Leaphart v. Campbell

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

HAROLD LEAPHART, : Civil No. 1:21-CV-1293

:

Plaintiff, :

:

v. : (Magistrate Judge Carlson)

:

WILLIAM CAMPBELL, et al., :

:

Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

I. Introduction

This pro se prisoner civil rights lawsuit case comes before us on a motion for

summary judgment filed by two correctional defendants, Joel Barrows and Kenneth

Boal. (Doc. 42).1 With respect to these defendants, the plaintiff, Harold Leaphart,

has filed a complaint alleging that these defendants retaliated against him because

he exercised his right to lodge grievances against them and other correctional staff.

However, upon consideration of the factual background of these claims, which

largely undermines any allegations of retaliation, for the reasons set forth below we

will grant this motion for summary judgment.

1 The remaining correctional defendants in this case have filed a summary judgment

motion (Doc. 45) which we will address separately.

II. Statement of Facts and of the Case

Harold Leaphart is a state inmate and a prior litigant in this court. In the instant

case Leaphart is suing nine correctional officials at two separate state correctional

institutions, alleging that these officials violated Leaphart’s constitutional rights in

a variety of ways. (Doc. 1). While the primary thrust of Leaphart’s complaint relates

to matters which he alleges took place at the State Correctional Institution (SCI)

Huntingdon, two prison officials, Lieutenant Kenneth Boal and Major Joel Barrows,

are being sued by Leaphart for alleged actions arising out of his confinement at SCI

Houtzdale between January and November of 2020. (Id., ¶¶ 61-108).

A. Factual Background Regarding the Defendants’ Alleged Conduct

Leaphart’s claims against Defendants Boal and Barrows are cast in the nature

of First Amendment retaliation claims; however, the chronology of events which

Leaphart has provided in his complaint in many respects do not lend themselves to

supporting viable retaliation claims. For example, with regard to Defendant Boal the

complaint alleges that on February 8, 2020, shortly after Leaphart was transferred to

the Restricted Housing Unit (RHU) at SCI Houtzdale, his inmate property was

inventoried and certain commissary foodstuff items which Leaphart alleges he had

previously been authorized to possess were earmarked for confiscation. (Id., ¶¶ 63-

65). Leaphart protested this confiscation and Lieutenant Boal was summoned to

meet with the plaintiff. (Id., ¶¶ 65-66).

According to the complaint Boal spoke with Leaphart reassuring him that “I

will place your food items in my office here . . . nobody will bother it.” (Id., ¶ 68).

Several days later, Leaphart was approved to have commissary food items in his cell,

(Id., ¶ 69); however, when a search was conducted for Leaphart’s foodstuffs they

could not be located. (Id., ¶¶ 70-75).

Dissatisfied, Leaphart filed a grievance on February 20, 2020 against

defendant Boal citing the loss of these commissary items which he valued at $29.40.

(Id., ¶ 76, Doc. 43-3, at 3). According to Leaphart, several days later he had a verbal

exchange with Boal in which Boal used some epithets, calling him a “rat” or

“snitch.” (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 77-79). However, on February 24, 2020, Boal met with

Leaphart to discuss this grievance. (Id., ¶¶ 81-85). At that time, according Leaphart,

Lieutenant Boal showed Leaphart a footlocker filled with food items, and offered to

replace Leaphart’s lost foodstuffs in return for resolving this grievance informally,

stating: “What would you like out of these items of food for you to sign an [sic]

grievance withdrawal form . . . ?” (Id., ¶ 82). Boal informed Leaphart, “if you’d like

you can have all of this s[tuff].” (Id., ¶ 83). Lieutenant Boal then asked, “do we have

a deal or what,” to which Leaphart nodded his assent. (Id., ¶ 84). Boal replied, “Good

I’ll have this placed in your cell for you.” (Id.) Lieutenant Boal was true to his word.

When Lepahart returned to his cell these replacement foodstuffs were placed on his

bed. (Id., ¶ 85). Approximately one week later, Leaphart alleges that a non-party

prison counselor came to his cell to have him sign off on a form withdrawing his

grievance. (Id., ¶ 85). At that time, even though prison officials had lived up to their

agreement to replace Leaphart’s missing food items, Leaphart alleges that he balked

at the notion of withdrawing his grievance. Ultimately, Leaphart avers that he signed

the form withdrawing the grievance “under duress.” (Id., ¶ 86).

Remarkably, this incident—in which Leaphart acknowledges that Lieutenant

Boal thoroughly addressed his grievance about the loss of $29.40 in foodstuffs by

making arrangements to provide the plaintiff with replacement food items in return

for the inmate agreeing to withdraw the grievance—forms the entire basis for

Leaphart’s constitutional tort claim against Defendant Boal.

As for Defendant Barrows, there is a similarly challenging quality to

Leaphart’s factual narrative in support of his First Amendment retaliation claim.

With respect to Defendant Barrows, the gravamen of Leaphart’s complaint revolves

around two verbal exchanges which were separated by several months coupled with

what appears to have been chronologically an unrelated matter—a brief delay in

Leaphart gaining access to a tablet.

Leaphart’s complaint avers that the plaintiff had a conversation with Barrows

on March 4, 2020 during which he complained that his housing unit was a “grind up

pod” where RHU inmates experienced harsh conditions. (Id., ¶¶ 88, 89). According

to Leaphart during this conversation Barrows allegedly advised the plaintiff to “fall

back,” refrain from submitting grievances, and assured Leaphart that he would not

receive favorable treatment while in the RHU. (Id., ¶ 90).

Leaphart alleges that he grieved this response by Barrows which he deemed

to be threatening. (Id., ¶ 92). Leaphart also asserts without any further detail that the

institution’s Program Review Committee (PRC) denied him access to various

privileges associated with his prison status. (Id., ¶ 92). However, the only specific

example of this alleged conduct cited by Leaphart was the denial of a request for a

tablet, an event which Leaphart concedes took place a few weeks prior to filing any

grievance. (Id., ¶ 105). Moreover, it is undisputed that Leaphart was in fact approved

to possess a tablet in the RHU at SCI Houtzdale on July 16, 2020. (Doc. 43, ¶ 22).

Thus, the only concrete example of an adverse action cited by Leaphart—the alleged

denial of a tablet—is actually contradicted by the uncontested evidence.

Beyond this March 4, 2020 verbal exchange, Leaphart’s complaint describes

a second encounter with Barrows which took place some two months later, on May

13, 2020. At that time, Leaphart interrupted Barrows who was speaking with another

inmate. (Doc. 1, ¶ 95-97). Barrows alleged responded to Leaphart with a profanity

and a racial epithet. (Id., ¶ 97). Leaphart also grieved this incident, but was

dissatisfied with the outcome of that grievance. (Id., ¶¶ 100-105).2 This disparate

2 Leaphart’s complaint also describes a dispute he had with other staff regarding TB

testing, but nothing in his pleadings links this dispute to any named defendant. (Id.,

collection of averments forms the basis for Leaphart’s First Amendment retaliation

claim against Defendant Barrows.

B. Facts Regarding Leaphart’s Exhaustion of Grievances

As a state inmate Leaphart had a legal obligation to fully exhaust

administrative grievances before bringing legal claims against any correctional

defendant. With respect to this legally mandated exhaustion requirement, the

undisputed evidence reveals the following facts:

With regard to Leaphart’s claims relating to lost property and Lieutenant Boal

on February 12, 2020, Leaphart filed a grievance regarding this lost property.

Leaphart’s grievance did not make any allegations of retaliation but named

Defendant Boal and sought reimbursement of $29.40 for this lost property. Leaphart

withdrew this grievance on March 7, 2020, after he concedes that Lieutenant Boal

replaced his lost foodstuffs. (Doc. 43, ¶¶ 4-11).

As for Major Barrows, it appears that Leaphart filed two relevant grievances

during his confinement SCI Houtzdale. On March 4, 2020, Leaphart filed a

grievance filed a grievance against Barrows which asserted claims regarding his

alleged conversation with Barrows on March 4, 2020. Leaphart’s grievance

¶¶ 105-107). Therefore, this allegation adds nothing to his claims against Defendants

Boal or Barrows.

complained about the tone and tenor of his conversation with Barrows but did not

seek monetary relief.

Leaphart filed a second grievance against Major Barrows on June 26, 2020,

which alleged that Barrows retaliated against him by denying him a tablet, among

other items. Leaphart did request monetary relief in this grievance. As to this

grievance, the record reflects that the institution Program Review Committee

approved Leaphart to have a tablet on July 16, 2020. Thus, at the time that Leaphart

alleged that Barrows denied him access to a tablet, he had not yet been approved to

possess a tablet, but he received such approval within a matter of days. (Id., ¶¶ 13-

23).

It is against this factual backdrop that Leaphart brought these First

Amendment retaliation claims against Defendants Boal and Barrows. (Doc. 1). The

defendants have now moved for summary judgment on these claims, arguing that

Leaphart has failed to fully and properly exhaust many of these claims and further

contending that the claims fail on their merits. (Doc. 42). This summary judgment

motion is fully briefed and is, therefore, ripe for resolution.

Upon consideration, for the reasons set forth below, this motion will be

granted.

III. Discussion

A. Motion for Summary Judgment – Standard of Review

The defendants have moved for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides that the court shall grant summary

judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

Through summary adjudication, a court is empowered to dispose of those claims that

do not present a “genuine dispute as to any material fact,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), and

for which a trial would be “an empty and unnecessary formality.” Univac Dental Co.

v. Dentsply Int’l, Inc., 702 F.Supp.2d 465, 468 (M.D. Pa. 2010). The substantive law

identifies which facts are material, and “[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect

the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of

summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A

dispute about a material fact is genuine only if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis

that would allow a reasonable fact finder to return a verdict for the non-moving party.

Id., at 248-49.

The moving party has the initial burden of identifying evidence that it believes

shows an absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Conoshenti v. Pub. Serv. Elec.

& Gas Co., 364 F.3d 135, 145-46 (3d Cir. 2004). Once the moving party has shown

that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s claims, “the

non-moving party must rebut the motion with facts in the record and cannot rest

solely on assertions made in the pleadings, legal memoranda, or oral argument.”

Berckeley Inv. Group. Ltd. v. Colkitt, 455 F.3d 195, 201 (3d Cir. 2006), accord

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). If the non-moving party “fails

to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that

party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden at trial,” summary

judgment is appropriate. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Summary judgment is also

appropriate if the non-moving party provides merely colorable, conclusory, or

speculative evidence. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. There must be more than a scintilla

of evidence supporting the non-moving party and more than some metaphysical

doubt as to the material facts. Id., at 252; see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.

Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In making this determination, the

Court must “consider all evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing

the motion.” A.W. v. Jersey City Pub. Schs., 486 F.3d 791, 794 (3d Cir. 2007).

Moreover, a party who seeks to resist a summary judgment motion by citing

to disputed material issues of fact must show by competent evidence that such factual

disputes exist. Further, “only evidence which is admissible at trial may be considered

in ruling on a motion for summary judgment.” Countryside Oil Co., Inc. v. Travelers

Ins. Co., 928 F. Supp. 474, 482 (D.N.J. 1995). Similarly, it is well-settled that: “[o]ne

cannot create an issue of fact merely by . . . denying averments . . . without producing

any supporting evidence of the denials.” Thimons v. PNC Bank, NA, 254 F. App’x

896, 899 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Thus, “[w]hen a motion for summary

judgment is made and supported . . ., an adverse party may not rest upon mere

allegations or denial.” Fireman’s Ins. Co. of Newark New Jersey v. DuFresne, 676

F.2d 965, 968 (3d Cir. 1982); see Sunshine Books, Ltd. v. Temple University, 697

F.2d 90, 96 (3d Cir. 1982). “[A] mere denial is insufficient to raise a disputed issue

of fact, and an unsubstantiated doubt as to the veracity of the opposing affidavit is

also not sufficient.” Lockhart v. Hoenstine, 411 F.2d 455, 458 (3d Cir. 1969).

Furthermore, “a party resisting a [Rule 56] motion cannot expect to rely merely upon

bare assertions, conclusory allegations or suspicions.” Gans v. Mundy, 762 F.2d 338,

341 (3d Cir. 1985) (citing Ness v. Marshall, 660 F.2d 517, 519 (3d Cir. 1981)).

Finally, it is emphatically not the province of the court to weigh evidence or

assess credibility when passing upon a motion for summary judgment. Rather, in

adjudicating the motion, the court must view the evidence presented in the light most

favorable to the opposing party, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, and draw all reasonable

inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Big Apple BMW,

Inc. v. BMW of North America, Inc., 974 F.2d 1358, 1363 (3d Cir. 1992). Where

the non-moving party’s evidence contradicts the movant’s, then the non-movant’s

must be taken as true. Id. Additionally, the court is not to decide whether the

evidence unquestionably favors one side or the other, or to make credibility

determinations, but instead must decide whether a fair-minded jury could return a

verdict for the plaintiff on the evidence presented. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252; see

also Big Apple BMW, 974 F.2d at 1363. In reaching this determination, the Third

Circuit has instructed that:

To raise a genuine issue of material fact . . . the opponent need not

match, item for item, each piece of evidence proffered by the movant.

In practical terms, if the opponent has exceeded the “mere scintilla”

threshold and has offered a genuine issue of material fact, then the court

cannot credit the movant’s version of events against the opponent, even

if the quantity of the movant’s evidence far outweighs that of its

opponent. It thus remains the province of the fact finder to ascertain the

believability and weight of the evidence.

Id. In contrast, “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of

fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita

Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (internal

quotation marks omitted); NAACP v. North Hudson Reg’l Fire & Rescue, 665 F.3d

464, 476 (3d Cir. 2011).

B. Inmate First Amendment Retaliation Claims—Guiding Standards

The legal guideposts which govern our consideration of Leaphart’s First

Amendment retaliation claims are familiar ones. As we have previously observed in

this case, a prisoner claiming that prison officials have retaliated against him for

exercising his constitutional rights must first prove: (1) the conduct in which he

engaged was constitutionally protected; (2) he suffered adverse action at the hands

of prison officials; and (3) his constitutionally protected conduct was a substantial

motivating factor in the defendants’ conduct. Carter v. McGrady, 292 F.3d 152, 158

(3d Cir. 2002). With respect to the obligation to demonstrate that he suffered an

adverse action, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he suffered action that “was

sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his rights.” Allah v.

Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 225 (3d Cir. 2000). However, it is well settled that de

minimis actions do not rise to the level of constitutionally cognizable retaliation.

Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 396 (6th Cir. 1999) (“It is not necessarily true,

however, that every action, no matter how small, is constitutionally cognizable”). As

one court has observed:

The de minimis standard . . . achieves the proper balance between the

need to recognize valid retaliation claims and the danger of “federal

courts embroil[ing] themselves in every disciplinary act that occurs in

state penal institutions.” Woods, 60 F.3d at 1166. The purpose of

allowing inmate retaliation claims under § 1983 is to ensure that

prisoners are not unduly discouraged from exercising constitutional

rights. See Crawford-El, 523 U.S. at 588 n. 10, 118 S. Ct. 1584. Some

acts, though maybe motivated by retaliatory intent, are so de minimis

that they would not deter the ordinary person from further exercise of

his rights. Such acts do not rise to the level of constitutional violations

and cannot form the basis of a § 1983 claim.

Morris v. Powell, 449 F.3d 682, 686 (5th Cir. 2006). See, e.g., Pope v. Bernard, No.

10 1443, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 2764, 2011 WL 478055, at *2 (1st Cir. Feb. 10,

2011).

The third essential element to a retaliation claim is that there be a causal link

between the exercise of a constitutional right and the adverse action taken against

the prisoner. Rauser, 241 F.3d at 333-34. To establish this third, and crucial,

component to a constitutional retaliation claim, Leaphart must make an exacting

showing. In this setting:

To establish the requisite causal connection a plaintiff usually must

prove either (1) an unusually suggestive temporal proximity between

the protected activity and the allegedly retaliatory action, or (2) a

pattern of antagonism coupled with timing to establish a causal link.

See Krouse v. American Sterilizer Co., 126 F.3d 494, 503-04 (3d Cir.

1997); Woodson v. Scott Paper Co., 109 F.3d 913, 920-21 (3d Cir.

1997). In the absence of that proof the plaintiff must show that from the

“evidence gleaned from the record as a whole” the trier of the fact

should infer causation. Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271,

281 (3d Cir. 2000).

Lauren W. ex rel. Jean W. v. DeFlaminis, 480 F.3d 259, 267 (3d Cir. 2007).

Moreover, when examining these causation issues, we are specifically admonished

that:

A court must be diligent in enforcing these causation requirements

because otherwise a public actor cognizant of the possibility that

litigation might be filed against him, particularly in his individual

capacity, could be chilled from taking action that he deemed

appropriate and, in fact, was appropriate. Consequently, a putative

plaintiff by engaging in protected activity might be able to insulate

himself from actions adverse to him that a public actor should take. The

point we make is not theoretical as we do not doubt that public actors

are well aware that persons disappointed with official decisions and

actions frequently bring litigation against the actors responsible for the

decisions or actions in their individual capacities, and the actors surely

would want to avoid such unpleasant events. Thus, it would be natural

for a public actor to attempt to head off a putative plaintiff with the

unwarranted expenditure of public funds. Courts by their decisions

should not encourage such activity and, by enforcing the requirement

that a plaintiff show causation in a retaliation case, can avoid doing so

as they will protect the public actor from unjustified litigation for his

appropriate conduct. In this regard we recognize that often public actors

such as those in this case must make a large number of decisions in

charged atmospheres thereby inviting litigation against themselves in

which plaintiffs ask the courts to second guess the actors’ decisions.

Id. at 267-68.

Mindful of these concerns, courts have in the past carefully scrutinized inmate

claims of retaliation premised solely on circumstantial proof of a temporal proximity

between the plaintiff’s conduct and allegedly retaliatory acts. Indeed, this Court has

spoken directly to the issue of what must be shown to state a valid complaint in this

factual context, noting that:

To establish the causation element of a retaliation claim, a plaintiff must

prove that his or her participation in a protected activity motivated the

defendant to perform the retaliatory act. Ambrose v. Twp. of Robinson,

303 F.3d 488, 493 (3d Cir. 2002); Meenan v. Harrison, Civ. A. No.

3:03-CV-1300, 2006 WL 1000032, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 4, 2006)

(observing that a plaintiff must demonstrate that the exercise of First

Amendment rights “played some substantial role” in the defendant’s

action). The temporal proximity of a retaliatory act to a plaintiff’s

exercise of his or her First Amendment rights is probative, but not

dispositive, of the causation element. Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318

F.3d 497, 512 (3d Cir. 2003); see also Kachmar v. Sungard Data Sys.,

Inc., 109 F.3d 173, 178 (3d Cir. 1997) (stating that “temporal proximity

merely provides an evidentiary basis from which an inference can be

drawn”). For temporal proximity alone to establish causation, the

“timing of the alleged retaliatory action must be ‘unusually suggestive’

of retaliatory motive before a causal link will be inferred.” Marasco,

318 F.3d at 512 (quoting Krouse v. Am. Sterilizer Co., 126 F.3d 494,

503 (3d Cir. 1997)) . . . [T]he Third Circuit Court of Appeals has

suggested that a temporal proximity of two days is sufficient to

establish causation, see Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271,

279 & n. 5 (3d Cir. 2000), whereas a temporal proximity of ten days is

sufficient to establish causation only when accompanied by other

evidence of . . . wrongdoing, Shellenberger v. Summit Bancorp, Inc.,

318 F.3d 183, 189 (3d Cir. 2003). This suggests that the temporal

proximity must be measured in days, rather than in weeks or months,

to suggest causation without corroborative evidence.

Conklin v. Warrington Tp., No. 06-2245, 2009 WL 1227950, *3 (M.D. Pa. April 30,

2009).

Applying this standard, courts in civil rights cases have frequently rebuffed

speculative efforts to infer causation from temporal proximity when a span of weeks

or months separated the plaintiff’s constitutionally protected conduct from the

defendants’ alleged acts of retaliation.

C. The PLRA’s Exhaustion Requirement

In addition, a prisoner like Leaphart has a statutory duty to exhaust his

administrative remedies within the prison system before proceeding to federal court.

This legal duty is imposed upon inmates by the Prison Litigation Reform Act

(“PLRA”), which provides that “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison

conditions under . . . [42 U.S.C. § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner

confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative

remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Section 1997e’s

exhaustion requirement applies to a wide range of inmate complaints, including

damages complaints like those made here. See Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218 (3d

Cir. 2004); Booth v. Churner, 206 F.3d 289 (3d Cir. 2000). While this exhaustion

requirement is not a jurisdictional bar to litigation, this requirement is strictly

enforced by the courts. This rigorous enforcement is mandated by a fundamental

recognition that section 1997e’s exhaustion requirement promotes important public

policies. As the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has noted:

Courts have recognized myriad policy considerations in favor of

exhaustion requirements. They include (1) avoiding premature

interruption of the administrative process and giving the agency a

chance to discover and correct its own errors; (2) conserving scarce

judicial resources, since the complaining party may be successful in

vindicating his rights in the administrative process and the courts may

never have to intervene; and (3) improving the efficacy of the

administrative process. Each of these policies, which Congress seems

to have had in mind in enacting the PLRA, is advanced by the across-

the-board, mandatory exhaustion requirement in § 1997e(a). . . . [A]

comprehensive exhaustion requirement better serves the policy of

granting an agency the “opportunity to correct its own mistakes with

respect to the programs it administers before it is haled into federal

court.” Moreover, “even if the complaining prisoner seeks only money

damages, the prisoner may be successful in having the [prison] halt the

infringing practice” or fashion some other remedy, such as returning

personal property, reforming personal property policies, firing an

abusive prison guard, or creating a better screening process for hiring

such guards. And when a prisoner obtains some measure of affirmative

relief, he may elect not to pursue his claim for damages. In either case,

local actors are given the chance to address local problems, and at the

very least, the time frame for the prisoner’s damages is frozen or the

isolated acts of abuse are prevented from recurring. An across-the-

board exhaustion requirement also promotes judicial efficiency. . . .

Moreover, even if only a small percentage of cases settle, the federal

courts are saved the time normally spent hearing such actions and

multiple appeals thereto. . . . In cases in which inmate-plaintiffs exhaust

their remedies in the administrative process and continue to pursue their

claims in federal court, there is still much to be gained. The

administrative process can serve to create a record for subsequent

proceedings, it can be used to help focus and clarify poorly pled or

confusing claims, and it forces the prison to justify or explain its

internal procedures. All of these functions help courts navigate the sea

of prisoner litigation in a manner that affords a fair hearing to all claims.

Nyhuis v. Reno, 204 F.3d 65, 75-76 (3d Cir. 2000) (citations omitted).

Because of the important policies fostered by this exhaustion requirement, it

has been held that there is no futility exception to section 1997e’s exhaustion

requirement. Id. Instead, courts have typically required across-the-board

administrative exhaustion by inmate plaintiffs who seek to pursue claims in federal

court.

Moreover, courts have also imposed a procedural default component on this

exhaustion requirement, holding that inmates must fully satisfy the administrative

requirements of the inmate grievance process before proceeding into federal court.

Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218 (3d Cir. 2004). Applying this procedural default

standard to section 1997e’s exhaustion requirement, courts have concluded that

inmates who fail to fully, or timely, complete the prison grievance process are barred

from subsequently litigating claims in federal court. See, e.g., Booth v. Churner, 206

F.3d 289 (3d Cir. 2000); Bolla v. Strickland, 304 F. App’x 22 (3d Cir. 2008); Jetter

v. Beard, 183 F. App’x 178 (3d Cir. 2006). Furthermore, applying this procedural

default component to the exhaustion requirement, Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218 (3d

Cir. 2004), it has been held that:

As for the failure to [] identify named defendants on the grievance form,

. . . to the extent the identity of a defendant was “a fact relevant to the

claim,” . . . in the absence of any justifiable excuse, a[n] inmate’s failure

to properly identify a defendant constituted a failure to properly exhaust

his administrative remedies under the PLRA.

Williams v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Corrections, 146 F. App’x 554, 557 (3d Cir.

2005). Thus, “it is clear, regardless of the purpose of the requirement, that Spruill

requires the prisoner-grievant-plaintiff to name in the grievance those he eventually

sues, upon pain of procedural default.” Hemingway v. Ellers, Civ. No. 07-1764,

2008 WL 3540526, *11 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 12, 2008). Likewise it has been held that a

state inmate “procedurally default[s] his claim for money damages by failing to

request such relief in his grievance.” Wright v. Sauers, 729 F. App'x 225, 227 (3d

Cir. 2018). See Piazza v. Kauffman, No. 1:21-CV-00380, 2023 WL 2742740, at *7

(M.D. Pa. Mar. 31, 2023).

This broad rule favoring full exhaustion admits of one, narrowly defined

exception. If the actions of prison officials directly caused the inmate’s procedural

default on a grievance, the inmate will not be held to strict compliance with this

exhaustion requirement. See Camp v. Brennan, 219 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2000).

However, case law recognizes a clear “reluctance to invoke equitable reasons to

excuse [an inmate’s] failure to exhaust as the statute requires.” Davis v. Warman, 49

F. App’x 365, 368 (3d Cir. 2002). Thus, an inmate’s failure to exhaust will only be

excused “under certain limited circumstances,” Harris v. Armstrong, 149 F. App’x

58, 59 (3d Cir. 2005), and an inmate can defeat a claim of failure to exhaust only by

showing “he was misled or that there was some extraordinary reason he was

prevented from complying with the statutory mandate.” Davis, 49 F.App’x at 268;

see also Brown v. Croak, 312 F.3d 109, 110 (3d Cir. 2002) (assuming that prisoner

with failure to protect claim is entitled to rely on instruction by prison officials to

wait for outcome of internal security investigation before filing grievance); Camp v.

Brennan, 219 F.3d 279, 281 (3d Cir. 2000) (exhaustion requirement met where

Office of Professional Responsibility fully examined merits of excessive force claim

and uncontradicted correctional officers impeded filing of grievance).

D. The Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment will be Granted.

Judged against these benchmarks, we find that Leaphart’s First Amendment

retaliation claims against Defendants Boal and Barrows fail as a matter of law. At

the outset, to the extent that these constitutional tort claims rest upon alleged verbal

harassment of Leaphart by the correctional defendants this claim fails for a single,

simple reason. It has been held that, while verbal harassment of an inmate may be

deplorable and unprofessional, such verbal harassment, standing alone, does not

constitute an adverse action for purposes of a First Amendment retaliation claim.

Marten v. Hunt, 479 F. App'x 436, 438 (3d Cir. 2012); see Lang v. Vangorder, No.

1:19-CV-719, 2019 WL 7104624, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 23, 2019).

Further, with respect to Lieutenant Boal, Leaphart’s complaint encounters two

other insurmountable obstacles. First, Leaphart has failed to fully grieve this

complaint as he is required to do under the PLRA. Thus, while it is clear that

Leaphart initially filed a grievance relating to the loss of his commissary foodstuffs,

it is also uncontested that he withdrew that grievance after Lieutenant Boal made

arrangements to provide this inmate with replacement food items. Since Leaphart

did not fully and properly grieve this incident, he is now precluded from bringing a

constitutional tort claim based upon this episode.

Nor can Leaphart save this constitutional claim by arguing that he withdrew

his grievance under duress. What Leaphart wishes to describe as improper duress

was simply the consummation of an agreement that the plaintiff admits he made with

Lieutenant Boal. Under the terms of this agreement, the lieutenant replaced

Leaphart’s lost commissary items in return for Leaphart’s withdrawal of this

grievance. Given the good faith which Leaphart acknowledges was exhibited by

Lieutenant Boal who replaced the $29.40 in food items that had been lost, Leaphart

was obliged to live up to his end of his agreement and withdraw this grievance.

Moreover, and more fundamentally, nothing in the undisputed facts

surrounding this episode provides a legal or factual basis for a constitutional First

Amendment retaliation claim. The undisputed facts reveal that Defendant Boal

assured Leaphart that he would respect and return his commissary items when

Lepahart entered the RHU. Regrettably, once Leaphart was approved to possess such

items in the RHU his commissary goods could not be located, but Lieutenant Boal

kept his promise to this inmate by delivering replacement foodstuffs to him. It simply

cannot be said that the actions of Boal, who kept his promise to Leaphart, somehow

rise to the level of an actionable First Amendment retaliation. Indeed, even if we cast

this conduct in a light most favorable to Leaphart, as we are required to do, the most

that can be said is that Leaphart experienced several days’ delay before these food

items were delivered to his cell. In our view, a few days’ delay in receiving these

food items is an inconvenience of such a de minimis nature that it simply cannot

form the basis of a constitutional tort. Therefore, this claim against Defendant Boal

fails and must be dismissed.

Similar obstacles bar Leaphart’s pursuit of First Amendment retaliation

claims against Major Barrows. With respect to this defendant, it is evident that

Leaphart’s principal complaint relates to alleged verbal abuse by Barrows. While

this alleged conduct is to be condemned, as a matter of law it simply does not

constitute the type of adverse action necessary for a First Amendment retaliation

claim. Marten, 479 F. App'x at 438.

Moreover, a review of Leaphart’s grievance history reveals that he only

lodged one pertinent grievance against Barrows relating to these events which

sought damages. Therefore, the procedural default aspects of the PLRA now limit

him to that one properly grieved claim which related to Barrows’ alleged denial of a

tablet to Leaphart on June 26, 2020. Yet, the undisputed evidence shows that

Leaphart was not authorized by the institution’s PRC to possess a tablet at that time.

Moreover, it is entirely undisputed that by July 16, 2020, some twenty days later,

Leaphart was approved to possess a tablet.

On these uncontested facts, Leaphart’s sole claim against Defendant Barrows

which survives the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement fails for at least two reasons.

First, Barrows cannot be faulted for denying Leaphart access to a tablet in June of

2020 since Leaphart was not yet authorized to possess this device at that time.

Simply put, denying an inmate something he may not possess cannot be seen as an

adverse action for purposes of a First Amendment retaliation claim. In any event, it

is now clear that Leaphart had access to this tablet some twenty days later, after the

PRC approved his receipt of this device. This brief delay in obtaining access to a

tablet is an inconvenience of such a de minimis nature that it simply cannot form the

basis of a constitutional tort. Therefore, this claim against Defendant Barrows also

fails and must be dismissed.

Finally, even if we concluded that Leaphart had stated some colorable

constitutional claim, we would nonetheless be obliged to dismiss these claims on

qualified immunity grounds. The doctrine of qualified immunity protects

government officials from liability for civil damages “insofar as their conduct does

not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable

person would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009).

“Qualified immunity balances two important interests—the need to hold public

officials accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield

officials from harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties

reasonably.” Id. Qualified immunity “provides ample protection to all but the plainly

incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S.

335, 341 (1986). “Thus, so long as an official reasonably believes that his conduct

complies with the law, qualified immunity will shield that official from liability.”

Sharp v. Johnson, 669 F.3d 144, 159 (3d Cir. 2012) (citing Pearson, 555 U.S. at 244).

Although qualified immunity is generally a question of law that should be considered

at the earliest possible stage of proceedings, a genuine dispute of material fact may

preclude summary judgment on qualified immunity. Giles v. Kearney, 571 F.3d 318,

325-26 (3d Cir. 2009).

Qualified immunity shields officials from liability for civil damages brought

pursuant to section 1983 “so long as their conduct does not violate clearly

established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would

have known.” Bland v. City of Newark, 900 F.3d 77, 83 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting

Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11 (2015)). The official seeking qualified immunity

has the burden of establishing their entitlement to the affirmative defense. Halsey v.

Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 288 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing Reedy v. Evanson, 615 F.3d 197,

223 (3d Cir. 2010)). To determine whether an official is entitled to the affirmative

defense of qualified immunity for a section 1983 claim, a court must determine (1)

whether the official violated a constitutional right and, if so, (2) whether the right

was clearly established. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001), overruled in part

by Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236 (permitting federal courts to exercise discretion in

deciding which of the two Saucier prongs should be addressed first).

A right is clearly established if “every reasonable official would have

understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 11. To

be clearly established, there does not have to be a case that is directly on point, “but

existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond

debate.” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011)). In determining

whether a right is clearly established, courts must not define the right “at a high level

of generality.” Id. (quoting Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742, 131 S.Ct. 2074.) Rather, the

analysis should focus on “whether the violative nature of particular conduct is clearly

established.” Id. (quoting Al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742).

On this score, “[t]he relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a

right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that

his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202.

It is the plaintiff who bears the initial burden of demonstrating that the constitutional

right at issue was clearly established at the time of the claimed violation. See Davis

v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 197 (1984); Sherwood v. Mulvihill, 113 F.3d 396, 399 (3d

Cir. 1997). To determine whether a right is clearly established, the court may look

to cases from the Supreme Court, controlling circuit precedent, or “a robust

consensus of cases of persuasive authority” from other circuit courts. Porter v. Pa.

Dep't of Corrs., 974 F.3d 431, 449 (3d Cir. 2020) (quoting Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs.

of Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 142 (3d Cir. 2017)).

In our view, no Supreme Court decision, controlling circuit precedent, or

robust consensus of persuasive authority supports the notion that Defendant Boal

violated Leaphart’s clearly established constitutional rights when he replaced the

plaintiff’s missing commissary items days after Leaphart grieved the loss of those

items. Likewise, no clearly established legal authority would have placed Barrows

on notice that he was violating the First Amendment when it is alleged that he denied

Leaphart permission to possess an article which this inmate had not yet been

authorized to possess. Therefore, the doctrine of qualified immunity also applies

here and compels dismissal of these claims.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment

(Doc. 42) will be GRANTED.

An appropriate order follows.

S/ Martin C. Carlson

Martin C. Carlson

United States Magistrate Judge

DATED: June 6, 2023