The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
ZUMAR DUBOSE : CIVIL ACTION
Plaintiff :
:
v. : NO. 24-CV-0362
:
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, :
Defendant :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
ZUMAR DUBOSE : CIVIL ACTION
Plaintiff :
:
v. : NO. 24-CV-0958
:
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, :
Defendant :
M E M O R A N D U M
NITZA I. QUIÑONES ALEJANDRO, J. MARCH 22, 2024
Plaintiff Zumar DuBose, a convicted federal prisoner in custody in FDC Philadelphia, filed
these two pro se civil actions against the United States. DuBose seeks leave to proceed in forma
pauperis in both cases. Because DuBose has obtained three prior “strikes” and has not alleged an
imminent danger of serious physical injury pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) in either of these cases,
his motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is denied and, therefore, DuBose must pay the
full filing fee for each case if he wishes to continue with them.
I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS
In Civil Action No. 24-0362, DuBose asserts claims for money damages against the United
States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) for negligent and wrongful federal employee
conduct, fraud, and related claims, asserting that: he was wrongfully prosecuted for criminal
charges; a bench warrant, a “seizure warrant,” a search warrant, a temporary detention order, and
a pretrial detention order were all issued without probable cause; a motion for release from custody
was improperly denied; he was forced to enter a not guilty plea against his will to a charge over
which the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction; and the government brought a superseding
indictment without probable cause. (Id., ECF No. 1 at 5-13.) In Civil Action No. 24-0958, DuBose
also asserts claims for money damages against the United States under the FTCA for
misrepresentation, abuse of process, false imprisonment, false arrest, interference with contract
rights, negligent and wrongful acts by a federal employee, intentional infliction of emotional
distress, and fraud. (Id., ECF No. 3 at 1.) He asserts twenty-nine claims all involving alleged
improprieties by various federal actors including judges, prosecutors, and witnesses, who were
involved in his criminal case. (Id. at 3-34.)
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The in forma pauperis statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1915, allows indigent litigants to bring an action
in federal court without prepayment of filing fees, ensuring that such persons are not prevented
“from pursuing meaningful litigation” because of their indigence. Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239
F.3d 307, 312 (3d Cir. 2001) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). But, as Congress has
recognized, people who obtain in forma pauperis status are “not subject to the same economic
disincentives to filing meritless cases that face other civil litigants,” and, thus, the provision is
susceptible to abuse. Id. (citing 141 Cong. Rec. S7498-01, S7526 (daily ed. May 25, 1995)
(statement of Sen. Kyl)).
“[I]n response to the tide of substantively meritless prisoner claims that have swamped the
federal courts,” Congress enacted the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) in 1996. Ball v.
Famiglio, 726 F.3d 448, 452 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting Shane v. Fauver, 213 F.3d 113, 117 (3d Cir.
2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted), abrogated, in part, on other grounds by Coleman v.
Tollefson, 135 S. Ct. 1759, 1763 (2015). Among other things, the PLRA implemented the so-
called “three strikes rule,” which provides:
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action
or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions,
while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court
of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious,
or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is
under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (emphasis added). Put more simply, under the PLRA, a prisoner with three
prior “strikes” can obtain in forma pauperis status only if he is in imminent danger of serious
physical injury. Courts must consider a pro se prisoner’s allegations of imminent danger “under
our liberal pleading rules, construing all allegations in favor of the complainant.” Gibbs v. Cross,
160 F.3d 962, 966 (3d Cir. 1998).
Consistent with § 1915(g), a prisoner, who on three or more prior occasions while
incarcerated, has filed an action or appeal in federal court that was dismissed as frivolous,
malicious, or for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, must be denied in forma
pauperis status unless he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time that the
complaint was filed. Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 310-11. A strike under § 1915(g) “will accrue only
if the entire action or appeal is (1) dismissed explicitly because it is ‘frivolous,’ ‘malicious,’ or
‘fails to state a claim’ or (2) dismissed pursuant to a statutory provision or rule that is limited solely
to dismissals for such reasons, including (but not necessarily limited to) 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b)(1),
1915(e)(2)(B)(i), 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), or Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”
Byrd v. Shannon, 715 F.3d 117, 126 (3d Cir. 2013). “A strike-call under Section 1915(g) . . .
hinges exclusively on the basis for the dismissal, regardless of the decision’s prejudicial effect.”
Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez, 140 S. Ct. 1721, 1724-25 (2020), abrogating Millhouse v. Heath, 866
F.3d 152, 161 (3d Cir. 2017).
III. “THREE-STRIKE” ANALYSIS
A. DuBose Has Accumulated Three Strikes.
The Court concludes that DuBose has accumulated at least three strikes for purposes of
§ 1915(g). In DuBose v. United States, No. 23-2107 (E.D. Pa.), DuBose’s Fourth and Fifth
Amendment claims against the United States based on allegedly false testimony of a postal
inspector were dismissed, with prejudice, as legally frivolous pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1915(e)(2)(B)(i) on August 4, 2023, because the claims were not a plausible extension of Bivens
v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) and, thus, not cognizable. (ECF No. 8 at 3-
4.) The dismissal of this case in its entirely constitutes a strike under § 1915(g).
In DuBose v. FDC Warden, No. 23-3098 (E.D. Pa.), DuBose’s Bivens claims against the
Federal Bureau of Prisons, the United States Marshals Service, and the United States Attorney
General were dismissed, with prejudice, on November 13, 2023, for failure to state a claim
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). (Id. ECF No. 5.) DuBose’s additional claim against
the Warden of FDC Philadelphia was dismissed, with prejudice, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) on January 9, 2024, when DuBose failed to file an amended complaint to reassert
that claim, which was previously dismissed with leave to amend as noted in the November 13,
2023 Memorandum and Order. (Id. ECF No. 7.) In combination, these Orders dismissed all claims
in the case with prejudice and constitute a strike for purposes of § 1915(g).
In DuBose v. United States, No. 23-4374 (E.D. Pa.), the Court dismissed, with prejudice,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) DuBose’s FTCA claims for money damages against the
United States because (1) his claims based on the actions of a federal judge, the United States
Marshal, and Assistant United States Attorneys were barred by absolute immunity, and (2) his
remaining claim, based on actions by members of the Federal Defender’s Office who were
appointed to represent him in his criminal trial, were not plausible because a claim involving the
provision of legal representation is exempt from suit under the FTCA. (Id., ECF No. 5 at 4-6.)
The dismissal of this case in its entirety constitutes a strike for purposes of § 1915(g).
B. DuBose Does Not Allege Imminent Danger.
Because DuBose has accumulated three strikes, he can no longer proceed in forma pauperis
in any federal court unless he can show that he is in imminent danger of serious physical injury at
the time he brought his Complaint, and he has not. The “imminent danger” exception to the three-
strikes rule serves as a “safety valve” to ensure that a prisoner is not subject to serious injury due
to his inability to pay a filing fee. Ball, 726 F.3d at 467. It “creates a narrow opening for a
particular type of claim; it does not give prisoners . . . a license to swamp the court with claims
whenever they successfully state a claim of imminent danger.” Brown v. Lyons, 977 F. Supp. 2d
475, 481-82 (E.D. Pa. 2013) (citing Pettus v. Morgenthau, 554 F.3d 293, 297 (2d Cir. 2009)).
“Imminent dangers are those dangers which are about to occur at any moment or are impending.”
Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 315 (internal quotation marks omitted). Past dangers are not imminent
dangers. See Ball, 726 F.3d at 467. Vague, general, or conclusory allegations are likewise
insufficient to establish that a plaintiff is in imminent danger. Id. Finally, “there must be a nexus
between the imminent danger a three-strikes prisoner alleges to obtain IFP status and the legal
claims asserted in his complaint.” Pettus, 554 F.3d at 297; see also Ball v. Hummel, 577 F. App’x
96, 98 n.1 (3d Cir. 2014) (per curiam). In other words, the claimed imminent danger must relate
to the legal claims the prisoner pursues. Id.; see also Brown v. U.S. Dist. Ct., E. Dist., No. 13-
7229, 2014 WL 1225878, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 25, 2014) (“In short, § 1915(g) requires two things:
the allegation of imminent danger and a claim for relief that if granted will preclude the danger
from becoming a reality.”).
The Court finds that DuBose’s allegations do not meet the imminent danger standard of
Section 1915(g). In both of these cases, DuBose asserts that his rights were violated during various
aspects of his criminal trial. Because there is no suggestion in any of his claims concerning
imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he brought his cases, the Court finds that
the imminent danger exception does not apply.
IV. CONCLUSION
Because DuBose is a “three-striker” who is prohibited from proceeding in forma pauperis
unless he is in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time of filing, and since he was
not in imminent danger when he submitted the two Complaints before this Court, DuBose’s
motions to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g are denied. Should DuBose
desire to litigate his claims, he must pay the full filing fee in advance. An appropriate Order
follows, which gives DuBose an opportunity to pay the fees in the event he seeks to proceed with
these cases.1
NITZA I. QUIÑONES ALEJANDRO, J.
1 DuBose may also opt to proceed with one but both of these cases. Any filing fee he submits to
the Clerk of Court should note the Civil Action Number of the case for which the fee is intended.
Irrespective of payment of the filing fee, the case would still be subject to statutory screening pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1915A.