The opinion
Filed 9/12/13
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION EIGHT
ANDREA JOANNOU et al., B241035
Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC445457)
v.
CITY OF RANCHO PALOS VERDES
et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Alan S. Rosenfield, Judge. Affirmed.
Law Offices of Douglas W. Beck & Associates and Douglas W. Beck for
Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Richards, Watson & Gershon, Mitchell E. Abbott and Andrew J. Brady for
Defendants and Respondents.
__________________________
Plaintiffs Andrea Joannou and 25 Oak, LLC, appeal from the summary judgment
entered in favor of defendant City of Rancho Palos Verdes in their action to apply the
Cullen Earthquake Act (Code Civ. Proc., § 751.50, et seq. ) to quiet title in them to city-
owned land where homes they bought were deposited over the course of many years by a
slow moving landslide. We affirm because the Cullen Act does not apply to lot line
displacements resulting from ongoing and gradual earth movements.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1956, road construction by Los Angeles County in a then unincorporated area
of the Palos Verdes Hills known as Portugese Bend accidentally reactivated a sub-surface
prehistoric slide area. That incident sent just under one square mile of hillside property
on an ongoing, slow-motion, downhill journey that inexorably leads to a bluff
overlooking the Pacific Ocean. As a result, homes built in the area have moved along
with the land, in some cases outside their original lot lines and on to neighboring parcels.
Homeowners in the area have turned to innovative methods of anchoring their homes in
place even as the landslide moves down the hill. Some landowners in the affected area
have also accommodated each other over the years by treating the earth movements as a
de facto readjustment of their respective property lines.
The City of Rancho Palos Verdes incorporated in 1972 and includes the Portugese
Bend area. The City then acquired title to the right of way for Palos Verdes Drive South,
which cuts through the landslide area. In 1987, the City took title to a piece of land (Lot
1) in the slide area that sits directly south of the roadway of Palos Verdes Drive.
Sometime between 1956 and 1987, two homes that were originally located north of the
roadway on Lots 40 and 41 migrated approximately 300 feet south of the roadway and on
to Lot 1. Those homes are now located at 40 and 41 Cherryhill Lane.
In 2005, Joannou bought the house on 40 Cherryhill Lane. Although the house
was in poor condition, it was still occupied by the seller. Joannou spent $30,000 to
remodel the house and intended to have a new foundation built. Joannou put up a fence
to keep trespassers out while repairs were made to the home, which apparently drew the
2
attention of city building inspectors. The inspectors “red-tagged” as unsafe Joannou‟s
home and the one that had moved along with it from Lot 41 to 41 Cherryhill Lane.
The City contended that Joannou had no right to occupy Lot 1. Over the next
three years, Joannou and the City tried to negotiate an agreement that would allow her to
lease a portion of Lot 1 from the City for a limited time and then repair and reside in the
home on Cherryhill Lane. As part of this process, Joannou incurred approximately
$100,000 in consulting fees from surveyors, civil engineers, geologists, and other experts
in preparation for re-anchoring the Cherryhill Lane home on Lot 1. Ultimately,
Joannou‟s negotiations with the City were unsuccessful.
Joannou sued the City to quiet title to a portion of Lot 1 under the Cullen
Earthquake Act (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 751.50 – 751.65 (the Cullen Act or the Act)), which
allows for the equitable adjustment of property lines that have been displaced by certain
earth movements.1 Joining her as a plaintiff was 25 Oak, LLC, which bought the house
at 41 Cherryhill Lane in 2009. The owners of several nearby parcels also were named as
defendants, including the owners of Lots 47 and 48, which the slide had relocated to the
original position of Lots 40 and 41.2 The second cause of action sought to quiet title to
Lots 40 and 41 against the owners of Lots 47 and 48 and in favor of Joannou and 25 Oak
should their Cullen Act action be unsuccessful.
The City moved for summary judgment on largely undisputed facts. The trial
court granted summary adjudication of the first cause of action, concluding that the
Cullen Act applied to only sudden earth movements that constituted disasters, not to
gradual earth movements like the Portugese Bend Slide. The City was granted summary
adjudication of the second cause of action because it claimed no right or title to the land
1 Joannou sued in her capacity as trustee of the Andrea Joannou Trust of 2004. For
ease of reference we refer to her as Joannou.
2 Also named as defendants were Los Angeles County, the Portugese Bend
Homeowners Association, and several banks. This matter is appealable because the
judgment was final as to the City. Claims against other defendants are not at issue on
appeal.
3
where the houses on Lots 40 and 41 originally were located. After judgment was entered
for the City, Joannou and 25 Oak appealed, contending that the Cullen Act applied to
their claim.3
DISCUSSION
1. Standard of Review and Rules of Statutory Interpretation
This appeal is from a summary judgment where the sole issue is one of statutory
interpretation based on undisputed facts. Accordingly, we exercise independent review
and apply the ordinary rules for construing statutory language. (MacIsaac v. Waste
Management Collection & Recycling, Inc. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1076, 1081-1082.)
Under the rules of statutory construction, our primary task is to determine the
Legislature‟s intent. The first step in the interpretive process is to examine the
Legislature‟s chosen language, which is the best indicator of legislative intent. Unless
the statute supplies a definition of specific terms, we give the words used a plain and
commonsense meaning. If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, there is no
need for judicial construction. (Alejo v. Torlakson (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 768, 787
(Alejo).) We need not follow the plain meaning of a statute when doing so would
frustrate its purpose or lead to absurd results. Therefore, even though the words chosen
by the Legislature are the best indicator of its intent, we do not view the language in
isolation. Instead, we construe the words of a statute in context with an eye to fulfilling
the statutory purpose. (Ibid.)
A statute is unambiguous if a party‟s proposed interpretation is the only reasonable
interpretation. However, if there is more than one reasonable interpretation of statutory
language, then an ambiguity exists. (Mt. Hawley Insurance Co. v. Lopez (2013)
215 Cal.App.4th 1385, 1398 (Mt. Hawley Insurance).) If so, we resort to secondary rules
of construction. These include: maxims of construction, which express familiar insights
3 Joannou and 25 Oak do not challenge the trial court‟s ruling on their second cause
of action. We will sometimes refer to Joannou and 25 Oak collectively as appellants.
4
about conventional language usage; the legislative history; and the wider historical
circumstances of a statute‟s enactment.4 (Alejo, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 787.)
If the ambiguity is not resolved by these secondary rules of construction, we then
apply reason, practicality, and common sense. (Alejo, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 788.)
When doing so, we must consider the potential consequences of a particular
interpretation. This includes not just the words chosen by the Legislature, but also
matters such as context, the problem to be remedied, the history of the times, legislation
on the same subject, public policy and contemporaneous construction. (Ibid.) These
other matters are important because they elevate our analysis from an abstract exercise in
semantics to the only reason we engage in the process at all – to determine the
Legislature‟s intent in order to carry out the purpose of the law. (Ibid.)
2. The Cullen Earthquake Act
The Legislature enacted the Cullen Act in 1972 in response to the 1971 Sylmar
Earthquake, which disturbed existing property lines by shifting the land in some areas by
several feet. (Dept. of Conservation, Enrolled Bill Rep. on Assem. Bill No. 2329 (1972
Reg. Sess.) [date illegible].) The Cullen Act provides that “[i]f the boundaries of land
owned either by public or private entities have been disturbed by earth movements such
as, but not limited to, slides, subsidence, lateral or vertical displacements or similar
disasters caused by man, or by earthquake or other acts of God, so that such lands are in a
location different from that at which they were located prior to the disaster, an action in
rem may be brought to equitably reestablish boundaries and to quiet title to land within
the boundaries so reestablished.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 751.50.)5
Cullen Act actions may be brought by a county or city where lands were affected
by a disaster, and by any other person or entity that owns or has an interest in land
4 We discuss the proper use of legislative history sources in section 4 of our
DISCUSSION, post.
5 All further undesignated section references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
5
affected by the disaster. (§ 751.51.) The complaint must describe and specify the
exterior boundaries of the real property affected by the action, along with a proposed
replatting of that property that “embod[ies] the land boundaries as fixed by the disaster.”
(§ 751.53, subds. (a)-(f).) The judgment shall determine the boundaries of each parcel of
land at issue in the action “as fixed by the disaster,” and approve and direct the filing of
an official map of the affected land as a substitute for the plat maps previously filed.
(§ 751.60, subds. (a), (c).)
When reaching its conclusions, the trial court must “give effect to the changes in
land boundaries caused by the disaster, mitigated, however,” by certain equitable
considerations. (§ 751.61.) The judgment is conclusive as to the land boundaries of
every person or entity that had or claimed some right or interest in property subject to the
action, as well as those claiming under any of them. (§ 751.62.) The remedies provided
by the Cullen Act are cumulative and in addition to any other remedies available for
quieting or establishing title to real property. (§ 751.64.)
The Legislature had several express purposes in mind when it passed the Cullen
Act:
“(1) Making fully available for continued use and new development the entire
area owned by each entity, whether public or private, which purpose can only be
accomplished by reestablishing with certainty the present location of land boundaries.
“(2) Facilitating the sale, mortgage or lease of land parcels in the state.
“(3) Confirming and establishing the exact areas available for public use in
streets, highways, flood control channels, public utility and other public ways.
“(4) Minimizing the loss of area by property owners whose boundaries have been
disturbed by earth movements such as but not limited to slides, subsidence, lateral or
vertical displacements or similar disasters caused by man or by earthquakes or other acts
of God, by equitably reestablishing property lines or by allocating to adjacent owners
areas of land released by the narrowing or relocating the lines of public streets, highways
or other public ways, with the consent of the city, county or state, as the case may be,
6
under whose jurisdiction such streets, highways or ways are vested, given for the
promotion of the general welfare.
“(5) By declaring lots or parcels of land made substandard in size according to
existing zoning laws as a result of compaction or other earth movement, of legal size
according to such laws where no equitable adjustment of boundaries can be reasonably
made.
“(6) Correcting existing public records by recording the results of judicial
proceedings, including official maps which reflect the land boundaries reestablished
subsequent to the disasters described in paragraph (4).
“(7) Permitting these ends to be accomplished in a single action in rem, brought
with respect to a reasonably large land area affected by the disaster, rather than in
numerous actions affecting single or a small number of parcels of land.” (See Historical
Note, 17A West‟s Ann. Code Civ. Proc. (1980 ed.) foll. § 751.50, p. 348.)
3. The Term “Disaster” Does Not Include Gradual Earth Movements
The City contends that the Cullen Act‟s frequent references to “disasters” and
adjusting boundaries as “fixed” by a disaster show that the Act was designed to apply to
boundary disputes resulting from earth movements that qualify as disasters. (Renee J. v.
Superior Court (2001) 26 Cal.4th 735, 743 [qualifying words or phrases in a statute will
be applied to terms that precede or follow it when the sense of the entire act requires it].)
Because the Cullen Act does not define disaster, the City asks us to apply the
conventional definition of the term in the context of this case (Heritage Residential Care,
Inc. v. Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 75, 82), which
they contend is limited to sudden or abrupt earth movements only.
Appellants concede that the Cullen Act applies only to earth movements that are
disasters, but contend that the term “disaster” is flexible enough to cover gradual earth
movements and that their interpretation is consistent with both the legislative intent of the
Cullen Act and the broad category of earth movements set forth in the Act.
7
A disaster is commonly defined as “a sudden calamitous event,” and connotes a
“lack of foresight.” (Webster‟s New International Dictionary (3d ed. 2002), p. 643.)
Other reference sources give it a potentially broader temporal duration. (The Free
Dictionary, https://www.thefreedictionary.com/disaster [a disaster is “[a]n occurrence
causing widespread destruction and distress; a catastrophe,” or “[a] grave misfortune”].)
Although broader definitions of “disaster” exist, we believe that when it comes to earth
movements, the conventional and commonly understood definition refers to those that are
sudden or instantaneous.
This conclusion finds support in T. L. Enterprises, Inc. v. County of Los Angeles
(1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 876 (T. L. Enterprises), which interpreted a statute that allowed
real property owners to reduce the assessed value of their property if it was damaged by
“disaster, misfortune, or calamity.” (Rev. & Tax. Code, § 51, subd. (c).) The plaintiff
owned an office building that sustained costly damage due to settling of the foundation
over a nine-year period. His request to reduce the assessed value of the building was
denied by the county because the damage had not been caused by a disaster, misfortune,
or calamity. The Court of Appeal affirmed.
Turning to a dictionary definition, the court said a disaster was “ „a sudden
calamitous event producing great material damage, loss, and distress.‟ It similarly
defines calamity . . . as „an extraordinarily grave event marked by great loss and lasting
distress and affliction.‟ Misfortune, „an instance of bad luck‟ [citation], connotes a less
serious incident than disaster or calamity. All require at a minimum some event out of
the ordinary. [¶] Appellant has not shown that its loss was caused by such an
occurrence. Although appellant undoubtedly considers the decrease in value a
misfortune, it was the result of ordinary natural forces. Because it took place over a
period of years appellant was not in the position of the victim of earthquake, flood, or
fire: it could take steps to alleviate the consequences.” (T. L. Enterprises, supra,
215 Cal.App.3d at p. 880, quoting Webster‟s New International Dictionary (3d ed. 1981),
pp. 314, 643, 1443, italics added.) That is precisely what happened here.
8
Our conclusion that gradual, ongoing earth movements do not qualify as disasters
also finds support in two other separate statutory schemes. We begin with two related
rules of statutory construction. First, a term having a specific meaning in one area of the
law normally should be given the same construction when it appears elsewhere. (Britts v.
Superior Court (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 1112, 1127.) Second, under this rule of statutory
interpretation we presume the Legislature meant to give the same meaning to similar
phrases unless a contrary intention appears. (Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. State Farm Mutual
Automobile Ins. Co. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 890, 899.)6
One of the separate statutory schemes we rely on distinguishes earthquakes and
other sudden earth movements from slow-moving slides like the one in Portugese Bend.
Government Code sections 865 through 867 provide local public entities with immunity
from liability arising out of actions they take to prevent damage from gradual earth
movements.
In enacting these sections, the Legislature found that the “gradual movement of
land, such as in prehistoric slide areas,” or from other loss of underground support “can
result in danger to persons or property.” (Gov. Code, § 865, subd. (a), italics added.)
“Unlike an earthquake or rapid rockslide or landslide, these gradual earth movements
permit possible intervention to arrest the movement” and head off any damage to persons
or property. Immunity was necessary in order to encourage local public entities to take
remedial action to alleviate the hazards of such earth movements. (Ibid., italics added.)
“Gradual earth movements” are defined to include “perceptible changes in the earth
either in a subterranean area or at the surface, or both, which if not arrested or contained
will over a gradual period of time result in damage to or destruction of underground or
aboveground property or harm to persons.” (Gov. Code, § 866, subd. (a)(3), italics
added.)
Thus, in Government Code sections 865 and 866, the Legislature has drawn a
distinction between earthquakes and rapid rockslides on the one hand and the gradual
6 We asked for and received supplemental briefing on this issue from the parties.
9
movement of prehistoric slide areas on the other because “gradual earth movements
permit possible intervention to arrest the movement and avoid harm . . . .” (Gov. Code,
§ 865, subd. (a), italics added.) As a result, the statute refers to gradual earth movements
as “hazard[s]” that may “result in possible damage.” (Gov. Code, § 865, subds. (a), (b),
(italics added).)7
The other separate statutory scheme we examine is the California Emergency
Services Act (Gov. Code, § 8550, et seq. (the Emergency Services Act)), which was
enacted two years before the Cullen Act. (Stats. 1970, c. 1454, p. 2845, § 2.) Under this
act, an emergency is defined as “the duly proclaimed existence of conditions of disaster
or of extreme peril . . . caused by such conditions as air pollution, fire, flood, storm,
epidemic, drought, sudden and severe energy shortage, plant or animal infestation or
disease, . . . or an earthquake . . .” of such magnitude that they are beyond the control of
the resources of a single public entity and require the assistance of combined forces.
(Gov. Code, § 8558, subds. (b), (c), italics added.) When enacting this law, the
Legislature found that coordinating the response of public agencies was necessary to
protect Californians from “the destructive impact of disasters and other massive
emergencies . . . .” (Gov. Code, § 8588.3, subd. (a).)
Application of the interpretive canon ejusdem generis is instructive at this point.
Under that rule, when a general term or category is preceded or followed by specific
7 Appellants point to other statutes that expressly recognize the distinction between
land failures caused by both rapid and gradual earth movements and contend that the
Legislature‟s failure to draw the same distinction in the Cullen Act shows that it intended
to include both types of earth movements within its scope. (See Gov. Code, § 831.25
[tort immunity for public entity from injury occurring due to natural condition of
unimproved public land; land failure includes rapid and gradual earth movements]; Pub.
Resources Code, § 21080.33 [exemption from environmental impact report requirement
for emergency repairs to highways damaged by several causes, including earthquake and
gradual earth movements]; Wat. Code, § 13269, subd. (c)(2) [exemption from waste
discharge requirements for emergency repairs on scenic highways due to several causes,
including earthquake and gradual earth movement].) We disagree. By limiting the
Cullen Act to earth movements that are disasters, the Legislature has in fact drawn that
distinction.
10
words, the general category is restricted to those things that are similar to those
specifically enumerated. (People v. Arias (2008) 45 Cal.4th 169, 180.) The Emergency
Services Act‟s list of possible disasters includes some conditions that develop over time
(drought, epidemics, plant and animal infestations), and others that are swift or
instantaneous (fire, flood, storm). Earthquakes, which are instantaneous, are the only
earth movement listed. (Gov. Code, § 8558, subds. (b), (c).)
As Government Code sections 865 and 866 make clear, the Legislature is aware of
the difference between rapid earth movements like earthquakes and gradual ones like
prehistoric slides, yet when it came to earth movements, chose to limit its list of disasters
to earthquakes. We do not believe this excludes other types of earth movements from
being disasters under the Emergency Services Act so long as they inflict the requisite
level of harm. However, applying the ejusdem generis rule of statutory construction, we
do believe it defines the temporal parameters of the types of earth movements that qualify
as such.
We distill the following from these two disparate statutory schemes. First, the
Legislature views slow-moving landslides as a type of earth movement that deserves
separate treatment from rapid movements like earthquakes because the latter cause
immediate damage while the former permit intervention before damage occurs. Second,
the type of earth movements that qualify as disasters under the Emergency Services Act
are in the same temporal category as earthquakes. This leads us to conclude that the
Legislature does not consider gradual earth movements like the Portugese Bend slide to
be disasters.
4. Ongoing and Gradual Earth Movements Are Not “Fixed” as Required By the
Cullen Act
Even if the Cullen Act could be read to include gradual earth movements as
disasters, the Act still would not apply because the landslide is ongoing, and therefore the
affected land is not “fixed” as that term is used in the statute. Various sections of the
Cullen Act contemplate that at the conclusion of litigation any judgment for the plaintiffs
11
will establish new boundaries. (See e.g., §§ 751.50, 751.52, 751.53, 751.56, subd. (c),
751.58, 751.60, subd. (a).) Especially significant is subdivision (f) of section 751.53
which requires that all complaints filed under the Cullen Act include:
“A proposed replatting of the entire real property sought to be affected by the
action, embodying the land boundaries as fixed by the disaster, except as these
boundaries have been equitably and judicially readjusted, or as liberalized by judicially
directed use of the vacated lands.”
The property in question has been sliding for nearly 60 years. Moving land is not
“fixed.” The record reflects that the land has been moving throughout this litigation and
when the lawsuit is concluded the land will continue to move until it reaches the Pacific
Ocean. In no sense of the word can it be said that the boundaries have become or will
become fixed until perhaps it sadly splashes into the sea. Indeed the record seems to
support the inference that nearly as soon as the ink is dry on the judgment appellants have
sought in this case, a new application could be filed because the land would have moved
again. Such repetitive applications are not contemplated by the Cullen Act, which
assumes that at the end of the case the boundaries will have “been fixed.” Neither would
a new boundary have been “reestablished” as is required by section 751.50 [“. . . an
action in rem may be brought to equitably reestablish boundaries and to quiet title to land
within the boundaries so reestablished.”].
5. The Legislative History of the Cullen Act Shows That It Excludes Gradual Earth
Movements
To the extent any ambiguity exists concerning the Cullen Act‟s use of the terms
“disaster” and “fixed,” we look to the Act‟s legislative history, including a failed attempt
to amend the Act to expressly include slow-moving landslides. In doing so, we examine
the Legislative Counsel‟s Digest and other summaries and reports that indicate the
Legislature‟s intent. (Mt. Hawley Insurance, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 1401.) The
Legislative Counsel‟s digest is the official summary of the legal effect of a bill and is
relied upon by the Legislature throughout the legislative process. (Ibid.) As a result, the
12
digest is entitled to great weight, but is not binding. (Ibid.) Reports of legislative
committees and analysts are also useful indicators of legislative intent, but material
showing the motive or understanding of the bill‟s author or other interested persons is
generally not considered. (Ibid.)
A. Legislative History of the Cullen Act
When the Cullen Act was introduced in April 1972, the proposed legislation was
dubbed the “Earthslide Relief Act.” (Legis. Counsel‟s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 2329 (1972
Reg. Sess., Stats. 1972, Summary Dig., p. 5.) It would apply when land boundaries were
moved “by an act of God, consisting of an earthslide . . . .” However, the subject heading
that prefaced the proposed bill described it as “An act relating to earthquakes”. (Original
italics.) (Id. at p. 1.)
The enrolled bill report said it was the “[r]esult of [sic] San Fernando earthquake,”
and would “provide procedures for readjusting property boundaries and reestablishing
title to such lands disturbed by earthquakes . . . .” (Dept. of Conservation, Enrolled Bill
Rep. on Assem. Bill No. 2329 (1972 Reg. Sess.) [date illegible].) A report of the
Assembly Judiciary Committee said the proposed bill was designed to remedy title and
boundary problems caused by the Sylmar Earthquake. No other causes of land
movements were mentioned, but the report questioned why it was limited to naturally-
caused earthquakes, noting that a nuclear bomb test could set off an earthquake or tidal
wave. (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Rep. on Assem. Bill No. 2329 (1972 Reg. Sess.)
May 22, 1972.)
The bill was then amended into its current form and renamed the “Earth
Movement Disaster Act”. (Leg. Counsel‟s Dig., Assem. Amends. to Assem. Bill
No. 2329 (1972 Reg. Sess.) May 24, 1972.) The Legislative Counsel‟s Digest said the
bill had been expanded to apply to lands “disturbed by earthquakes and other disasters,
including those resulting from acts of man.” (Ibid.) The bill was amended one more time
to change its name to the Cullen Earthquake Act. (Leg. Counsel‟s Dig., Sen. Amends. to
Assem. Bill No. 2329 (1972 Reg. Sess.) June 19, 1972, italics added.)
13
The City contends that this legislative history shows the Legislature had sudden
events like earthquakes in mind when it enacted the Cullen Act. Although the City‟s
interpretation is reasonable, the legislative history does not address whether “other
disasters” under the Cullen Act are limited to one-time, sudden earth movements. Given
the broad and non-exclusive listing of earth movements covered by the Act (§ 751.50), it
could be interpreted to apply to all earth movements regardless of the rate at which they
occur.
B. The 2008 Failed Attempt to Amend the Cullen Act
In February 2008, a proposed amendment to the Cullen Act was introduced that
would have changed section 751.50 to state that the Act applied to “any earth movement,
abrupt or gradual, including, but not limited to, slides, subsidence, or lateral or vertical
displacements, whether caused by nature or man, so that these lands are in a location
different from that at which they were located prior to the movement.” (Italics omitted.)
According to the Legislative Counsel‟s Digest, the Cullen Act referred to the types of
earth movements within its reach as disasters. The amended bill would “specify that the
authority to bring an action [under the Cullen Act] applies to any earth movement,
whether abrupt or gradual, and would remove references to these earth movements as
disasters.” (Leg. Counsel‟s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 2479 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.) Summary
Dig., p. 97.)
The proposed revision was amended a few months later to provide instead for a
study by the California Geological Survey to determine whether a quiet title cause of
action based on gradual earth movements “should be established.” (Sen. Com. on
Judiciary, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2479 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 30,
2008, p. 1.) The Judiciary Committee report said that a series of gradual earth
movements in the Oakland Bay Area had prompted some litigants to assert remedies
under the Cullen Act. An arbitrator hearing one such dispute ruled that the Cullen Act
did not apply to gradual earth movements, prompting the bill‟s author to conclude that
there was no existing authority that allowed for the readjustment of property lines in such
14
cases. (Id. at pp. 2-4.) The report also said that “the Cullen Act provides a remedy for
landowners to reestablish land boundaries altered by abrupt movements caused by natural
disasters. The author has identified a legitimate problem in that current law regarding
the reestablishment of boundaries due to earth movements does not apply to scenarios
where boundary lines have shifted due to gradual earth movements.” (Italics added.)
(Id. at pp. 4-5.)
Although neither proposal passed, the City contends we may rely on them to
interpret the Cullen Act. According to the City, these unsuccessful proposals show that
the Cullen Act does not apply to gradual earth movements. Appellants contend these
failed measures are not relevant because only three members of an Assembly Committee
voted to recommend one of the proposed bills, which was then amended out of existence
into a provision concerning bottled water. (Legis. Counsel‟s Dig., Sen. Amends. to
Assem. Bill No. 2479 (2007-2008 Reg. Sess.).) They also contend that the proposed
legislation reflected nothing more than the opinion of its author that the Cullen Act did
not apply to gradual earth movements.
As a general rule, unpassed legislation provides “very limited guidance” when
interpreting existing legislation. (Grupe Development Co. v. Superior Court (1993)
4 Cal.4th 911, 922-923.) However, in some circumstances it may be a reliable indicator
of existing legislative intent. (Gay Law Students Assn. v. Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co. (1979)
24 Cal.3d 458, 480, fn. 13; Seibert v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. (1975) 45 Cal.App.3d 1, 19.)
We believe the legislative history surrounding the unsuccessful attempts to address
the issue of gradual earth movements does offer some guidance to our interpretation of
the Cullen Act. The initial amendment would have changed the Cullen Act by deleting
all references to disasters and state instead that it applied to “any earth movement, abrupt
or gradual, . . .” The Legislative Counsel‟s Digest said this amendment would specify
that the Act applied to such earth movements.8 Although “specify” is capable of more
8 When appellants discuss this, they refer to it as an attempt to “clarify” that the
Cullen Act applied to gradual earth movements. That term never appears in the proposed
2008 amendments or their legislative history, however.
15
than one meaning, its use instead of “clarify” at least suggests that “disaster” as used in
the Cullen Act does not include gradual earth movements and that a change was
considered to address that omission. The Judiciary Committee‟s report on the amended
version of that proposal – calling for a study of the issue – said the intent was to
determine whether a cause of action arising from gradual earth movements “should be
established,” and that the Act applied to only abrupt movements. These statements also
lend support to our conclusion.9
6. Conclusion: The Cullen Act Does Not Apply to Gradual Earth Movements
Summing up, the conventional meaning of “disaster” as applied to earth
movements does not include gradual and ongoing earth movements like the Portugese
Bend Slide. As discussed above, this conclusion finds support in the Emergency Services
Act‟s reference to earthquakes as disasters as well as in the government tort immunity
provisions that distinguish between gradual and rapid earth movements because the
former pose a risk of harm over time that can be abated. It also finds support in the 2008
failed attempts to address the issue of gradual earth movements in the Cullen Act. We
believe this definition is consistent with and applies to the Cullen Act.
As previously discussed, the entire statutory scheme is predicated on the need to
equitably readjust property boundaries that have become fixed after a disaster. The
judgment in such an action must determine the boundaries of the affected property “as
fixed by the disaster” and then approve and order the filing of a new plat map to serve as
the official map for those properties. (§ 751.60, subds. (a), (c).) The judgment is
conclusive as to the entire affected area. (§ 751.61.) The Legislature intended that this
be done in a single action “with respect to a reasonably large land area affected by the
disaster” instead of in multiple actions affecting a few parcels. This would “reestablish
9 We do not consider statements by the author of the proposed amendments
concerning her own subjective beliefs, or any part of the legislative history that purports
to rely on interpretations of the Cullen Act by arbitrators or trial courts.
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with certainty the present location of land boundaries.” (See Historical Note, 17A West‟s
Ann. Code Civ. Proc. (1980 ed.) foll. § 751.50, p. 348.)
The Portugese Bend Slide has been in progress for 57 years and counting.
Nothing about it is “fixed.” As a result, there is no way to comply with the Act‟s
requirements or satisfy the Legislature‟s intent of establishing certainty over the new land
boundaries in a single conclusive action. We sympathize with appellants‟ plight and
share their concern that the absence of an effective remedy in cases like this may lead to
inequitable results.10 We also agree that it is an issue the Cullen Act could have
addressed. However, the gradual movement of land in the Portugese Bend area is not a
disaster as that term is commonly understood or as intended by the Cullen Act.11
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
RUBIN, J.
WE CONCUR:
BIGELOW, P. J.
EPSTEIN, J.*
10 We note that appellants still have a quiet title cause of action against those
homeowners claiming title to Lots 40 and 41, which was the original location of
appellants‟ homes. We express no opinion on the merits of that claim.
11 Although we have borrowed from the Emergency Services Act to help define the
term “disaster,” we do so only as to the temporal aspect of that concept – a sudden earth
movement – and not as to the scope or extent of damage. Therefore, we do not hold that
a disaster under the Cullen Act must also qualify as a disaster for purposes of the
Emergency Services Act.
*
Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Four,
assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California
Constitution.
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