Linda Alexander Owens v. James Emery Owens

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

December 13, 2012 Session

LINDA ALEXANDER OWENS v. JAMES EMERY OWENS

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County

No. 03D535 Philip E. Smith, Judge

No. M2012-01186-COA-R3-CV - Filed July 30, 2013

Wife was awarded rehabilitative alimony in 2004 that was to terminate in 2012. In 2009

Wife filed a petition to increase the duration and amount of her alimony, or, in the

alternative, for an award of alimony in futuro. The trial court found Wife was in need of

support, but it denied Wife’s petition, finding Wife had not used all reasonable efforts to

rehabilitate herself. On appeal we find Wife’s inability to be rehabilitated as that term has

been defined by the legislature warrants a modification of Wife’s alimony award. We

reverse the trial court’s judgment denying Wife’s petition for alimony and conclude Wife is

entitled to alimony in futuro but in a lesser amount. We affirm the trial court’s judgment

denying Wife’s request for attorney’s fees.

Tenn. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed in Part

and Affirmed in Part

P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A NDY D.

B ENNETT and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, JJ., joined.

Sarah Richter Perky, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Linda Alexander Owens.

Roger Alan Maness, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellee, James Emery Owens.

OPINION

I. B ACKGROUND

Linda Alexander Owens (“Wife”) and James Emery Owens (“Husband”) had been

married for about twenty-five years when they were divorced in 2004. The trial court divided

the marital property and awarded Wife rehabilitative alimony. On appeal this court altered

the division of marital property and increased both the amount and duration of rehabilitative

alimony to $3,000 per month beginning in May 2007 and ordered Husband to continue

making these payments through November 2012. This court also awarded Wife the

attorney’s fees she incurred at trial. Owens v. Owens, 241 S.W.3d 478 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2007).

Wife filed a petition in October 2009 seeking an increase of her alimony payments in

both amount and duration, or, in the alternative, alimony in futuro. Wife also sought an

award of her attorney’s fees. Wife alleged she has been unsuccessful in her endeavors to

earn a living by selling real estate or working as a yoga instructor. Wife stated she has had

to borrow money from her mother, withdraw money from her individual retirement account,

and increase her credit card debt to pay her bills. Wife alleged that Husband has had fewer

expenses and more disposable income since the parties were divorced and has the ability both

to increase her alimony payments and continue the payments beyond November 2012.

The trial court conducted a trial over a course of 4 days in 2011. By the time of trial

Wife was 62 years old. Wife presented testimony of the steps she has taken to become

successful as a real estate agent. She testified that she attended over 170 hours of real estate

classes, advertised in local publications, sent out mass mailings, pursued referrals, printed

and distributed business cards, and made presentations to potential new clients. Despite her

efforts, Wife has not been able to earn enough money to support herself as a real estate agent.

The economic situation in the country dramatically reduced the sales of homes.

In addition to working as an agent, Wife took steps following the parties’ divorce to

become certified as a yoga instructor. She spent approximately $20,000 renovating her pool

house to turn it into a yoga studio in an effort to appeal to those looking for a unique yoga

experience. Wife testified that with the downturn in the economy she has not been able to

make as much money as she had hoped teaching yoga classes and is unable to support herself

in this way.

Starting in 2010 Wife decided to rent her pool house out for $700 per month. This

arrangement was working well until Wife’s mother, who is in her 80s, fell and was unable

to move into an assisted living facility. Wife testified that her mother needs ongoing care and

cannot afford to hire someone to care for her at her house. To accommodate her mother,

Wife has asked her renter to move out so she could move her mother into the pool house

where Wife can care for and transport her mother to places she needs to go.

During the trial Wife introduced an Income and Expense Statement in which she

claimed she has monthly expenses of $8,876. In her petition Wife had stated her personal

monthly expenses were approximately $5,700. Wife was unable to explain how her expenses

increased over $3,000 from the time she filed her petition in 2009 to the time of trial in

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2011.1 Wife had been awarded the marital home as part of the parties’ divorce in 2004, and

there is currently no mortgage on Wife’s house. In addition, Wife owns her car free and

clear.

The trial court issued a Memorandum and Order in May 2012 denying Wife any relief.

The court wrote:

Ms. Owens, as the recipient of the rehabilitative alimony, has the

burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that all reasonable

efforts at rehabilitation have been made and have been unsuccessful.

.....

Based on the proof presented and the fact the Court can give very little

weight to the testimony of Ms. Owens, this Court cannot find that Ms. Owens

established by a preponderance of the evidence that she has made “all

reasonable efforts at rehabilitation” in her endeavor to become a successful

real estate agent or broker.

Additionally, . . . the Court also finds that Ms. Owens did not make “all

reasonable efforts at rehabilitation” by opening a yoga studio or by becoming

a yoga instructor.

The Court recognizes the harsh effect this ruling will have on Ms.

Owens. Ms. Owens is 62 years old. She has limited job skills. Ms. Owens

will be completely dependent on the income she can generate or on the

generosity of her mother.

While the Court concedes the harshness of this ruling, the Court must

defer to the legislature and the language used in the statute. The Court,

unfortunately, has no other choice in its ruling based on the facts submitted.

.....

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The trial court stated that it “questions Ms. Owens’ veracity for truthfulness in regard to her claim

to need $8,876.00 per month for expenses. Ms. Owens is claiming she needs this amount despite the fact

that she no longer has a mortgage payment and her car is now paid off.”

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The Court will note that it made no finding above regarding the need

of Ms. Owens. As gratis dicta, the Court will find that there is a continuing

need on Ms. Owens’ part for the alimony. . . .

Wife appeals the trial court’s denial of her request for a modification of her alimony

and the denial of her request for attorney’s fees.

II. M ODIFICATION OF A LIMONY

Pursuant to this court’s earlier decision, Wife was awarded rehabilitative alimony of

$3000 per month from May of 2007 through November of 2012. Rehabilitative alimony is

a “separate class of spousal support,” Tenn. Code Ann. §36-5-121(e)(1), and its purpose is

to provide an economically disadvantaged spouse support for a period of time to enable her

or him to become and remain self-sufficient. Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d at 511 (citing Loria v.

Loria, 952 S.W.2d 836, 838 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). “Rehabilitative alimony is intended to

promote the self-sufficiency of the disadvantaged spouse by allowing him/her to acquire

additional job skills, education, or training.” Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d at 511 (citing Kinard, 986

S.W.2d at 234).

In the matter before us, Wife sought an extension of the duration and an increase of

the amount of her rehabilitative alimony or a conversion of it to alimony in futuro. That

request is governed by the statute pertaining to rehabilitative alimony which provides, in

pertinent part:

An award of rehabilitative alimony shall remain in the court’s control for the

duration of such award, and may be increased, decreased, terminated,

extended, or otherwise modified, upon a showing of a substantial and material

change in circumstances. For rehabilitative alimony to be extended beyond the

term initially established by the court, or to be increased in amount, or both,

the recipient of the rehabilitative alimony shall have the burden of proving that

all reasonable efforts at rehabilitation have been made and have been

unsuccessful.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(e)(2) (emphasis added).

In determining how to measure a former spouse’s economic rehabilitation, or its

feasibility, it is important to note that the legislature has supplied the definition the courts are

to use:

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To be rehabilitated means to achieve, with reasonable effort, earning capacity

that will permit the economically disadvantaged spouse’s standard of living

after the divorce to be reasonably comparable to the standard of living enjoyed

during the marriage, or to the post-divorce standard of living expected to be

available to the other spouse, considering the relevant statutory factors and the

equities between the parties.

The Tennessee Supreme Court has addressed modifications to awards of rehabilitative

alimony, holding:

Once awarded, rehabilitative alimony may be modified if the recipient’s

prospects for economic rehabilitation materially change. If rehabilitation

is not feasible, the trial court may then make an award of alimony in futuro.

Crabtree v. Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d 356, 360 (Tenn. 2000) (emphasis added). According to the

statutory definition, the question becomes whether Wife can generate enough income to

provide a pre-divorce standard of living or one comparable to Husband’s.

The Supreme Court has explained that in a modification of alimony proceeding, a

change in circumstances is “material” when the change occurred after alimony was initially

awarded and was not anticipated when the marital property was divided, and a change is

“substantial” when it affects either the obligee’s need for support or the obligor’s ability to

pay. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d at 728 (citing Watters v. Watters, 22 S.W.3d 817, 821 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1999) and Bowman v. Bowman, 836 S.W.2d 563, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991)).

The trial court herein found that Wife has limited job skills and that she has a

continuing need for alimony. We find that the record supports these findings. In our earlier

opinion in this case, we made some findings that are relevant to the considerations before us

now. We found that Wife was economically disadvantaged after comparing Husband’s

successful career and likelihood of continuing to earn a significant income to Wife’s

situation:

At the time of the trial in this case, both Ms. Owens and Mr. Owens were in

their mid-fifties. Despite his failure to complete college, Mr. Owens had

become a successful real estate broker and investor. He was earning between

$12,000 and $13,000 per month, although the portion of his income based on

commissions fluctuated. . . .

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While Ms. Owens had a teaching certificate, she had not been actively

employed since 1980. She had also obtained a real estate agent’s license in

1978 and an associates degree in computer data entry in the 1980s. Even

though this education and training went largely unused during the marriage,

Ms. Owens had reacquired her real estate license and planned to make a career

as a real estate agent. By the time of trial, Ms. Owens had not been working as

a real estate agent long enough to determine whether she would be able to

support herself in this line of work. . . .

Ms. Owens spent most of the last twenty-five years as a homemaker and

parent. Her efforts enabled Mr. Owens to gain experience and to grow his real

estate and investment businesses. At the same time, Ms. Owens’s decision to

stay at home eventually rendered her training and experience obsolete. By the

time of the divorce hearing, Mr. Owens had an established career, while Ms.

Owens faced an uncertain financial future. She had started on a new career

as a realtor—one which will necessarily be short-lived because Ms. Owens

faces retirement within ten years or so. Because of her employment history,

Ms. Owens will receive far lower Social Security benefits than Mr. Owens

expects to receive.

Owens v. Owens, 241 S.W.3d at 494-95 (emphasis added).

Wife’s training, job skills, and opportunities for employment have not improved since

the earlier opinion. She attempted to make a living as a real estate agent, but was

unsuccessful. She testified to the various efforts she made to develop that business. Starting

out at her age is difficult enough, and the recession greatly impacted her opportunities.2

In any event, the circumstances before us present a situation in which conversion of

rehabilitative alimony to alimony in futuro is appropriate.3 We find Wife’s inability to be

rehabilitated to the standard defined the statute constitutes a substantial and material change

of circumstances warranting a modification of the alimony.

Once an obligee spouse has shown a substantial and material change of circumstances

2

It appears to us that the trial court considered some of Wife’s expenditures in her effort to open a

yoga studio were not necessarily reasonable.

3

In the case before us, Wife asked in her petition for alimony in futuro as an alternative to an

extension and increase in rehabilitative alimony. The record does not indicate that the trial court considered

awarding Wife alimony in futuro.

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warranting a modification of an alimony award, the court should consider the relevant factors

set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(i) to determine the appropriate amount of

modification. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d at 730. The two most important factors to consider when

initially making or modifying an award of alimony are the need of the disadvantaged spouse

and the obligor spouse’s ability to pay.” Bratton v. Bratton, 136 S.W.3d 595, 604 (Tenn.

2004); Bogan, 60 S.W.3d at 730; Oakes v. Oakes, 235 S.W.3d 152, 160 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2007).

Wife is currently in her mid-60s and has not been able to become self-sufficient as a

real estate agent, as she had planned. Wife presented testimony of her need for support and

the trial court found that she had a need for continuing support.

We agree with the trial court’s finding that Wife needs continuing support and

conclude that alimony in futuro is appropriate in this case. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-

121(d)(3) (where there is relative economic disadvantage and rehabilitation is not feasible,

the court may grant an order for payment of support and maintenance on a long-term basis);

see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(d)(4) (award of alimony in futuro may be made instead

of rehabilitative alimony where rehabilitation is not feasible). The record reveals that

Husband’s income, while not the same year to year, has increased since the parties were

divorced in 2004 and that he has fewer expenses now than he did then. The trial court

concluded Husband has the ability to continue paying the amount of rehabilitative alimony

previously ordered, and Husband does not contest this finding.4

In her petition Wife alleged she had monthly expenses of $5,700. At trial Wife

submitted an Income and Expense Statement indicating she has monthly expenses of $8,876.

Wife was unable to justify all of the expenses in the statement and the trial court

“question[ed] Ms. Owens’ veracity for truthfulness in regard to her claim to need $8,876.00

per month for expenses.”

Wife testified that she and her mother own various parcels of residential real estate

that produce, or are capable of producing, rental income. When the parties’ marital property

was divided as part of their divorce, Ms. Owens was awarded an interest in the Ragghianti-

Owens Partnership that was valued in 2004 at $167,450. The record suggests that this

partnership owns residential real estate that produces, or is capable of producing, rental

income. At the time of trial there were no mortgages on Wife’s house or car. Wife testified

she intends to move her mother’s things out of the house her mother was living in before

moving into Wife’s pool house and that she will be able to rent her mother’s house out once

4

Husband introduced evidence of some health issues, but he continues to work five or more days each

week, and his income level does not appear to have suffered as a result of his health.

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it is empty.

Considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude Wife is entitled to alimony

in futuro payments of $2,000 per month beginning in December of 2012, the month after her

rehabilitative alimony award terminated.

While Tenn. Code Ann. § 36–5–121(d)(2) reflects a statutory preference favoring

rehabilitative spousal support and transitional spousal support over long-term periodic

spousal support, Bratton v. Bratton, 136 S.W.3d at 605; Perry v. Perry, 114 S.W.3d 465, 467

(Tenn. 2003), this statutory preference does not entirely displace the other forms of spousal

support when the facts of the case warrant long-term or more open-ended support. Aaron v.

Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tenn.1995).

III. Attorney’s Fees

We turn now to the issue of attorney’s fees. The trial court ordered that each party is

responsible for his or her own attorney’s fees. Wife contends she is entitled to her attorney’s

fees incurred both at trial and on appeal. Tennessee follows the American rule providing that

litigants are responsible for their own attorney’s fees absent a statute or agreement between

the parties providing otherwise. State v. Brown Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186,

194 (Tenn. 2000).

Wife relies on Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-5-101 and 36-5-103(c) as support for her

request. Reasonable fees may be awarded pursuant to § 36-5-103(c) in actions to enforce a

decree for alimony, which has been interpreted as including the situation where an alimony

recipient is forced to defend an action to reduce or terminate that alimony. Evans v. Evans,

2004 WL 1882586, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 23, 2004). In addition, a court may award

a former spouse attorney’s fees as alimony in solido pursuant to § 36-5-101 in a modification

or alimony proceeding. See Evans, 2004 WL 1882586, at *15 (“ample authority exists to

authorize a court to award fees in a modification proceeding on the same basis, and according

to the same principles, as a fee award is made in the divorce proceeding and initial award

under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101”).

An award of attorney’s fees is within the sound discretion of the trial court, regardless

of the legal authority for the award, and will not be reversed on appeal if that discretion is

not abused. Yount v. Yount, 91 S.W.3d 777, 783 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Evans, 2004 WL

1882586, at *17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 23, 2004). A trial court abuses its discretion when it

applies an incorrect legal standard, or reaches a decision that is not logical, bases its decision

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on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or uses reasoning that causes an injustice

to the complaining party. Bailey v. Blount Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 303 S.W.3d 216, 237 (Tenn.

2010) (citing State v. Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 116 (Tenn. 2008)).

An award of fees should be “just and equitable under the facts of the case.” Sherrod

v. Wix, 849 S.W.2d 780, 785 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Considering the record as a whole in

this case, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Wife her attorney’s

fees at trial.

Wife also seeks her attorney’s fees on appeal pursuant to the same statutory authority.

“Whether to award attorney’s fees on appeal is a matter within the sole discretion of this

Court.” Hill v. Hill, 2007 WL 4404097, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2007) (citing Archer

v. Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412, 419 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)). In determining whether an award

of fees on appeal is appropriate, we consider “the ability of the requesting party to pay the

accrued fees, the requesting party’s success in the appeal, whether the requesting party

sought the appeal in good faith, and any other equitable factor that need be considered.” Hill,

2007 WL 4404097, at *6 (citing Dulin v. Dulin, 2003 WL 22071454, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Sept. 3, 2003)).

We grant Wife an award of the attorney’s fees she has incurred on appeal. We remand

to the trial court for a determination of the amount of the award.

IV. C ONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we reverse the trial court’s judgment denying Wife’s

motion to extend her alimony and hold that she is entitled to alimony in futuro in the amount

of $2,000 per month beginning in December 2012. We affirm the trial court’s judgment

denying Wife her attorney’s fees incurred at trial, but grant Wife’s request for attorney’s fees

incurred on appeal. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellee, James Emery Owens.

____________________________

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE

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