The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
ABDULLAH HARRIS,
Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:21-CV-01851
v. (MANNION, J.)
(MEHALCHICK, M.J.)
THOMAS MCDONALD, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
Presently before the Court are discovery issues raised by counsel for Plaintiff Abdullah
Harris in letters dated April 7, 2022, and November 21, 2022. (Doc. 33; Doc. 72). This is a 42
U.S.C. § 1983 civil action seeking compensatory and punitive damages against Defendants
the City of Scranton and Unknown Officers.1 (Doc. 1; Doc. 2). On August 9, 2022, this matter
was referred to the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge to conduct a discovery dispute
conference. (Doc. 55). On December 6, 2022, the parties participated in a telephonic
discovery conference. (Doc. 76). Having heard from the parties on the issues raised in
Plaintiff’s letters, the Court will now address the outstanding discovery matters.
1 Initially, Plaintiff asserted claims against Thomas McDonald, however, the Court
dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against McDonald without prejudice for insufficient service of
process under Rule 12(b)(5). (Doc. 46; Doc. 47). The undersigned acknowledges that Plaintiff
filed a motion to amend the complaint on June 2, 2022, which seeks to add new claims against
new Defendants Scranton Police Office Larry Spathelf, Scranton Police Detective Sergeant
Gerrity, and Thomas McDonald. (Doc. 48). The undersigned declines to address the pending
motion at this time and considers the instant discovery issues as they relate to Plaintiff’s only
remaining cause of action, a Monell claim against the City of Scranton. (Doc. 2).
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(1), “[p]arties may obtain discovery
regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and
proportional to the needs of the case.” “Relevance in this context has been ‘construed broadly
to encompass any matter that could bear on, or that could reasonably lead to other matter
that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case.’” United States ex rel. Bergman v.
Abbott Labs., No. 09-4264, 2016 WL 4247429, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2016) (quoting
Oppenheimer Funds v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978)); see Hicks v. Big Brothers/Big Sisters of
America, 168 F.R.D. 528, 529 (E.D. Pa. 1996). Even though “the scope of relevance in
discovery is far broader than that allowed for evidentiary purposes, it is not without its limits.”
Stabilus v. Haynsworth, Baldwin, Johnson, and Greaves, P.A., 144 F.R.D. 258, 265 (E.D. Pa.
1992). Discovery is not permitted when a request is made in bad faith, is unduly burdensome,
irrelevant to the general subject matter of the action, or relating to confidential or privileged
information. Ruddy v. Polaris Indus., Inc., No. 17-CV-423, 2019 WL 319805, at *2 (M.D. Pa.
Jan. 24, 2019). Rulings related to the scope of discovery are subject to the discretion of the
Court. Wisniewski v. Johns-Manville Corp., 812 F.2d 81, 90 (3d Cir. 1986). This far-reaching
discretion also extends to rulings by United States Magistrate Judges on discovery matters.
Lawson v. Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores, Inc., No. 1:17-CV-1266, 2020 WL 109654, at *2
(M.D. Pa. Jan. 9, 2020). Such discretion is guided by Rule 26(b)(1) and extends to
nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense. The scope of discovery,
however, may be circumscribed and should not serve as a fishing expedition. Bayer AG v.
Betachem, Inc., 173 F.3d 188, 189 (3d Cir. 1999).
II. DISCUSSION
A. DEFENDANTS’ OBJECTIONS TO PLAINTIFF’S REQUEST TO COMPEL DEFENDANTS TO
PROVIDE IN DISCOVERY THE IDENTITY OF THE ALLEGED CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMANT ARE SUSTAINED.
Plaintiff seeks the disclosure of all information in Defendants’ possession and control
relating to the identity, background, and criminal history of the confidential informant (“CI”)
mentioned in the affidavit attached to the application for a search warrant. (Doc. 33, at 1-2;
Doc. 39, at 1-2). The Supreme Court established a balancing test to determine when disclosure
of a CI's identity is required in the criminal context in Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53
(1957). The defendant bears the burden to show what need he has for disclosure, and if this
burden is satisfied, the court must then balance “the defendant's interest in disclosure against
the Government's interest in maintaining the confidentiality of its informant.” United States v.
Jiles, 658 F.2d 194, 197-98 (3d Cir. 1981) (citing Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 62).
Importantly, Plaintiff's instant request to compel disclosure is in the context of a civil
case, not a criminal case. The Third Circuit has concluded that in the civil context, “the
privilege [to withhold an informant's identity] must give way where the disclosure of an
informer's identity . . . ‘is essential to a fair determination of a cause.’” Mitchell v. Roma, 265
F.2d 633, 635 (3d Cir. 1959) (quoting Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 60-61). In Mitchell, the Third Circuit
found that “[n]o fixed rule as to disclosure is justifiable. One must balance the public interest
in protecting the flow of information against the individual's right to prepare his defense,
taking into consideration the particular circumstances of each case.” Mitchell, 265 F.2d at 636.
In civil cases, however, the privilege requires the party seeking disclosure to satisfy an even
higher burden than required in criminal cases, because there is no “defense of an accused”
consideration as is present in criminal cases. Williams v. City of Trenton, No. 11-6352, 2012
WL 4858202, at *2 (D.N.J. Oct. 11, 2012) (citing McClain v. Coll. Hosp., 99 N.J. 346 (1985)).
As noted above, given that Plaintiff's liberty is not at stake and that this case is a civil
action, Plaintiff must demonstrate to the Court that disclosure of the CI's identity is essential
to a fair determination of his cause. Mitchell, 265 F.2d at 636. Plaintiff has not satisfied this
high burden, and thus the Court will not order the disclosure of the CI's identity.
Plaintiff asserts that the identity of the CI must be disclosed because “McDonald is the
only person to have interacted with the supposed confidential informant. Thus, at issue, at
the very minimum, is whether any controlled buys ever happened, and this is even if it is
believed that CI is a real person.” (Doc. 39, at 7). Rejecting Plaintiff’s assertion, Defendants
argue that the application for search warrant and authorization plainly sets out that “[t]he
Scranton Police Special Investigations Division met with a Confidential Informant,” and
states that multiple officers dealt with and observed the CI. (Doc. 41, at 4; Doc. 41-1, at 3-4).
Based on the evidence of record, the undersigned does not conclude that the CI's
identity or any potential evidence he or she could offer would be essential to the determination
of Plaintiff's cause.2 Plaintiff offers no evidence to justify his assertions beyond his own
2 The undersigned previously denied Plaintiff’s motion to enforce subpoena that
challenged the Department of Justice’s (“DOJ”) final agency action denying his request for
all files regarding the criminal matter USA v. McDonald, 3:21-CR-00158. (Doc. 64; Doc. 65).
Specifically, the undersigned denied Plaintiff’s motion for the following reasons: the DOJ’s
denial of Plaintiff’s request for the identity of CIs pursuant to the DOJ Touhy regulations was
not arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion; Plaintiff failed to establish the relevancy
of the CIs’ identities; and disclosure of CISs’ identities would be disproportionately harmful
to the CIs’ privacy interest. (Doc. 64, at 8, 10-11); see United States v. Seaton, 178 F. App’s 172,
174 (3d Cir. 2006) (affirming a district court’s denial of a request for a confidential informant’s
speculation as to the existence and/or identity of the CI and whether the CI may possess
information about his nolle prosequied case. Moreover, there is no evidence before the Court to
suggest that the disclosure of the CI’s identity is related to Plaintiff’s Monell claims against the
City of Scranton because the record reflects that all charges against Plaintiff were nolle
prosequied without prejudice due to pending allegations that McDonald had misused female
informants in other cases, which cast significant doubt on his credibility and compromised
the integrity of other pending investigations. (Doc. 61-2). A party who merely suspects,
without showing a likelihood, that the CI's identity is essential to its case has not met its
burden to show that disclosure is essential to the fair determination of the case. United States
v. Brown, 3 F.3d 673, 679 (3d Cir. 1993).
Moreover, the undersigned further notes that even if Plaintiff satisfied the burden of
demonstrating that the CI’s identity was essential for the fair determination of his cause,
Defendants have a substantial interest in maintaining the confidentiality of the CI’s identity,
given legitimate safety concerns for the CI. See Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 62. Further, Defendants
have asserted that there are at least ten (10) other persons or entities that were wholly involved
in Plaintiff’s cause of action, not including the CI, “two of which are identified specifically by
their name and rank and would be available to Plaintiff for deposition.” (Doc. 41, at 9; Doc.
41-1). As such, the undersigned concludes that Plaintiff has not satisfied the high burden of
identity because of “the public’s interest in the continued flow of investigative information
and the informant’s interest in avoiding retaliation”).
demonstrating that disclosing the identity of the informant “is essential to a fair determination
of a cause.” Mitchell, 265 F.2d at 635 (quoting Rovario, 353 U.S. at 59).
Accordingly, Defendants’ objections to Plaintiff’s request to compel Defendants to
provide in discovery the identity of the alleged confidential informant are sustained without
prejudice.
B. DEFENDANTS’ OBJECTIONS TO PLAINTIFF’S REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION OF
INVESTIGATIVE RECORDS AND REQUEST TO DEPOSE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE
INVESTIGATORS RE SUSTAINED.
Following the deposition of Lackawanna County Assistant District Attorney Brian
Gallagher, Plaintiff requested the production of all investigative files for Corporal McDonald,
in the possession of the Pennsylvania State Police, and requests to take the depositions of
State Police Investigators Shawn Smith and Robert Golden. (Doc. 72, at 1-2). Plaintiff
contends he is entitled to such discovery for the following reasons:
It is plaintiff’s belief that Corporal McDonald manipulated and coerced
confidential informants, including in plaintiff’s case, to falsify statement in
order to obtain illegal drug charges against innocent victims like the plaintiff.
As it appears that the nineteen criminal cases dismissed by the Lackawanna
District Attorney’s Office, including plaintiff’s, were the result of a State Police
Investigation and NOT the Lackawanna County District Attorney’s Office, it is highly
relevant and discoverable information that plaintiff is entitled to have. Plaintiff
has absolutely no information whatsoever, being produced by Defendant City
of Scranton, as to why plaintiff’s criminal case and eighteen others were
abruptly dismissed by Lackawanna County in which Corporal McDonald was
an affiant/witness and confidential informants were additionally used.
(Doc. 72, at 2).
Objecting to his request, Defendants contend Plaintiff is conducting a “fishing
expedition” and that the information sought is irrelevant to the Monell allegations against the
City of Scranton. (Doc. 74, at 2). Defendants argue that “[t]here is no factual basis whatsoever
to support plaintiff’s allegations that there is or was any evidence that the Scranton Police
Department, the District Attorney’s Office, or the U.S. Attorney's Office discovered any
evidence that McDonald had acted inappropriately with respect to any of the dismissed cases,
including the Abdullah Harris case.” (Doc. 74, at 2). In support of their assertion, Defendants
refer to a letter written by Michael Thiel, Assistant United States Attorney, to counsel for
Plaintiff dated July 22, 2022, which states “[t]he DOJ investigation and subsequent
prosecution of McDonald did not reveal that McDonald coerced anyone, including any
possible CI’s, to provide false information for purposes of obtaining probable cause and/or
make false drug claims against citizens of Scranton, including your client.” (Doc. 74, at 2-3;
Doc. 74-1, at 3-4). In addition, Defendants aver that these fasts were confirmed when counsel
for Plaintiff deposed Gallagher on November 2, 2022. (Doc. 74, at 4-5).
Municipalities and other local governments are “persons” for Section 1983 purposes,
see Monell v. Dep't of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978)), but such entities are not
responsible for every constitutional tort inflicted by their employees, Connick v. Thompson, 563
U.S. 51, 60 (2011). To bring a Section 1983 claim against a municipality, the plaintiff “must
show that they were deprived of ‘rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution
and laws,’ and that the deprivation of those rights was the result of an official government
policy or custom.” Mulholland v. Gov’t City. Of Berks, 706 F.3d 227, 238 (3d Cir. 2013). The
Third Circuit has explained that, to prove liability, the plaintiff must establish that the
municipal policy or custom was itself unconstitutional or was the “moving force” behind the
constitutional deprivation. Thomas v. Cumberland Cty., 749 F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir. 2014)
(citation omitted). Where the challenged policy or custom is not facially unconstitutional, a
plaintiff can establish causation “only by demonstrating that the municipal action was taken
with deliberate indifference as to its known or obvious consequences”—that is, “[a] showing
of simple or even heightened negligence will not suffice.” Berg v. Cty. Of Allegheny, 219 F.3d
261, 276 (3d Cir. 2000) (quoting Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 407 (1997)).
A plaintiff may bring a policy-based Monell claim for an alleged failure to train
employees. Thomas, 749 F.3d at 222. A failure-to-train claim requires the plaintiff to show
that the alleged training deficiency amounts to “deliberate indifference” to the constitutional
rights of individuals who will encounter those employees. See Thomas, 749 F.3d at 222
(quoting Carter v. City of Philadelphia, 181 F.3d 339, 357 (3d Cir. 1999)). This standard is
demanding—it requires evidence that the municipality “disregarded a known or obvious
consequence” of its deficient training program. Connick, 563 U.S. at 61 (quoting Brown, 520
U.S. at 410). The alleged training deficiency must be closely related to the constitutional
injury suffered by the plaintiff. Connick, 563 U.S. at 61.
Ordinarily, a pattern of prior constitutional violations will give notice to a municipal
actor that existing training or policies are constitutionally problematic, and continued
adherence to the original practices will demonstrate the “conscious disregard” required to
establish deliberate indifference. See Thomas, 749 F.3d at 223 (citation omitted); see also Berg,
219 F.3d at 276. In rare situations, however, the need to act may be “so obvious” that failing
to do so could rise to the level of deliberate indifference even without a pattern of prior
violations. Thomas, 749 F.3d at 223 (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390 n.10
(1989)); see also Berg, 219 F.3d at 276 (same). Such “single-incident” liability turns on “[t]he
likelihood that the situation will recur and the predictability that an officer lacking specific
tools to handle the situation will violate citizens’ rights.” Thomas, 749 F.3d at 223-24
(alteration in original) (quoting Brown, 520 U.S. at 409). That is, the plaintiff must show that
the risk of the claimed constitutional injury was a “highly predictable consequence” of the
challenged policy. Thomas, 749 F.3d at 225 (quoting Connick, 563 U.S. at 63-64).
Plaintiff has not demonstrated how the requested discovery would allege or prove a
pattern of prior constitutional violations attributable to the City of Scranton. Instead, Plaintiff
asserts that the requested information is necessary to determine whether McDonald
“manipulated and coerced confidential informants, including in plaintiff’s case, to falsify
statement in order to obtain illegal drug charges against innocent victims like the plaintiff.”
(Doc. 72, at 2). McDonald is no longer a party in this action, and Plaintiff has not
demonstrated how investigative reports in the possession of the Pennsylvania State Police
and/or depositions of State Police Investigators are relevant his Monell claim against the City
of Scranton. The Court retains broad discretion and has the obligation to limit discovery to
ensure that it is proportional to the needs of the case and so that the “burden or expense of
the proposed discovery” does not “outweigh[ ] its likely benefits.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1);
see Marroquin-Manriquez v. I.N.S., 699 F.2d 129, 134 (3d Cir. 1983). The undersigned concludes
that Plaintiff has not satisfied his burden of showing that the discovery requests are relevant
to his Monell claim and proportional to the needs of the case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).
Accordingly, Defendants’ objections to Plaintiff’s request for production of the
investigative records and request to depose State Police Investigators are sustained, without
prejudice. In addition, Plaintiff’s request for an enlargement of all deadlines by 120 days will
be denied. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 16, advisory committee's note
to 1983 amendment (“[T]he court may modify the schedule on a showing of good cause if it
cannot reasonably be met despite the diligence of the party seeking the extension.”).
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, all of Defendants’ objections to Plaintiff’s requests set
forth in the letters dated April 7, 2022, and November 21, 2022, are SUSTAINED without
prejudice. (Doc. 33; Doc. 72). In addition, Plaintiff’s request to extend the case management
deadlines by 120 days is DENIED. (Doc. 72).
An appropriate Order will follow.
DATE: December 14, 2022 BY THE COURT:
s/ Karoline Mehalchick
KAROLINE MEHALCHICK
Chief United States Magistrate Judge