Harris v. Hutson

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN DIVISION

______________________________________________________________________________

QUANNAH HARRIS

d/b/a LAST MINUTE CUTS,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 2:21-cv-2717-MSN-tmp

MELISSA HUTSON,

TERRY W. BARNES,

investigators for the Tennessee Department

of Commerce and Insurance,

TENNESSE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY

AND BARBERING,

RONALD R. GILLIHAN, II, chairman of the

Board, and

ROXANNA GUMUCIO,

executive director of the Board,

Defendants.

______________________________________________________________________________

ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

______________________________________________________________________________

Before the Court is the Chief Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation (“Report”),

(ECF No. 26), entered January 25, 2022. The Report recommends that Defendant’s Motion to

Dismiss, (ECF No. 10), be granted as to all claims against the Board and denied without prejudice

as to all remaining claims; the Report further recommends that the Court “abstain from exercising

jurisdiction [and] administratively close the case.” (ECF No. 26 at PageID 365–66.) Plaintiff

timely filed her objections to the Report on February 9, 2022, (ECF No. 28), to which Defendants

responded on February 22, 2022. (ECF No. 29.) For the reasons below, the Court ADOPTS the

Report.

BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Chief Magistrate Judge’s Report offers Proposed Findings of Fact. (ECF No. 26 at

PageID 366–70.) Plaintiff’s objections are strictly legal, do not allege new facts, and do not offer

objections to the Chief Magistrate Judge’s Findings of Fact.1 Therefore, the Court ADOPTS the

Report’s Proposed Findings of Fact.

The following details provide a brief factual synopsis for this matter; a more exhaustive

explanation appears in the Chief Magistrate Judge’s “Findings of Fact,” as previously adopted.

Plaintiff initiated this action against Defendants with her pro se Complaint, filed on November 12,

2021. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff owns a school for cosmetology and barbering, known as “Last

Minute Cuts,” in the greater Memphis area. (Id. at PageID 5.) She alleges that Defendant

Tennessee Board of Cosmetology (“Board”) violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by retaliating against her

for filing this lawsuit when it suspended her school’s operations and that Defendants Hutson and

Barnes gave Last Minute Cuts “intentionally low rated scores . . . based upon false statements and

representations.” (Id. at PageID 9, 17–18.) Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant Gumucio

intentionally submitted false inspection reports to the Board, which constituted harassment. (Id.)

More particularly, she alleges Gumucio took this action against her based on her African American

race. (Id.) Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Gillihan violated her due process rights when

he failed to provide her with proper notice that Last Minute Cuts would have its operations

suspended. (Id. at PageID 24–26.)

On December 6, 2021, all Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 10.)

Defendants argue that (1) the Board enjoys immunity from § 1983 suits under the Eleventh

1 Put differently, Plaintiff has not specifically identified any objections to the findings of

fact, as required by law, and the Court will not—nor should it—speculate about objections she

otherwise may have levied. See Miller v. Currie, 50 F.3d 373, 380 (6th Cir. 1995).

Amendment because it is an arm of the state of Tennessee and (2) the Court should abstain from a

ruling on the merits under the abstention doctrine announced in Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37

(1971) . (Id. at PageID 3–4.) Plaintiff responded to the Motion on January 18, 2022. (ECF No.

18.) The Chief Magistrate Judge addressed Defendant’s Motion and Plaintiff’s Response in his

Report issued on January 25, 2022. (ECF No. 26.) The Report recommended that the Motion be

granted as to the Board, denied without prejudice as to all other claims, that the Court abstain from

exercising jurisdiction, and administratively close the case until the underlying state proceedings

have been resolved. (Id. at PageID 380.) Plaintiff filed timely objections to the Report on February

9, 2022. (ECF No. 28.) Defendants filed a response to these objections on February 22, 2022.

(ECF No. 29.)

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Congress enacted 28 U.S.C. § 636 to relieve the burden on the federal judiciary by

permitting the assignment of district court duties to magistrate judges. See United States v. Curtis,

237 F.3d 598, 602 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Gomez v. United States, 490 U.S. 858, 869–70 (1989));

see also Baker v. Peterson, 67 F. App’x 308, 310 (6th Cir. 2003). For dispositive matters, “[t]he

district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s disposition that has been

properly objected to.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). After reviewing the

evidence, the court is free to accept, reject, or modify the magistrate judge’s proposed findings or

recommendations. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The district court is not required to review—under a

de novo or any other standard—those aspects of the report and recommendation to which no

objection is made. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 150 (1985). The district court should adopt

the magistrate judge’s findings and rulings to which no specific objection is filed. See id. at 151.

Objections to any part of a Magistrate Judge’s disposition “must be clear enough to enable

the district court to discern those issues that are dispositive and contentious.” Miller, 50 F.3d at

380; see also Arn, 474 U.S. at 147 (stating that the purpose of the rule is to “focus attention on

those issues . . . that are at the heart of the parties’ dispute.”). Each objection to a magistrate

judge’s recommendation should include how the analysis is wrong, why it was wrong and how de

novo review will obtain a different result on that particular issue. Howard v. Sec’y of Health &

Human Servs., 932 F.2d 505, 509 (6th Cir. 1991).

A general objection, or one that merely restates the arguments previously presented and

addressed by the magistrate judge, does not sufficiently identify alleged errors in the report and

recommendation. Id. When an objection reiterates the arguments presented to a magistrate judge,

the report and recommendation should be reviewed for clear error. Verdone v. Comm’r of Soc.

Sec., No. 16-CV-14178, 2018 WL 1516918, at *2 (E.D. Mich. 2018) (citing Ramirez v. United

States, 898 F. Supp. 2d 659, 663 (S.D.N.Y. 2012)); Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n v.

Dolgencorp, LLC, 277 F. Supp. 3d 932, 965 (E.D. Tenn. 2017). Nonetheless, the Court notes,

“[p]ro se complaints are to be held ‘to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by

lawyers,’ and should therefore be liberally construed.” Williams v. Curtin, 631 F.3d 380, 383 (6th

Cir. 2011) (quoting Martin v. Overton, 391 F.3d 710, 712 (6th Cir. 2004)). Pro se litigants,

however, are not exempt from the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Wells

v. Brown, 891 F.2d 591, 594 (6th Cir. 1989).

DISCUSSION

Plaintiff raises three cognizable objections to the Report: first, that her claims against

Gilihan in his official capacity should not be dismissed because Plaintiff sought prospective

injunctive and declaratory remedies, which allegedly entitles her to bypass the abstention doctrine

and obtain relief under Section 1983; second, that the state lacks standing to defend Hutson,

Barnes, and Gumucio because they were not sued in their official capacities; and, third, because

Plaintiff’s “claims raised against Gumucio, Hutson[,] and Barnes are not in direct issue before any

judicial body for which that body may provide relief,” Younger abstention2 does not preclude

Plaintiff from proceeding with her suit against these Defendants in their personal capacities.3 (ECF

No. 28 at PageID 385.) In sum, Plaintiff argues that “[t]he rules of abstention simply do not apply

to Gumucio, Hutson and Barnes and should not apply to Gilihan based on the extraordinary actions

2 For some additional context, “Younger abstention derives from a desire to prevent federal

courts from interfering with the functions of state criminal prosecutions and to preserve equity and

comity.” Doe v. Univ. of Ky., 860 F.3d 365, 368 (6th Cir. 2017) (citing Younger, 401 U.S. at 44).

“Regarding the situations to which Younger applies, first, Younger permits abstention when there

is an ongoing state criminal prosecution.” Id. at 369 (citing New Orleans Pub. Serv., Inc. v. Council

of City of New Orleans, 491 U.S. 350, 368 (1989) (“NOPSI”). “Next, Younger precludes federal

involvement in certain civil enforcement proceedings.” Id. (citing NOPSI, 491 U.S. at 368).

“Finally, Younger pertains to ‘civil proceedings involving certain orders that are uniquely in

furtherance of the state courts’ ability to perform their judicial functions,’ such as contempt

orders.” Id. (citing NOPSI, 491 U.S. at 368 (citations omitted)). Once a court determines that the

circumstances in a pending matter fit within one of the three previously discussed NOPSI

categories, it “evaluates the proceeding using a three-factor test laid out in Middlesex County

Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423 (1982).” Id. This “test states that

abstention may occur when three criteria are met: (1) state proceedings are currently pending; (2)

the proceedings involve an important state interest; and (3) the state proceedings will provide the

federal plaintiff with an adequate opportunity to raise his constitutional claims.” Id. (citing

Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 432–34.

3 Plaintiff also restates many of the same facts she announced in her Complaint, attempting

to shoehorn her claims into the “rarely applied” harassment exception to Younger abstention. (See

ECF No. 28 at PageID 387–88.) Kalniz v. Ohio State Dental Bd., 699 F. Supp. 2d 966, 972 (S.D.

Ohio 2010). However, as the Chief Magistrate Judge correctly explained, Plaintiff failed to present

facts that indicate the repercussions she faced from the Board “result[ed from] state harassment,

rather than genuine enforcement efforts”—so too in her latest filing. (ECF No. 26 at PageID 379–

80.) The Court will not invoke this exception without sufficient facts to show that Defendants

“were motivated by bad faith or with intent to harass.” Fieger v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 740, 750 (6th

Cir. 1996). Doing so would be an egregious assumption and one that would impute bad faith to a

party without justification. In other words, correlation does not equal causation: just because

Plaintiff faced remedial consequences from the Board does not mean, without more, that those

consequences were motivated by bad faith or with an intent to harass (as required by law to invoke

this exception). See Doe v. Univ. of Kentucky, 860 F.3d 365, 371 (6th Cir. 2017) (“conclusory

statements” are insufficient to show harassment).

taken to deny the plaintiff’s constitutional rights.”4 (Id. at PageID 389.) “Plaintiff does not object

to the dismissal of the claim against the Board . . . .” (Id. at PageID 383.) Defendants respond

that “the nature of [Plaintiff’s] allegations do not preclude Younger abstention” because the

conduct allegedly committed by Defendants “occurred within the scope of their state employment

and all relate to the revocation she is still challenging in Tennessee courts.” (ECF No. 29 at PageID

392–93.)

Plaintiff’s first objection turns on whether Plaintiff may bypass the abstention doctrine

announced in Younger and obtain relief against Gilihan—the Chairman of the Board—under

Section 1983 because she pursued “prospective injunctive and declaratory relief” against him

(ECF No. 28 at 384.) To support her argument, Plaintiff cites Kaplan v. Univ. of Louisville, 10

F.4th 569, 577 (6th Cir. 2021) (citing Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89,

102 (1984)), which relies on the Ex Parte Young doctrine—one that allows “plaintiffs to bring a

suit challenging the constitutionality of a state official’s action.” Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 102.

However, this approach blends two distinct questions, specifically: (1) Plaintiff’s ability to

challenge the constitutionality of Gilihan’s actions and (2) whether the Court should abstain from

hearing that challenge at this time.5

4 Plaintiff concludes that: “For the foregoing reason[s], the plaintiff prays that this Court

will reject the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate as it relates to dismissal of Gilihan

in his official capacity for injunctive and declaratory relief. Further the plaintiff seeks that the

Court will move forward with the case against Gumucio, Hutson and Barnes in their individual

[capacities].” (ECF No. 28 at PageID 389.)

5 As other courts have explained, “the continued authority of Young . . . does not except

this case from the abstention doctrine of Younger v. Harris . . . . [T]o prevail in obtaining injunctive

or mandamus relief . . . [Plaintiff] must satisfy both Young and Younger.” Easterling v. Henderson,

No. 3:14-CV-064, 2014 WL 936305, at *8–9 (S.D. Ohio 2014) adopted by 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

67193 (S.D. Ohio 2014).

Under Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1900), “[c]ourts routinely entertain suits against state

officers even in their official capacities when the plaintiff seeks prospective injunctive relief”

because these suits are “not treated ‘as actions against the State.’” Thompson v. Whitmer, Case

No. 21-2602, 2022 WL 168395, at *14–15 (6th Cir. 2022) (quoting Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S.

159, 167 n. 14 (1985)). Conversely, Younger addresses not whether a suit against a public official

may be entertained, but when it may be heard. Courts apply the Middlesex test to determine

whether Younger abstention applies: “(1) there must be on-going state judicial proceedings; (2)

those proceedings must implicate important state interests; and (3) there must be an adequate

opportunity in the state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges.” Sun Ref. & Mktg. Co. v.

Brennan, 921 F.2d 635, 639 (6th Cir. 1990) (citing Middlesex Cnty. Ethics Comm’n v. Garden

State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432 (1982)); see Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 9–12

(1987). “So long as the constitutional claims of respondents can be determined in the state

proceedings and so long as there is no showing of bad faith, harassment, or some other

extraordinary circumstance that would make abstention inappropriate, the federal courts should

abstain.” Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 435; see Squire v. Coughlan, 469 F.3d 551, 555 (6th Cir. 2006).

Younger also applies “to noncriminal judicial proceedings when important state interests are

involved.” Id. at 432.

Here, Defendant correctly argues that Ex Parte Young does not preclude Younger

abstention even if it does forestall dismissing the case against Gilihan at this time.6 Indeed, the

Sixth Circuit has held that Younger may bar prospective injunctive relief. See, e.g., Fuller v. Jolly,

41 F. App’x 821, 822 (6th Cir. 2002) (“prospective injunctive relief . . . is barred by Younger v.

6 Consistent with this reading of the law, the Chief Magistrate Judge recommends

abstention and not dismissal as to all claims against Gilihan. (ECF No. 26 at PageID 380.)

Harris . . . .”); Squire, 469 F.3d at 555 (allowing Younger abstention despite a claim for temporary

injunctive relief). Furthermore, abstention is appropriate for the claims against Gilihan because

he allegedly committed misconduct in his official capacity as Chairman of the Board. (See ECF

No. 28 at PageID 384.) Accordingly, the ongoing state court proceeding offers Plaintiff an

opportunity to address any constitutional concerns against Gilihan because that proceeding

involves the Board’s actions and thus necessarily implicates Gilihan’s leadership decisions

therewith. See Brennan, 921 F.2d at 639. And, as the Report explains in detail, (ECF No. 26 at

PageID 376–77), a plethora of cases have affirmed the fact that states have an important interest

in licensure integrity, like the cosmetology licensing at issue here.7 Plaintiff has not attempted to

distinguish the case law cited in the Report or provided the Court with any reason to find that

cosmetology licenses should be treated different from other professional licenses. In fact,

persuasive authority from other jurisdictions specifically suggest that states have an important

interest in cosmetology and barbering licenses. See Cornwell v. California Bd. of Barbering and

Cosmetology, 962 F. Supp. 1260, 1268 (S.D. Cal. 1997) (“The state has an important interest in

regulating the conduct of its [cosmetology and barbering] professions.”) Therefore, Plaintiff’s first

objection is OVERRULED.

Plaintiff’s second objection maintains that the State lacks standing to defend Defendants

Gumucio, Hutson, and Barnes because these defendants have been sued in their personal

7 The Court incorporates by reference the cited authorities from the Report, which appeared

therein as follows: “See Squire v. Coughlan, 469 F.3d 551, 556 (6th Cir. 2006) (“the state has an

extremely important interest in maintaining and assuring the professional conduct of the attorneys

it licenses”); Al-Marayati v. Univ. of Toledo, 145 F.3d 1329 (table), 1998 WL 252760, at *6 (6th

Cir. 1998) (“the State certainly has an important interest in monitoring and disciplining the conduct

of faculty members at institutions of higher education which are financially subsidized by the

state”); Watts, 854 F.2d at 846 (medical disciplinary proceedings); Kalniz v. Ohio State Dental

Bd., 699 F. Supp. 2d 966, 972 (S.D. Ohio 2010) (“the regulation of the practice of dentistry is an

important state interest”).” (ECF No. 26 at PageID 376–77.)

capacities. (ECF No. 28 at PageID 384.) However, this objection fails to address the Chief

Magistrate Judge’s Order Denying Pro Se Motion to Disqualify the Attorney General, (ECF No.

25), which specifically adjudicated this dispute. Therefore, because this argument has been

adequately addressed by the Chief Magistrate Judge and Plaintiff’s objection does not raise any

new argument challenging the analysis in the Order docketed at ECF No. 25, Plaintiff’s second

objection is OVERRULED. See Howard, 932 F.2d at 509 (actionable objections must state how

the magistrate judge’s analysis is wrong); Verdone, 2018 WL 1516918, at *2.

Plaintiff’s third objection turns on whether Younger abstention precludes Plaintiff from

persisting at this time with her litigation against Defendants Gumucio, Hutson, and Barnes in their

personal capacities. Plaintiff argues that “[t]he claims against Gumucio, Hutson, and Barnes are

not in direct issue before any judicial body for which that body may provide relief.” (ECF No. 28

at PageID 385.) Defendants maintain that Younger abstention controls because “[a]ll of

Defendants’ alleged actions occurred within the scope of their state employment and all relate to

the revocation that [Plaintiff] is still challenging in the Tennessee courts.” (ECF No. 29 at PageID

392–93.)

Here, Plaintiff’s argument is conclusory because it does not allege that “state procedural

law bar[s] presentation of [Plaintiff’s] constitutional claims.” Nimer v. Litchfield Tp. Bd. of

Trustees, 707 F.3d 699, 701 (6th Cir. 2013). The U.S. Supreme Court has made clear that Plaintiff

must satisfy this burden to survive the third Younger prong.8 Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481

U.S. 1, 14 (1987) (“The burden . . . rests on the federal plaintiff to show ‘that state procedural law

barred presentation of [its] claims.’”) (quoting Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 432 (1979)) (internal

8 Specifically, that abstention would deny Plaintiff an adequate opportunity to litigate her

claims against Gumucio, Hutson, and Barnes.

citations omitted). The Sixth Circuit faithfully applies this standard. See Fed. Express Corp. v.

Tenn. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 925 F.2d 962, 969 (6th Cir. 1991). Plaintiff’s bald assertion that she

“has absolutely no judicial avenue in the judicial review of the Board’s decision to seek a redress

of the wrong as it relates to damages incurred as a result of the wrongful actions of Gumucio,

Hutson and Barnes”, (ECF No. 28 at PageID 387), omits mentioning any authority, let alone state

procedural law, that bars presentation of her claims against these Defendants at the underlying

state proceeding. Consequently, her claim must fail. See Squire, 469 F.3d at 556 (quoting Fieger,

74 F.3d at 745 (abstention is appropriate unless “state law clearly bars the interposition of the

constitutional claims.”); see also Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 435 (federal courts should abstain absent

extraordinary circumstances when certain claims can be adjudicated at the underlying state

proceeding). Therefore, because it cannot overcome the third Younger prong, Plaintiff’s third

objection is OVERRULED.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons above, the Court ADOPTS the Chief Magistrate Judge’s Report. The

Defendant’s Motion is GRANTED IN PART as to the Board and DENIED IN PART

WITHOUT PREJUDICE as to all other Defendants. The Court ABSTAINS regarding all

remaining claims and ADMINISTRATIVELY CLOSES this matter pending resolution of the

ongoing state proceeding. The parties must file an appropriate motion to reopen this matter once

the state proceeding has concluded.

IT IS SO ORDERED, this 7th day of June, 2022.

s/ Mark Norris

MARK S. NORRIS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE