The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
JOHN DOE 1, JANE DOE 1, in )
their own capacity and as parent )
of CHILD DOE 1, JANE DOE 2, ) 2:22-cv-55
in her own capacity and as parent )
of CHILD DOE 2 and CHILD )
DOE 3, and JANE DOE 3, in her own ) Judge Marilyn J. Horan
capacity and as parent of CHILD )
DOE 4 and on behalf of those )
similarly situated, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. )
)
NORTH ALLEGHENY SCHOOL )
DISTRICT, a Pennsylvania )
governmental entity, RICHARD )
MCCLURE, ELIZABETH )
BLACKBURN, MARCIE CROW, )
LESLIE BRITTON DOZIER, )
PAIGE HARDY, KEVIN MAHLER, )
VIDYA SZYMKOWIAK, )
ELIZABETH WERNER, SHANNON )
YEAKEL, all individual elected officials )
sued in their individual capacity and in )
their capacity as members of the NORTH )
ALLEGHENY SCHOOL DISTRICT )
BOARD OF DIRECTORS, )
a Pennsylvania elected legislative body, )
and NORTH ALLEGHENY SCHOOL )
DISTRICT BOARD OF DIRECTORS, )
a Pennsylvania elected legislative body, )
)
Defendants. )
TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER
This Court is tasked with marshalling the law under statues and well-reasoned case law.
Just as these are unprecedented times, this Court has little, if any, precedent to guide its decision
in this case. Equally unprecedented is the societal reaction to the pandemic thereby pitting
community members against each other. The Court comments on this backdrop as an
observation of a troubling trend and to provide some semblance of an objective perspective.
Ultimately, the Court’s ruling today must be based solely on whether the School District, under
its own standards and the law under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504
of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, has reasonably accommodated immunocompromised students,
by purporting to offer a cyber school option to those students. Political rhetoric aside, the Court
must evaluate whether the School Districts has complied with federal law. In recognizing the
altruism of protecting the most vulnerable of our society, when Congress passed the ADA in
1990, it stated in its findings that “historically, society has tended to isolate and segregate
individuals with disabilities, and, despite some improvements, such forms of discrimination
against individuals with disabilities continue to be a serious and pervasive social problem.” 42
U.S.C.A. § 12101(a)(2).
The timing of this TRO motion has left this Court with limited options. School was set to
resume tomorrow with a masking optional policy. The Court’s ability to conduct a full TRO
analysis has been limited to the briefing and argument of the parties. This case and claims are
better addressed following a period where the parties have conducted discovery and/or
potentially undertaken the proper administrative routes. The prudent and practical approach,
given the potential negative impacts on the putative Plaintiffs’ health and education, is that a
reasonable period of maintaining the status quo is necessary. At this stage, the School District
has offered the accommodation of cyber school to students who are immunocompromised. The
School Board’s proffer of the cyber school accommodation fails to account for the impact to the
immunocompromised students’ educational needs and potential family needs to assist their
homebound children. In addition to providing mask guidance and information on community
spread, the CDC has also advised that “[s]tudents benefit from in-person learning, and safely
returning to in-person instruction continues to be a priority.” Guidance for COVID-19
Prevention in K-12 Schools, Ctr. Disease Control & Prevention,
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html
(last updated Jan. 13, 2022). In weighing this accommodation, the Court finds, for purposes of
this TRO only, that effecting a cyber school only option upon immunocompromised students
when faced with optional masks versus burdening the District with students conducting universal
masking is not a reasonable accommodation and such violates the spirit of the ADA as enacted
by Congress. The School Board’s proffer of the cyber school accommodation fails to account
for the impact to the immunocompromised students’ educational needs and potential family
needs to assist their homebound children. The Court cannot say, at this stage, that such
accommodation meets the protections provided for under the ADA and Section 504.
On January 17, 2022, the Court heard arguments on Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary
Restraining Order. Plaintiffs seek limited relief, requesting that this Court restore the status quo
that existed prior to the School Board’s December 8, 2021 vote, by requiring the District to
reinstate their mandate for universal masking so long as the transmission rate of infection from
COVID-19 for Allegheny County was in the “substantial” or “high” categories. Following
review of Plaintiffs’ Complaint, Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Brief, Defendants’
Brief in Response, arguments of counsel, and for the reasons stated on the record in open Court,
the Court finds that good cause exists for the issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order. At this
early stage of the proceedings and based upon the standard to be applied for issuance of a
Temporary Restraining Order, this court concludes that Plaintiffs are likely to prevail on the
merits of their claims for disability discrimination based upon the ADA and Section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act, and that the facts demonstrate Plaintiffs will suffer immediate and
irreparable injury if a temporary restraining order is not granted, and that issuance of the
Temporary Restraining Order will not impose undue burden on the Defendants, and that the
public interest weighs in favor of granting the relief. As such, Plaintiffs’ Motion will be
granted.
I. Statement of the Facts
On August 16, 2021, the School District implemented a District-Wide Policy of universal
masking. Id. at ¶ 78. On August 18, 2021, the School Board voted by a 6-3 majority to rescind
the District-wide universal masking policy in favor of an optional masking policy. Id. at ¶ 79.
On the evening of Sunday, August 22, 2021, a lawsuit was commenced in federal court to
reinstate the status quo of a universal masking policy. B.P. et al v. North Allegheny School
District, et al, Case No. 2:21-CV-01112-MJH. Id. at ¶ 80. On August 23, 2021, with all parties
represented, the Court heard oral argument and granted a Temporary Restraining Order, which
restored the masking policy as adopted on August 16, 2021. Id. at ¶ 81.
Subsequently, on August 31, 2021, the Acting Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department
of Health entered an Order with an effective date of September 7, 2021, requiring the wearing of
face coverings for all K-12 public school districts in the Commonwealth. Id. at ¶ 82. On
September 22, 2021, the Defendants held a regularly scheduled combined public board meeting.
Id. at ¶ 83. Following the period of public comment, the Board voted to: (1) rescind the Board’s
action of August 18, 2021, which made mask wearing optional; and (2) adopt a policy to require
masks to be worn indoors even after the Department of Health order is lifted for students, staff,
and visitors while Allegheny County is in substantial or high for community transmission/spread.
Id. ¶ 83. On December 8, 2021, the North Allegheny School District School Board voted to
reverse the District’s Health and Safety Plan, which required universal masking when the
transmission rate of COVID-19 in Allegheny County was in the “substantial” or “high”
categories. (ECF No. 1, at ¶ 1). As a result of this reversal, masking was set to become optional
on January 18, 2022. Id.
Since August 2021 through the present, Plaintiffs allege that, under CDC guidelines,
Allegheny County remains at a high level of transmission rate of infection from COVID-19. Id.
at ¶ 14. Plaintiffs further aver that the District has as many as 1,557 children in the District who
are medically fragile disabled students who require the protection afforded by universal masking
to reduce the risk of spread of COVID-19 and to afford them access to the school buildings for
in-person instruction. Id. at ¶ 12. Plaintiffs allege that the District’s December 8, 2021 decision
places the parents of medically vulnerable students in the position of having to decide whether to
keep their children at home, where they will likely suffer continued learning loss, or risk placing
them in an environment that presents a serious risk to their health and safety.
II. Standard of Review
Four factors govern a district court’s decision whether to issue a temporary restraining
order or preliminary injunction: “(1) whether the movant has a reasonable probability of success
on the merits; (2) whether the movant will be irreparably harmed by denying the injunction; (3)
whether there will be greater harm to the nonmoving party if the injunction is granted; and (4)
whether granting the injunction is in the public interest.” B.H. ex rel. Hawk v. Easton Area Sch.
Dist., 725 F.3d 293, 302 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal quotations omitted). The Court must determine
“in its sound discretion if all four factors, taken together, balance in favor of granting the
preliminary relief.” Reilly v. City of Harrisburg, 858 F.3d 173, 179 (3d Cir. 2017). To show a
likelihood of success on the merits, “the movant need only prove a prima facie case, not a
certainty she'll win.” Issa v. Sch. Dist. of Lancaster, 847 F.3d 121, 131 (3d Cir. 2017) (internal
quotations omitted). Similarly, the Third Circuit Court has explained that the “movant need only
show a reasonable probability of success.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). “A plaintiff seeking
a preliminary injunction must prove irreparable harm is likely in the absence of relief.” Id. at
142 (internal quotations omitted).
III. Discussion
1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Before turning to the merits of Plaintiffs’ ADA and Section 504 claims, the Court will
first address Defendants’ arguments regarding standing and administrative exhaustion.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs lack standing to bring the present action. (ECF No. 15, at 7).
Defendants likewise argue that Plaintiffs have not properly exhausted administrative remedies.
(ECF No. 15, at 12). The Court will first consider Defendants’ standing argument and will then
address Defendants’ exhaustion of administrative remedies argument.
“Article III of the Constitution limits federal courts’ jurisdiction to certain ‘Cases’ and
‘Controversies.’” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 408 (2013). The existence of a
case or controversy is “a prerequisite to all federal actions, including those for declaratory or
injunctive relief.” Peachlum v. City of York, 333 F.3d 429, 433 (3d Cir. 2003). The case or
controversy requirement mandates that: (1) the plaintiff has standing to bring the action; (2) the
plaintiff’s claim is ripe for adjudication; and (3) the claim does not suffer from mootness.
Democracy Rising PA v. Celluci, 603 F. Supp. 2d 780, 789 (M.D. Pa. 2009).
For an injury to be cognizable, it cannot be “too speculative” and it must be “certainly
impending.” Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409. Allegations of possible future injuries are insufficient to
confer standing upon a plaintiff. Id. In the context of claims for injunctive relief, standing has
been interpreted to mean that “a plaintiff must show that he is under threat of suffering injury in
fact that is concrete and particularized; the threat must be actual and imminent, not conjectural or
hypothetical; it must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and it must be
likely that a favorable judicial decision will prevent or redress the injury.” Summers v. Earth
Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009) (internal quotations omitted). For the purposes of
establishing an injury for Article III standing, a breach of a statute is sufficient to cause a
cognizable injury, and thus to permit individuals “to sue to remedy violations of their statutory
rights, even without additional injury.” In re Horizon Healthcare Servs. Inc. Data Breach Litig.,
846 F.3d 625, 635-41 (3d Cir. 2017).
In this case, Plaintiffs’ claims are premised on federal legislation with the purpose of
affording access to service under the ADA and Section 504 for disabled persons. As a breach of
a statute is sufficient to meet the cognizable injury standard, Defendants’ assertions that none of
the Plaintiffs have yet contracted COVID-19 and thus lack standing, is not the correct lens
through which to examine the issue. Instead, the focus of the Court’s analysis rests upon
whether a statutory right of the Plaintiffs have been violated under the ADA or Section 504 of
the Rehabilitation Act. As the Middle District of Pennsylvania found in the case of Doe #1 v.
Del. Valley Sch. Dist., 2021 WL 5239734, at *15 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 11, 2021), “it is beyond dispute
that any disabled Plaintiff has standing to sue pursuant to the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.” As
such, the Complaint adequately alleges that Plaintiffs are disabled individuals with the ability to
seek legal recourse under the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Thus, Plaintiffs
have standing in the present action regardless of whether any of the Plaintiffs have suffered a
concrete or particularized injury due to COVID-19.
Next, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order should
be denied because Plaintiffs have not exhausted administrative remedies for seeking
accommodations for their disabilities in the District. Plaintiffs who seek remedies under the
ADA or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act are required to first exhaust administrative
remedies prior to filing a Complaint in District Court if the matter is one that involves claims
related to education provided to students under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA). 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et. seq. The core guarantee of the IDEA is a “free appropriate public
education,” or FAPE. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A). “FAPE comprises special education and
related services—both instruction tailored to meet a child’s unique needs and sufficient
supportive services to permit the child to benefit from that instruction.” Fry v. Napoleon Cmty.
Sch., 137 S. Ct. 743, 748-49 (2017) (internal quotations omitted).
“Under the IDEA, an individual education program, called an IEP for short, serves as the
primary vehicle for providing each child with the promised FAPE.” Id. at 749 (internal
quotations omitted). “Crafted by a child’s IEP Team—a group of school officials, teachers, and
parents—the IEP spells out a personalized plan to meet all of the child’s educational needs.” Id.
(internal quotations omitted). “Because parents and school representatives sometimes cannot
agree on such issues, the IDEA establishes formal procedures for resolving disputes.” Id. The
IDEA provides parents who wish to make a complaint under the act with an avenue to file that
complaint and participate in an impartial due process hearing which is conducted in compliance
with state proscribed procedures. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f)(1)(A).
The Supreme Court has articulated a test in Fry v. Napoleon Community School for
determining whether a claim brought under the IDEA, ADA, Rehabilitation Act, or related
statutes is a FAPE or non-FAPE based claim. 137 S. Ct. at 755.
The statutory language asks whether a lawsuit in fact “seeks” relief available
under the IDEA—not, as a stricter exhaustion statute might, whether the suit
“could have sought” relief available under the IDEA (or, what is much the same,
whether any remedies “are” available under that law). In effect, § 1415(l) treats
the plaintiff as “the master of the claim”: She identifies its remedial basis—and is
subject to exhaustion or not based on that choice. A court deciding whether §
1415(l) applies must therefore examine whether a plaintiff’s complaint—the
principal instrument by which she describes her case—seeks relief for the denial
of an appropriate education.
But that examination should consider substance, not surface. The use (or non-use
of particular labels and terms is not what matters. The inquiry, for example, does
not ride on whether a complaint includes (or, alternatively, omits) the precise
words[] “FAPE” or “IEP.” After all, § 1415(l)’s premise is that the plaintiff is
suing under a statute other than the IDEA, like the Rehabilitation Act; in such a
suit, the plaintiff might see no need to use the IDEA’s distinctive language—even
if she is in essence contesting the adequacy of a special education program. And
still more critically, a “magic words” approach would make § 1415(l)’s
exhaustion rule too easy to bypass. . . . Section 1415(l) is not merely a pleading
hurdle. It requires exhaustion when the gravamen of a complaint seeks redress for
a school’s failure to provide a FAPE, even if not phrased or framed in precisely
that way.
Id.
This case involves disabled Plaintiffs that cannot access facilities in the District. The
medical information regarding Child Doe 1 concerns a medical preclusion from participation
within a building in the District where there is no masking. Given the disability of that
immunocompromised student, attending a school where there is no universal masking
requirement places that student in the position of having no access to the building. These
circumstances are considered to be a non-FAPE based claim under the ADA because it involves
problems with accessing the facility rather than problems with accessing the public school
curriculum provided by the District. Thus, under the Fry test, the immunocompromised Plaintiff
would not need to show an exhaustion of administrative remedies because the circumstances of
the Plaintiff’s claim would be the same regardless of whether or not the facility was a public
school.1 As such, as this is not a FAPE-based claim, the immunocompromised Plaintiffs are not
required under the IDEA to exhaust administrative remedies prior to filing suit in this Court.
1 A similarly immunocompromised staff member, parent, or teacher would likewise be unable to
access the facility and would likewise have similar ADA and Section 504 claims.
Having resolved the Defendants’ arguments regarding standing and exhaustion of
administrative remedies, the Court now turns to the merits of Plaintiffs’ ADA and Section 504
claims. Plaintiffs assert their claim for relief, alleging that the Defendants have failed to properly
comply with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, an antidiscrimination statute that provides:
“No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States . . . shall, solely by
reason of her or his disability, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any program receiving Federal financial assistance.” 29
U.S.C. § 794(a). Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act is also an antidiscrimination
statute and provides that “No qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such
disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs,
or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. §
12132.
Both the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act require Plaintiffs to establish
that: (1) they are qualified individuals with a disability within the meaning of Section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act or ADA; (2) they will be excluded from participation in or denied benefits of
such services, programs, or activities of the public entity; and (3) their exclusion, denial of
benefits, or discrimination occurred by reason of their disability.” Furgess v. Pa. Dept. of
Corrections, 933 F.3d 285, 288-89 (3d Cir. 2019). The ADA prohibits discrimination that
includes “a failure to make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, when
such modifications are necessary to afford such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages,
or accommodations to individuals with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(ii). When a
state entity, like a school board, fails to make reasonable modifications to its facilities and
practices, a party may sue the school board by bringing a claim known as a failure to
accommodate claim. PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661, 675 (2001). A failure-to-
accommodate claim differs from other ADA claims in that the plaintiff is not required to show
that his injury was the result of purposeful discrimination. See Muhammad v. Court of Common
Pleas of Allegheny Cty., 483 F. App’x 759, 764 (3d Cir. 2012) (citing Good Shepherd Manor
Found., Inc. v. City of Momence, 323 F.3d 557, 561-62 (7th Cir. 2003)). Instead, the ADA’s “by
reason of” language requires a showing of causation: the plaintiff must demonstrate that, but for
the failure to accommodate, he would not be deprived of the benefit which he or she is entitled.
See id.; see also CG v. Pa. Dept. of Educ., 734 F.3d 229, 237 (3d Cir. 2013).
For the purposes of their ADA and Section 504 claims, Plaintiffs and Defendants both
agree that Plaintiffs are qualified individuals with disabilities. At the September 22, 2021 Board
meeting, the Board reimplemented a mask mandate, based upon express criteria, one of which
was a benchmark provision for universal masking based upon when the community transmission
rate was at a rate of “substantial” or “high.” As of September 22, 2021, the Delta variant was
circulating amongst the community with a community transmission rate of 513 cases per day and
a 6.0% positivity rate.2 As a consequence, for the majority of the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022
2 The Court take judicial notice of the rates of community spread from the Allegheny County
Health Department, the Pennsylvania Department of Health, and the Center for Disease Control
websites. See COVID-19 in Allegheny County, Allegheny Cty. Health Dep’t.,
https://tableau.alleghenycounty.us/t/PublicSite/views/COVID-
19Summary_16222279737570/COVID-
19Summary?:showAppBanner=false&:display_count=n&:showVizHome=n&:origin=viz_share_
link&:isGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&:embed=y (last updated Jan. 14, 2022, 3:40:03
PM); COVID-19 Data for Pennsylvania, Pa. Dep’t Health,
https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/disease/coronavirus/Pages/Cases.aspx (last visited Jan. 17,
2022); and COVID Data Tracker, Ctr. Disease Control & Prevention,
https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#county-view?list_select_state=Pennsylvania&data-
type=Risk&list_select_county=42003 (last updated Jan. 15, 2022, 8:00 PM).
school years to date, masks have been mandated within the District. Although wearing masks in
the District has been inconvenient and controversial, this mask mandate status has been attained
and maintained within the District without unreasonable expenditure or difficulty.
On December 8, 2021, despite the fact that the community transmission rate was
measured at a positivity rate of 10.2% of a total of 3,277 infections for the week beginning
December 5, 2021 and still within the “high” category, the Board voted to make masks optional
within the District beginning January 18, 2022, conditioned upon whether the Pennsylvania
Department of Health’s mask mandate was lifted and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s stay
order was no longer in effect. As of December 10, 2021, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
vacated the Department of Health’s mask mandate. Corman v. Acting Secretary of the Pa. Dept.
of Health, 2021 WL 6071796, at *1 (Pa. December 10, 2021). Thus, the mask optional policy
would become effective in the District on January 18, 2022. The December 8, 2021 Board
action also removed the provision that masks were to be required to be worn within the District
whenever the community transmission rate was within the “substantial” or “high” categories.
The Board provided no explanation for why it decided to lift the mask mandate when the
transmission rate was in a category of “high” or for why it removed the community transmission
rate categories of “substantial” and “high” as benchmarks for when to require masking within the
District.
Presently, since September 22, 2021, the Omicron variant has emerged. The Omicron
variant is even more highly transmissible than the Delta variant. As such, the community
transmission rate is currently at 3,500 infections per day and a 37.1% positive rate, which is six
times higher than the positivity rate on September 22, 2021, when the Board reinstated the mask
mandate and established criteria for when masks should be worn in the District based upon rates
of community spread. The transmission classification remains at its highest category of “high.”
At this early stage in the litigation and with the little record yet developed, it is curious that,
while the Board determined in September 2021 that mandating masks, based upon the
transmission rate categories of “substantial” and “high,” was manageable, appropriate, and
reasonable, but that in December 2021, when the transmission rates were increased and the
category was still at a status of “high,” that the Board voted to eliminate the benchmark and
make masks optional. Beyond December and in light of the proliferation of the Omicron variant,
which has resulted in significantly increased numbers of infections within the population, with
particular increases in infection rates for children, it is concerning that the District has not acted
to reinstate the masking mandate and transmission rate categories to avoid the optional masking
policy’s January 18, 2022 effective date.
Turning to the Plaintiffs in this case, Child Doe 1 is alleged to have medical conditions
that can be classified as immunocompromised, which presents legitimate concerns and risks to
health and life from COVID-19 exposure and infection. (ECF No. 1, at ⁋ 41). The Plaintiff has
alleged that significant expert opinions exist within the medical and infectious disease fields to
support that a layered approach, which includes vaccination, masking, quarantining, contract
tracing, social distancing, and increased building ventilation are all required to effectively reduce
the spread of COVID-19. It is the combination of these measures that make them effective and,
without any one of them, individuals with disabilities, like Plaintiffs and those similarly situated,
are at increased risk of contracting the virus and severe illness or death. (ECF No. 4, at 8).
Plaintiffs allege that the increased risk of infection due to optional masking within the District
creates a barrier to attending in-person classes with their non-immunocompromised peers. The
Plaintiffs also allege that the District has failed to make reasonable accommodations for them to
access educational services and has placed them at increased risk of physical harm. The Board
has provided no explanation for whether it took into consideration any needed accommodations
for disabled students in the District when it made the decision to lift the school mask mandate.
Plaintiffs, John and Jane Doe 1, make claims on behalf of Child Doe 1, as an
immunocompromised student, plus claims for a class of similarly situated students. The record
has not yet been developed to ascertain whether the asserted class will be qualified or have
standing. However, at this stage the court will consider that Child Doe 1 is
immunocompromised and that John and Jane Doe 1 on behalf of Child Doe 1 have sufficiently
established a likelihood of success on their claim that the District’s optional masking policy has
the effect of excluding Child Doe 1 from in-person attendance at public school or has otherwise
denied Child Doe 1 the opportunity to participate in the in-person services of the District and that
any such exclusion is based upon Child Doe 1’s disabilities.
In December, the District removed the benchmark that it had established and
implemented for mask mandates when the community transmission category was “substantial”
or “high.” Said benchmark and its implementation provided an effective and manageable
accommodation to enable immunocompromised students to attend in-person classes with their
non-disabled peers. In such circumstance, Plaintiffs have demonstrated a likelihood of success
on the merits of their ADA and Section 504 claims based upon the failure of the District to
provide a reasonable accommodation for immunocompromised students within the District.
2. Likelihood of Plaintiffs to Suffer Irreparable Harm
The Court finds that Child Doe 1 is likely to suffer irreparable harm if such access to the
District is denied on account of the District’s optional mask policy. The ADA and Section 504
of the Rehabilitation Act mandate that disabled plaintiffs must have equal access to opportunities
using the least restrictive means possible. Denying immunocompromised Plaintiffs the
opportunity to access educational opportunities in the District will cause the
immunocompromised Plaintiffs to suffer irreparable harm.
Additionally, Plaintiffs’ Complaint and Brief in Support of the Temporary Restraining
Order suggest that masking is part of the layered approach used to help slow the rate of
transmission of COVID-19. The rate of transmission in the community has increased in recent
weeks due to the spread of the Omicron variant. The optional masking policy increases risks to
the health and wellbeing of the Plaintiffs and all students in the District. Further,
immunocompromised students at higher risk are less able to safely attend classes in-person with
an optional masking environment. In such circumstances, Plaintiffs have demonstrated a
likelihood of establishing that they will suffer irreparable harm.
3. Hardship to Defendants
Students have been wearing masks in the District for the majority of the 2020, 2021, and
2022 school years to date. The mask mandate status has been attained and maintained within the
District without unreasonable expenditure or difficulty. The Defendants cite no evidence in their
Brief of how masks place an undue burden upon the District. As such, the District not will
experience significant hardship if the District again requires the wearing of masks in school.
4. Public Interest
The public interest weighs in favor of granting the Temporary Restraining Order. In
passing the ADA, Congress has created a public policy of providing access for disabled persons
in the least restrictive means possible. Society has an interest in protecting disabled persons
from discrimination. See 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(2). As the District has removed a reasonable
accommodation that prevents immunocompromised Plaintiffs from access to the benefits of
receiving a public education in the District, the public interest weighs in favor of removing such
barriers to access for disabled Plaintiffs.
Additionally, and as Plaintiffs suggest in their Brief, wearing masks slows the
transmission of COVID-19. As such, requiring masks in the District weighs in favor of the
public interest because it will help to slow the spread of COVID-19 in the District and the wider
community. Requiring masks in the District will also help slow the spread of Covid-19 to
disabled students in the District.
IV. Conclusion
It gives this Court no pleasure to interfere with School Board matters, but where the
Constitution and federal law are implicated, it must. As this case moves forward, the Court
would encourage a pragmatic, practical, and compassionate approach by the parties that
demonstrates competent deliberation.
Therefore, the following order is hereby entered.
AND NOW this 17th day of January 2022, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and
DECREED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order is hereby GRANTED as
follows:
1. Defendants are enjoined from implementing the December 8, 2021 Board decision to
eliminate the benchmark requiring masks in the District when the rate of community
transmission is at a rate of “substantial” or “high.”
2. The effect of this Order maintains the status quo from the September 22, 2021 Board
meeting and to require universal masking as per said benchmark standard.
3. ITIS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants shall immediately notify the affected
public, student body, and staff regarding this Order.
4. This Temporary Restraining Order shall remain in effect until further Order of the
Court or until further School Board Action that complies with the ADA and Section
504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
5. No Bond is required.
DATED this 17th day of January 2022.
Merk. Ara
Marilyn Hora
United States District Judge
17