“[T]he action of striking a pleading should be sparingly used by the courts . . . [and] is a drastic remedy to be resorted to only when required for the purposes of justice.”
How later courts described this case
- “[T]he action of striking a pleading should be sparingly used by the courts . . . [and] is a drastic remedy to be resorted to only when required for the purposes of justice.”
- applying Twombly and Iqbal standards to affirmative defenses
- “A court has ‘liberal discretion to strike such filings’ as it deems appropriate under Rule 12(f).” (citation omitted)
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE DIVISION
VISION REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT
CORP., et al.,
Case No. 3:18-cv-00014
Plaintiffs,
Judge William L. Campbell, Jr.
v. Magistrate Judge Alistair E. Newbern
METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT OF
NASHVILLE & DAVIDSON COUNTY, et
al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM ORDER
Before the Court is Plaintiffs Vision Real Estate Investment Corp., Autumn Assisted
Living Partners, Inc., and Michael Hampton’s motion to strike Defendant Metropolitan
Development and Housing Agency’s (MDHA) affirmative defenses. (Doc. No. 106.) MDHA has
responded in opposition. (Doc. No. 111.) For the reasons that follow, the plaintiffs’ motion to
strike will be granted in part and denied in part.
I. Background
The Court has discussed the circumstances of this case at length in a prior order. (Doc.
No. 94.) Briefly stated, Plaintiffs entered into a series of contracts with Defendant Metropolitan
Government of Nashville and Davidson County (Metro) concerning the development of a parcel
of land in north Nashville known as the Bordeaux Hospital Property. (Doc. No. 45.)
These agreements included an agreement between Autumn Assisted Living
(“Autumn”) and Metro whereby Autumn agreed to lease and operate an assisted
living facility located on the Bordeaux Hospital Property. Autumn Assisted Living
entered into a separate agreement with Metro to lease and eventually purchase the
assisted living facility. In January 2017, the Metro Council passed a bill rescinding
the Lease Purchase Agreement on grounds that Autumn was not properly operating
the facility and had allowed insurance to lapse. While the bill was still pending
before the Council, Metro sent Vision a letter terminating the Lease Purchase
Agreement citing Autumn’s failure to complete the purchase of the facility by the
required date and noting that “a number of additional concerns about [the facility’s]
current operating conditions have come to light, including maintenance of required
insurance coverages and regulatory deficiencies identified by the State of
Tennessee.” (Doc. No. 45-4).
(Doc. No. 124, PageID# 1112 (alteration in original).)
Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint, which is the operative pleading in this action,
alleges violations of their procedural and substantive due process rights and their right to equal
protection under the United States Constitution and state-law claims for breach of contract,
inducement to breach contract, intentional interference with a business relationship, civil
conspiracy, equitable estoppel, and fraudulent inducement. (Doc. No. 45.) The Court previously
granted in part and denied in part MDHA’s motion to dismiss the second amended complaint,
dismissing Plaintiffs’ due process and equal protection claims against MDHA but continuing to
exercise jurisdiction over their state-law claims against MDHA while federal claims remain
pending against Metro. (Doc. Nos. 94, 95.)
MDHA answered the second amended complaint, asserting the following six affirmative
defenses:
1. Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint fails to state a claim against
MDHA upon which relief can be granted.
2. MDHA hereby incorporates by referenced [sic] the affirmative
defenses set forth in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 12, as applicable.
3. MDHA asserts the doctrine of comparative fault as adopted and
recognized in the State of Tennessee.
4. MDHA asserts that the Plaintiffs’ claims are barred, in full or in part,
by the application of the doctrine of waiver, estoppel, laches, and/or unclean hands.
5. MDHA asserts that the Plaintiffs’ claims are barred, in full or in part,
by the application of any relevant statute of limitation or limitations period.
6. MDHA expressly reserves the right to assert additional affirmative
defenses as may be proper after a more complete investigation of the allegations
contained in the Second Amended Complaint.
(Doc. No. 98, PageID# 919, ¶¶ 1–6.)
Plaintiffs have moved to strike all six of these affirmative defenses under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(f) (Doc. No. 106), arguing that they “are merely conclusory legal allegations
that are insufficient affirmative defenses under [Rule] 8 and the relevant case law” (Doc. No. 106-
1, PageID# 962). MDHA opposes Plaintiffs’ motion to strike, arguing that its defenses provide the
plaintiffs with fair notice of the nature of its defenses. (Doc. No. 111.) Plaintiffs have not filed a
reply.
II. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) provides that the Court may, upon a party’s motion
or sua sponte, “strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial,
impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). “The function of the motion is to ‘avoid
the expenditure of time and money that must arise from litigating spurious issues by dispensing
with’ them early in the case.” Operating Eng’rs Local 324 Health Care Plan v. G & W Constr.
Co., 783 F.3d 1045, 1050 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Kennedy v. City of Cleveland, 797 F.2d 297,
305 (6th Cir. 1986)). “Motions to strike are viewed with disfavor and are not frequently granted.”
Id.; see also Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. United States, 201 F.2d 819, 822 (6th Cir.
1953) (“[T]he action of striking a pleading should be sparingly used by the courts . . . [and] is a
drastic remedy to be resorted to only when required for the purposes of justice.”).
The reluctance to strike pleadings stems from “the practical difficulty of deciding cases
without a factual record . . .” Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 201 F.2d at 822, and the
potentially “dilatory and often harassing character” of a motion to strike, 5C Arthur R. Miller et
al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1381 (3d ed. updated Aug. 2019). Nevertheless, motions to
strike affirmative defenses “are properly granted when ‘plaintiffs would succeed despite any state
of the facts which could be proved in support of the defense.’” Hemlock Semiconductor
Operations, LLC v. SolarWorld Indus. Sachsen GmbH, 867 F.3d 692, 697 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting
Operating Eng’rs Local 324 Health Care Plan, 783 F.3d at 1050). District courts have ample
discretion to strike filings under Rule 12(f), and their decisions are reviewed only for abuse of that
discretion. Id.; see also Van Loo v. Cajun Operating Co., 64 F. Supp. 3d 1007, 1012 (E.D. Mich.
2014) (“A court has ‘liberal discretion to strike such filings’ as it deems appropriate under Rule
12(f).” (citation omitted)).
III. Analysis
Plaintiffs rely on two cases from the United States District Court for the Northern District
of Ohio for the proposition that, in order to survive a Rule 12(f) motion to strike, affirmative
defenses must satisfy the pleading standards articulated by the Supreme Court in Bell Atlantic
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009).1 (Doc.
No. 106-1.) However, as this Court has previously explained, “[t]he Sixth Circuit has not decided
the applicability of Twombly and Iqbal to affirmative defenses[,]” and “the prevailing view among
district courts within the Sixth Circuit is that the defendant does not need to plead an affirmative
defense with the particularity required by Twombly and Iqbal.” Thomas v. Imperial Cleaning Sys.,
Inc., No. 3:18-cv-00772, 2019 WL 3210101, at *5 (M.D. Tenn. June 20, 2019), report and
recommendation adopted by 2019 WL 3202999 (July 16, 2019); see also McLemore v. Regions
Bank, Nos. 3:08-cv-0021 & 3:08-cv-1003, 2010 WL 1010092, at *13–14 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 18,
1 See Microsoft Corp. v. Lutian, No. 1:10 CV 1373, 2011 WL 4496531, at *2 (N.D. Ohio
Sept. 27, 2011) (finding “that the heightened pleading standards required by Twombly and Iqbal
apply to affirmative defenses”); HCRI TRS Acquirer, LLC v. Iwer, 708 F. Supp. 2d 687, 690–92
(N.D. Ohio 2010) (applying Twombly and Iqbal standards to affirmative defenses).
2010) (declining to extend Twombly and Iqbal to affirmative defenses). Rather, an affirmative
defense pleaded in general terms will withstand a motion to strike under Rule 12(f) “‘as long as it
gives plaintiff fair notice of the nature of the defense.’” Lawrence v. Chabot, 182 F. App’x 442,
456 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting 5 Arthur R. Miller et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1274 (3d
ed.)); see also Hawkins v. Ctr. for Spinal Surgery, No. 3:12-cv-01125, 2015 WL 1096970, at *1
(M.D. Tenn. Mar. 11, 2015) (“[A]n affirmative defense will be held to be sufficient as long as it
gives fair notice of the nature of the defense.”).
A. MDHA’s Second Affirmative Defense
MDHA’s second affirmative defense attempts to “incorporate[ ] by referenced [sic] the
affirmative defenses set forth in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 12, as applicable.” (Doc.
No. 98, PageID# 919, ¶ 2.) Rule 8(c)(1) lists eighteen separate affirmative defenses. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 8(c)(1). Rule 12(b) lists seven. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)–(7). Plaintiffs argue that MDHA’s
attempt to incorporate twenty-five defenses “in a single sentence” is “particularly deficient” in its
pleading and should be stricken. (Doc. No. 106-1, PageID# 964.) MDHA has not responded to this
argument, and none of the authority it cites addresses an attempt to incorporate by reference every
affirmative defense available under the Federal Rules.
In Glover v. Mary Jane M. Elliott, P.C., No. 1:07-cv-648, 2007 WL 2904050 (W.D. Mich.
Oct. 2, 2007), however, the court granted a motion to strike an affirmative defense that, like
MDHA’s second defense, “attempts to incorporate by reference all affirmative defenses
recognized in Rules 8(c) and 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Id. at *5. The Glover
court described this attempt to assert every available affirmative defense in one fell swoop as “utter
nonsense[,]” finding that it “does not give[ ] plaintiff fair notice of anything. . . .” Id. This Court
agrees. It is highly improbable that all twenty-five defenses available under the federal rules apply
to the plaintiffs’ state-law claims for breach of contract and related wrongs, see id., and requiring
Plaintiffs to address MDHA’s blanket assertion of every available affirmative defense whether
applicable or not would surely impose unnecessary litigations costs, see Operating Eng’rs Local
324 Health Care Plan, 783 F.3d at 1050. The Court therefore finds that MDHA’s second
affirmative defense is properly stricken under Rule 12(f).2
B. MDHA’s Remaining Affirmative Defenses
Plaintiffs argue generally that MDHA’s remaining affirmative defenses should be stricken
because they “contain no facts whatsoever, and therefore do not meet the plausibility standards
laid out in Twombly and Iqbal.” (Doc. No. 106-1, PageID# 965.) The Court has already explained
its view, in keeping with the majority of courts in this district and the Sixth Circuit, that affirmative
defenses are not subject to Twombly and Iqbal and will instead withstand a motion to strike if they
provide fair notice of the nature of the defenses. Plaintiffs have not argued that MDHA’s first,
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth affirmative defenses fail to meet this “fair notice” standard. Moreover,
as MDHA points out, this court, in Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC v. D.J. Miller Music
Distributors, Inc., No. 3:09-cv-01098, 2011 WL 4729807, at *1–6 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 7, 2011),
declined to strike affirmative defenses that are substantively identical to MDHA’s first, fourth,
2 The Glover court further found that “[t]he assertion of every conceivable affirmative
defense falls far outside [the] solemn obligation” of Michigan attorneys “not to counsel or maintain
‘any defense except such as [they] believe to be honestly debatable under the law of the land.’”
Glover, 2007 WL 2904050, at *6 (citation omitted). Indeed, the court warned that, “if counsel
should ever file another set of omnibus affirmative defenses in this court, he will be subject to the
imposition of sanctions under Rule 11, on the court’s own motion.” Id. The Court notes that
Tennessee rules governing attorney conduct similarly provide that “[a] lawyer shall not . . . defend
a proceeding, or assert or controvert an issue therein, unless after reasonable inquiry the lawyer
has a basis in law and fact for doing so that is not frivolous . . . .” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 3.1.
fifth, and sixth affirmative defenses, finding that they met the applicable fair notice standard.
Plaintiffs have not responded to that argument.
Accordingly, Plaintiffs have not shown an adequate basis for the Court to take the
disfavored step of striking MDHA’s remaining affirmative defenses.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, Plaintiffs’ motion to strike MDHA’s affirmative defenses (Doc.
No. 106) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The motion is GRANTED with
respect to MDHA’s second affirmative defense, and that defense is hereby STRICKEN WITH
PREJUDICE. The motion is DENIED with respect to MDHA’s first, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
affirmative defenses.
It is so ORDERED.
.
MSTA Le NEWBERN
United States Magistrate Judge
3 The affirmative defenses found to provide fair notice in Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC
included the following:
76. Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations.
77. Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by the doctrines of latches [sic], estoppel, and/or
waiver.
* * *
84. Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by the doctrine of unclean hands.
* * *
92. Plaintiffs have failed to state claims upon which relief may be granted.
* * *
95. [Defendant] reserves the right to assert additional defenses at the conclusion of
discovery.
2011 WL 4729807, at *1—2 (fourth alteration in original).