record in this case and
considering the relevant sentencing statutes, we conclude that the defendant’s twenty-five-
year-sentence for especially aggravated kidnapping satisfies these criteria.
Finally, the defendant challenges the trial court’s decision to impose consecutive
sentences. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(4) provides that a trial court
may order sentences to run consecutively if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that,
“[t]he defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for
human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is
high.” When ordering consecutive sentences pursuant to this factor, trial courts are directed
to make two additional findings: 1) that the terms imposed are reasonably related to the
severity of the offenses committed; and 2) that consecutive sentences are necessary in order
to protect the public from further criminal acts by the offender. State v. Wilkerson, 905
S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995).
The defendant argues that the trial court did not make the second Wilkerson finding.
The defendant also argues that this factor does not apply to him; in light of his criminal
history, or rather his lack thereof, consecutive sentencing was not necessary to protect the
public from further criminal acts committed by him.
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The transcript of the sentencing hearing makes clear, however, that the trial court in
fact found that both Wilkerson factors were satisfied. As the trial court stated, “I think that
the criteria is met, that confinement for an extended period of time is necessary to protect
society from this defendant’s unwillingness to lead a productive life and resort to criminal
activity in furtherance of that anti-social lifestyle. . . .” Prior to making this finding, the trial
court did express a certain degree of “heartburn” about finding that the second Wilkerson
factor was present in light of the fact that the defendant had no prior criminal record. The
parties argued back-and-forth over the issue. However, the record is clear that the trial court
ultimately resolved the issue against the defendant.
The facts of this case support the trial court’s conclusion. The absence of a prior
criminal record will often be a compelling factor in the defendant’s favor when a trial court
considers the issue of consecutive sentencing. However, it is not, standing alone, entirely
dispositive of the Wilkerson inquiry. As the trial court found, the defendant expressed no
remorse for his crimes. The defendant committed his crimes pursuant to a “well thought out
and well planned scheme.” The high degree of violence employed against the victim (which
left the entire break room covered in blood) and the callous manner in which the defendant
executed his crimes (against an eight-month pregnant woman and her unborn child), all
indicate that, as the trial court found, this particular defendant exhibits an exceptional degree
of depravity. On the facts of this case, the trial court was within its discretion to find that
extended confinement was necessary to protect society from the danger posed by the
defendant’s potential to engage in future criminal conduct, even in the absence of any prior
criminal record. We affirm the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentencing.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.
_________________________________
THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
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