The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
MARSHALL DIVISION
UNILOC 2017 LLC, §
§
Plaintiff, §
§
v. § Case No. 2:18-cv-00504-JRG-RSP
§
GOOGLE LLC, §
§
Defendant. §
MEMORANDUM ORDER
Before the Court is the Motion to Transfer Venue to the Northern District of California
under 28 U.S.C. § 1404 (“Motion”), filed by Defendant Google LLC.1 Dkt. No. 94. After
consideration, the Court GRANTS Google’s Motion. It is therefore ORDERED that the case be
transferred to the Northern District of California.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Uniloc 2017 LLC (“Uniloc”) is a Delaware limited liability company with offices
in Tyler, Texas, and Newport Beach, California. Dkt. No. 1 at 1. Defendant Google LLC
(“Google”) is a California corporation with its principal place of business in the Northern District
of California. On November 17, 2018, Uniloc filed multiple patent infringement suits against
Google in this Court.2
A few months later, Google filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) to transfer the
cases to the Northern District of California.3 Google argues that its financial witnesses and key
Google employees who worked on the accused functionality are located in the Northern District,
1 A similar motion was filed in all the Uniloc v. Google cases, Case Nos. 2:18-cv-491–-493, -496–-497, -499, -501–-
504, -548, -550–-553. Although some minor facts differ, the result is the same in every case.
2 Uniloc filed some of the suits on December 30, 2018. See Case Nos. 2:18-cv-548, -550–-553.
3 Google filed a renewed motion to transfer, which is the present motion, after some targeted discovery.
with the majority of the other witnesses also residing in California. Google further argues that the
majority of the evidence is located in the Northern District or is accessible through the cloud.
Uniloc opposes transfer, contending that this District is the proper venue. Uniloc argues
that both it and Google have extensive ties to this District and Texas in general. It also argues that
this District would be more convenient for non-party witnesses, especially willing witnesses.
Finally, Uniloc argues that a denial of transfer could prevent a waste of judicial resources by
avoiding the need for the Northern District to restart a series of cases nearing trial.4
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may
transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought . . . .”
28 U.S.C. § 1404(a); see also In re Toyota Motor Corp., 747 F.3d 1338, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2014). “A
motion to transfer venue should be granted upon a showing that the transferee venue ‘is clearly
more convenient’ than the venue chosen by the plaintiff.” In re Genentech, Inc., 566 F.3d 1338,
1342 (quoting In re Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 545 F.3d 304, 315 (5th Cir. 2008) (en banc)
(“Volkswagen II”)); see also In re Nintendo Co., Ltd., 589 F.3d 1194, 1197 (Fed. Cir. 2009); In re
TS Tech USA Corp., 551 F.3d 1315, 1319 (Fed. Circ. 2008). The first inquiry when analyzing a
case’s eligibility for § 1404(a) transfer is “whether the judicial district to which transfer is sought
would have been a district in which the claim could have been filed.” In re Volkswagen AG, 371
F.3d 201, 203 (5th Cir. 2004) (“Volkswagen I”).
Once that threshold is met, courts analyze a number of private and public interest factors.
Id. (citations omitted). The private factors include: “(1) the relative ease of access to sources of
4 Google’s motions to transfer were filed timely but their consideration was delayed by venue discovery and
developments in related litigation. The Court notes that, despite an invitation to do so (see Dkt. No. 289), Uniloc did
not brief the effect of In re Google LLC, 949 F.3d 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2020), reh’g denied, No. 19-00126 (Fed. Cir. May
15, 2020).
proof; (2) the availability of compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses; (3) the cost
of attendance for willing witnesses; and (4) all other practical problems that make trial of a case
easy, expeditious and inexpensive.” Id. (citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 241 n.6
(1981)). The public factors include: “(1) the administrative difficulties flowing from court
congestion; (2) the local interest in having localized interests decided at home; (3) the familiarity
of the forum with the law that will govern the case; and (4) the avoidance of unnecessary problems
of conflict of laws of the application of foreign law.” Id.
The plaintiff’s choice of venue is not a factor in this analysis. Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at
314–15. Rather, the plaintiff’s choice of venue contributes to the defendant’s burden of proving
that the transferee venue is “clearly more convenient” than the transferor venue. Id. at 315.
Furthermore, though the factors apply to most transfer cases, “they are not necessarily exhaustive
or exclusive” and no single factor is dispositive. Id. (citation omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
a. Northern District of California is a Proper Venue
The first inquiry when analyzing a case’s eligibility for § 1404(a) transfer is “whether the
judicial district to which transfer is sought would have been a district in which the claim could
have been filed.” Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 203 (citation omitted). The parties do not dispute that
this action could have been brought in the Northern District of California. The Court therefore
assumes that venue would be proper in the Northern District.
b. Private Interest Factors
i. Cost of Attendance for Willing Witnesses
“The convenience of the witnesses is probably the single most important factor in a transfer
analysis.” Genentech, 566 F.3d at 1343 (citation omitted). Under the Fifth Circuit’s 100-mile rule,
“[w]hen the distance between an existing venue for trial of a matter and a proposed venue under
§1404(a) is more than 100 miles, the factor of inconvenience to witnesses increases in direct
relationship to the additional distance to be traveled.” Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 204–05.
Google argues that most non-party witnesses likely to be called to testify in this case reside
or work in or near the Northern District, including many relevant current and former Fortress
employees.5 Dkt. No. 94 at 10 (citing id. at Background § III) (identifying over a dozen potential
witnesses in California). On the other hand, Google states that it is not aware of any non-party
witnesses who reside or work in the Eastern District. Id. (citing Toyota, 747 F.3d at 1340; Dkt. No.
94-15 at 56:11–57:12). Google also argues that the Northern District is more convenient for party
witnesses as most of the relevant Google and Uniloc witnesses reside in or near the Northern
District. Id. (citing id. at Background §§ I–II; Dkt. No. 94-10 at 15–19).
Uniloc counters that “Google fails to identify any willing nonparty witnesses” while Uniloc
can identify two non-party witnesses who are willing to travel to this District. Dkt. No. 142 at 11
(citing Palmer Decl.; Burdick Decl.).6 Further, Uniloc argues its witnesses can provide the
information requested from many of the identified non-party witnesses, making their appearance
unnecessary. Uniloc also calls into question Google’s assertion that the location of Google’s party
witnesses favors transfer. Finally, Uniloc concedes that while two of its witnesses are based in
California, another is based in New Jersey, which is closer to this District than California. Uniloc
concludes that, taken as a whole, the convenience of its witnesses does not support transfer as the
Uniloc witnesses prefer to testify in this District, Uniloc has an office in this District, and “lodging
5 Fortress Investment Group is a Northern California entity that incorporated and formed both Uniloc and Uniloc’s
parent, CF Uniloc Holdings LLC, funded Uniloc’s patent assertion strategies, and appointed its own employees as
officers and board members of Uniloc and CF Uniloc, many of whom reside and work in the Northern District. Id. at
6–8 (citations omitted). The parties sharply disagree over Fortress’ relevance.
6 Uniloc only attached exhibits to its Motion briefing in Case No. 2:18-cv-00548. See, e.g., Dkt. No. 114 in the -548
case. However, it stated that the exhibits are identical in each case. See Dkt. No. 142 at 1 n.1. Therefore, the Court
relies on the exhibits attached in the -548 case but cites to the record in this case as if the exhibits had been attached.
and meals are likely to be significantly less expensive in Marshall than in San Francisco.” Id. at
12–13 (citing Dkt. No. 142-1; Dkt. No. 142-9 at 59:5–7; Turner Decl. at ¶ 3; Pedersen Decl. at ¶
2).
Google replies that Uniloc does not dispute that the Northern District is more convenient
for the non-party witnesses identified by Google as well as the vast majority of Google and Uniloc
witnesses, who are residents of California. It further contends that Uniloc’s assertion that it can
provide information requested from non-party witnesses is contradicted by Uniloc’s own
representations throughout venue discovery. Dkt. No. 148 at 1 (citing Dkt. No. 148-2 at 2; Dkt.
No. 148-3 at 3; Dkt. No. 94-8 at 118:19–119:14; Dkt. No. 148-4; Dkt. No. 106 at 2–3). Google
also argues that while Uniloc submitted declarations stating that two non-party witnesses are
willing to travel to this District, it did not address the willingness of the other non-party witnesses
identified by Google, many of whom reside in the Northern District. Id. (identifying eight other
potential non-party witnesses). Google also contends that the non-party witnesses identified by
Uniloc either do not reside in this District, have testimony on irrelevant topics, or both. Finally,
Google argues that Uniloc has shown only minimal ties to this District, especially as it relates to
Uniloc’s witnesses.
Google recently filed a supplement confirming its previous assertion that its prior
identification of relevant witnesses was accurate. It states “that 13 of the 14 Google witnesses who
were deposed [earlier] were located in the Northern District of California; and at least 25 of the 27
Google witnesses who will be deposed in these cases . . . are similarly located in the Northern
District of California.” Dkt. No. 286 at 2. It goes on to state that the other two Google witnesses
as well as two potential Uniloc witnesses are on the West Coast while none are in Texas. Google
then argues that the COVID-19 pandemic increases the importance of witness location and
convenience, stating “[t]he logic and purpose of the 100-mile rule has never been more sound and
more important than it is today” and that “the 100-mile rule is not simply one of convenience, it is
the difference between those witnesses being able to appear for trial or not.” Id. at 4.
Uniloc responds that Google’s supplement should be given no weight since it is “merely a
battle of numbers.” Dkt. No. 301 at 1 (citing Frederick v. Advanced Fin. Sols., Inc., 558 F. Supp.
2d 699, 704 (E.D. Tex. 2007)). Uniloc argues that the lack of specificity in Google’s statement
makes it impossible to weigh the convenience of any specific witness in any specific case. For
example, Uniloc argues that just because these witnesses are confirmed deponents does not prove
they will appear at trial. Further, it argues that, “[i]n a transfer motion, the convenience of expert
witnesses means little, if anything to the transfer analysis” since parties can pick their experts,
especially a party the size of Google. Id. at 2 (citing Fletcher v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 648 F. Supp.
1400, 1403–04 (E.D. Tex. 1986)) (citations omitted). It also represents that the two people cited
in Google’s supplement as potential Uniloc witnesses will not be deposed in this case. Finally,
Uniloc argues that the COVID-19 pandemic has not made the Northern District more convenient
for a host of reasons.
ii. Relative Ease of Access to Sources of Proof
When considering the relative ease of access to sources of proof, a court looks to where
documentary evidence and physical evidence is stored. See Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 316.
Relevant evidence in patent cases usually comes from the accused infringer and, consequently, the
place where the defendant’s documents are kept ordinarily does weigh in favor of transfer to that
location. See Genentech, 566 F.3d at 1345 (citation omitted).
Google argues that “[a] majority of the evidence, including evidence from Uniloc 2017,
related Uniloc entities, Fortress, and other third-parties, may come from or favor the Northern
District, where many of these witnesses reside or spend time in California and are likely to have
relevant documents.” Dkt. No. 94 at 11–12 (citing id. at Background §§ I–III). Furthermore,
Google argues any evidence from Uniloc in this District is remotely available from anywhere. Id.
(citing id. at Background § II (“Mr. Etchegoyen testified that his emails and other Uniloc
documents . . . are stored online in the cloud.”)).
Uniloc counters that when considering this factor, a court looks to where documentary
evidence is stored regardless of its accessibility. Dkt. No. 142 at 7 (citing Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d
at 316). Uniloc argues that Google’s documents, which are hosted on Google’s data servers, are
located closer to this District than the Northern District because Google’s servers are closer even
though it admits neither Texas nor California contained a Google data center when this case was
filed. Id. (citing Dkt. No. 142-1; Dkt. No. 142-7 at 4). Uniloc also admits that its documents are
accessible anywhere but argues that some of its documents are physically located in this District.
Finally, Uniloc argues that Google only speculates as to the existence and location of non-party
documents, which is not enough to satisfy Google’s burden of proof. Furthermore, it argues that
most of the so-called non-party information identified by Google is, in fact, party information since
Uniloc has access to the requested information.
Google replies that Uniloc does not deny that many sources of proof are in California or
the Northern District. Google further contends that even if some documents are in this District,
they are on the cloud and thus, conveniently accessed anywhere with an Internet connection.
Regardless, Google argues the documents stored in this District are of little relevance to this case.
Finally, it states that Uniloc’s claim that it can provide the requested non-party information is
baseless and the requested information, like the non-parties themselves, is likely in California or
even the Northern District.
iii. Availability of Compulsory Process to Secure the Attendance of
Witnesses
A court may compel a non-party witness to attend depositions or trial within 100 miles of
where the person resides, is employed, or regularly transacts business in person. FED. R. CIV. P.
45(c)(1)(A). “Transfer is favored when a transferee district has absolute subpoena power over a
greater number of non-party witnesses” than the transferor district. Adaptix, Inc. v. HTC Corp.,
937 F. Supp. 2d 867, 874 (E.D. Tex. 2013). “The fact that the transferee venue is a venue with
usable subpoena power . . . weighs in favor of transfer, and not only slightly.” Genentech, 566 F.3d
at 1345.
Google argues that many relevant non-party witnesses are in the Northern District or in
parts of California where the Northern District has subpoena power, but this District does not. Dkt.
No. 94 at 11 (citing id. at Background § III & Argument § II.A). Google further states it is not
aware of any relevant non-party witnesses who reside or work in this District.
Uniloc responds that Google does not properly identify non-party witnesses under this
factor. Uniloc divides the identified non-party witnesses into two groups. The first group, Uniloc
argues, contains witnesses who are either part of Uniloc or have information Uniloc could provide
itself. Uniloc argues the second group contains witnesses who were cherrypicked by Google
because they are in the Northern District but with no real chance of being called at trial, such as
prior art inventors. Along these lines, Uniloc argues that “[t]o the extent any weight is given to the
individuals in Background § III of Google’s motion, similar weight should be given to the
individuals in Background § F of this response, who [are mostly in Texas and] are as likely to
testify as the ‘nonparty’ witnesses Google identifies.” Dkt. No. 142 at 10–11.
Google replies that Uniloc does not dispute that the Northern District has absolute
subpoena power over the non-party witnesses identified by Google. It then argues that Uniloc’s
assertion that Uniloc has information possessed by the identified non-party witnesses is
contradicted by Uniloc’s own representations throughout venue discovery. Google also identifies
multiple witnesses who it argues reside in the Northern District and contain relevant information
not likely to be available to Uniloc. Since it is unclear if they are willing witnesses, Google argues
it is better to be in the Northern District, which has subpoena power over them. Google also argues
that it regularly calls prior art inventors at trial. Dkt. No. 148 at 2 (citations omitted) (listing cases
where Google has called such witnesses at trial).
iv. All Other Practical Problems that Make Trial of a Case Easy,
Expeditious and Inexpensive
Google argues there are no practical problems with transferring this case because this case
was still in the early stage of litigation when Google’s initial motion to transfer was filed. The fact
that multiple cases were filed should not sway this decision as this case is unrelated to the other
cases and therefore, the relevant witnesses and documents will likely also be different.
Uniloc responds that practical problems based on judicial economy exist. It argues the
Court and parties have invested time into this case and that a transfer will create inefficiency by
requiring a new court to familiarize itself with these issues. It also argues that even if this factor is
neutral, that would weigh against transfer since Google has the burden of proof
c. Public Interest Factors
i. Administrative Difficulties Flowing from Court Congestion
The speed with which a case can come to trial and be resolved is a factor in the transfer
analysis. A proposed transferee court’s “less congested docket” and “[ability] to resolve this
dispute more quickly” should be considered. In re Hoffman-La Roche Inc., 587 F.3d 1333, 1336
(Fed. Cir. 2009). In situations where “several relevant factors weigh in favor of transfer and others
are neutral, then the speed of the transferee district court should not alone outweigh all of those
other factors.” Genentech, 566 F.3d at 1347.
Google argues this factor is neutral since the time to disposition is about the same for both
districts. Dkt. No. 94 at 14 (citing Dkt. Nos. 94-46–94-47).
Uniloc counters that this District’s time to trial is shorter than the Northern District’s time
to trial, making the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion weigh against
transfer. Dkt. No. 142 at 14 (citation omitted).
ii. Local Interest in Having Localized Interests Decided at Home
This factor considers the interest of the locality of each venue in having the case resolved
there. See Volkswagen I, 371 F.3d at 205–06. This consideration is based on the principle that
“[j]ury duty is a burden that ought not to be imposed upon the people of a community [that] has
no relation to the litigation.” Id.
Google argues that its activities related to the accused functionality are primarily centered
in the Northern District. Dkt. No. 94 at 13 (citing id. at Background § I & Argument § II.A). Since
Uniloc’s allegations call into question “the work and reputation” of engineers responsible for these
products as well as Google’s reputation, the Northern District’s “interest in this case remains
strong.” Id. (quoting Hoffman-La Roche, 587 F.3d at 1336) (citations omitted)). Further, multiple
non-parties, such as prior art inventors as well as Fortress, call the Northern District home. Id.
(citing id. at Background § III; Dkt. No. 94-34 at 67:9–69:3; Dkt. Nos. 94-37–94-44). Google
contrasts this with Uniloc, which Google contends does not transact business under Texas law and
is not registered as a business in Texas. Id. at 13–14 (citing Dkt. No. 94-2 at ¶ 2). Finally, Google
argues neither it nor Uniloc has a connection to this District that could not also be drawn to other
districts, such as Google making its services and products available nationally. Id. at 14 (citing
Volkswagen II, 545 F.3d at 318; Nintendo, 589 F.3d at 1198; TS Tech, 551 F.3d at 1321).
Uniloc responds that it and its predecessor entities have been in this District for more than
a decade while it has no office or employees in the Northern District. It goes on to contend that its
general ties to California do not give the Northern District an interest in this case and that this
District has at least as much interest in the outcome of this case as the Northern District. It further
argues that Google’s activities related to the accused product are not primarily centered in the
Northern District but instead are provided from Google’s data centers, which are closer to this
District than the Northern District. Finally, Uniloc distinguishes Volkswagen II by arguing that the
Dallas Division in that case had an interest because the accident that gave rise to the case occurred
there, affecting the residents of that division. Here, however, Google’s infringing activity that gives
rise to this suit occurs in this District and affects, directly and indirectly, the residents of this
District.
iii. Familiarity of the Forum with the Law that Will Govern the Case
and Avoidance of Unnecessary Problems of Conflict of Laws or in
the Application of Foreign Law
The parties agree these factors are neutral as both districts are familiar with and can apply
the same federal patent laws to this patent infringement case. See, e.g., Dkt. No. 94 at 14 (citing
TS Tech, 551 F.3d at 1320).
IV. CONCLUSION
The Court has considered all the arguments made by both sides, laying out the most
persuasive ones in this Order. Neither party seems to truly contend that sources of proof cannot be
easily accessed from either venue. The few documents that are physically present in either district
have little relevance. However, keeping the Fifth Circuit’s 100-mile rule in mind, Google has
shown that far more witnesses in this case, both party and non-party, are in the Northern District
or close to it. This is not just a matter of numbers but also of substance as well. Google’s
supplement also shows that these identified witnesses are more likely to attend trial, making the
need to consider their convenience more important, even without regard to the difficulties posed
by the pandemic. Regardless of whether the non-party witnesses would be unwilling to attend trial,
which is unclear for most of them, Google has made a credible showing that the Northern District
would have subpoena power over many of the identified witnesses pursuant to Rule 45(c). The
fact that this decision comes at a relatively late stage provides an unusual degree of certainty about
the trial witnesses, in place of the speculation normally necessary. The late stage of this case does
itself present some cause for concern. Yet, Google filed this motion in a timely manner early in
the case and the delay was due to venue discovery and developments in other related cases, which
cannot be attributed to Google.
After consideration, and on the unusual record before it, the Court finds that the Northern
District of California is clearly more convenient than this District. It therefore GRANTS Google’s
Motion to Transfer and ORDERS that this case be transferred to the Northern District of
California.
SIGNED this 8th day of June, 2020.
Gey 5. Yo
ROY S. PAYNE
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
12/12