“[F]or parolees and probationers, the question of whether a claim should be made under Section 1983 or under federal habeas has been described as a more ‘metaphysical’ one, because the “conditions” of parole are the confinement.”
How later courts described this case
- “[F]or parolees and probationers, the question of whether a claim should be made under Section 1983 or under federal habeas has been described as a more ‘metaphysical’ one, because the “conditions” of parole are the confinement.”
- “[T]he District Court first correctly concluded that, to the extent that Butler sought an injunction invalidating or altering the sentence imposed by the Board, he could not do so via a § 1983 civil suit.”
- declining to decide whether a parolee’s claim should be raised in habeas or in a civil rights action
- holding that Heck barred a § 1983 claim challenging the Parole Board’s decision to revoke parole
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
RAYMOND BROWN,
Plaintiff,
v. CIVIL ACTION NO. 22-2953
COOPER, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Rufe, J. July 10, 2023
Plaintiff Raymond Brown, proceeding pro se, filed this civil rights action pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Defendants Lakeisha Cooper, Thomas Tarrant, and David Kennedy
violated his constitutional rights by imposing conditions upon him while he was on parole.
Defendants have moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint.1 For the reasons stated
below, Defendants’ motion will be granted.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Allegations2
Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Cooper is the “Director of Parole,” Defendant Tarrant is a
parole supervisor, and Defendant Kennedy is a parole agent.3 Plaintiff avers that on July 20,
2022, Defendant Kennedy directed that Plaintiff “surrender his person” to the parole office, and
subsequently informed Plaintiff that a Protection from Abuse (“PFA”) order had been filed
1 Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss [Doc. No. 22]. Plaintiff did not file an opposition to the motion, but the Court will
consider the motion on the merits and does not grant it as unopposed.
2 Plaintiff pleads the following facts in the Amended Complaint, and the Court assumes they are true for
purposes of evaluating the motion to dismiss.
3 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 2-4.
against him.4 Plaintiff alleges that he and Defendant Kennedy “had words” about the validity of
the PFA order, and that Plaintiff told Defendant Kennedy that all named Defendants were
“incompetent[]” and unable to “properly investigate the PFA.”5 Plaintiff claims that he
demanded Defendants “conduct an investigation,” but “it was refused.”6 He alleges that at some
point, all Defendants “indicated Plaintiff violated his parole conditions due to the PFA being
filed upon Plaintiff.”7
Plaintiff avers that he never violated his parole conditions, and that Defendants levied
sanctions against him solely in retaliation for his comments regarding Defendants’ alleged
“incompetence” and “[in]ability to properly investigate the PFA.”8 Plaintiff contends that the
sanctions included (1) GPS monitoring; (2) restricted access to people, places, and freedom; (3) a
curfew; and (4) “lost wages.”9 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants told him, “if the PFA is
dismiss[ed] then the sanction[s] will be removed.”10
Plaintiff filed an “exhibit” that appears to be an order dated July 25, 2022 from the
Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, Family Division, vacating the PFA order against Plaintiff
for failure to prosecute.11 Plaintiff alleges that after the PFA order was vacated, Defendants
4 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 6-7.
5 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 8, 13.
6 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 10.
7 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 11.
8 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 12-13.
9 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 14.
10 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 15.
11 Ex. [Doc. No. 8] at ECF page 1. Plaintiff filed this exhibit before filing the Amended Complaint, and did not
attach it as an exhibit to the Amended Complaint. However, given Plaintiff’s pro se status, the Court will consider
the document in ruling on the Motion to Dismiss.
2
Cooper and Tarrant threated to arrest Plaintiff or “extend[] current sanctions,” due to Plaintiff’s
statements.12 Plaintiff avers that all Defendants have continued to retaliate against him with
sanctions, and that they “had knowledge that Plaintiff was at risk of los[s] of employment and
seriously being injured due to the GPS device.”13
B. Procedural History
On July 29, 2022, Plaintiff filed his original Complaint, as well as a motion for an
emergency preliminary injunction ordering Defendants to “stop future retaliation and emotional
stress infliction” after the PFA order was vacated.14 The Court denied Plaintiff’s motion without
prejudice, reasoning that “the proper remedy for an allegation that the Defendants disobeyed a
state court order is for Plaintiff to seek enforcement of that state court order from the state court
which issued the order.”15 Plaintiff then filed an emergency motion for reconsideration, which
the Court denied because Plaintiff “ha[d] not shown that after the PFA order was vacated,
Defendants were required to lift the sanctions and/or were prohibited from imposing additional
sanctions.”16 Plaintiff later filed his Amended Complaint, and the Motion to Dismiss followed.17
12 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 16. Along with the state-court order, Plaintiff’s “exhibit” also included a
document entitled “Special Conditions of Parole,” which required Plaintiff to enroll in a batterer’s intervention
program. Ex. [Doc. No. 8] at ECF page 2. This document is dated July 26, 2022.
13 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 18, 19.
14 Mot. Emergency Prelim. Inj. [Doc. No. 3] at ECF page 1; see Order Aug. 1, 2022 [Doc. No. 7].
15 Order Aug. 1, 2022 [Doc. No. 7] at 2-3 (quoting Brothers v. Corbett, No. 13-1154, 2014 WL 2561610, at *5
(W.D. Pa. Jun. 6, 2014)).
16 Order Oct. 13, 2022 [Doc. No. 13] at 3.
17 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20]; Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss [Doc. No. 22].
3
II. LEGAL STANDARD
For a claim to survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6), each claim of a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter to state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.18 The question is not whether the plaintiff will ultimately
prevail, but whether the complaint is “sufficient to cross the federal court’s threshold.”19 The
court must “accept all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under any reasonable reading of the complaint,
the plaintiff may be entitled to the relief.”20 However, the court “need not credit a complaint’s
‘bald assertions’ or ‘legal conclusions.’”21 As Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the Court construes
his allegations liberally.22
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint alleges violations of the First, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendments, seeking to hold Defendants liable in their official and individual capacities.23
Plaintiff requests (1) a declaration that Defendants violated his rights; (2) compensatory damages
18 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation omitted).
19 Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 530 (2011) (same).
20 Philips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3rd Cir. 2008) (quoting Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292
F.3d 361, 374 n.7 (3rd Cir. 2002)).
21 In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1429 (3rd Cir. 1997) (quoting Glassman v.
Computervision Corp., 90 F.3d 617, 628 (1st Cir. 1996)).
22 Vogt v. Wetzel, 8 F. 4th 182, 185 (3d Cir. 2021) (citing Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 244-
45 (3d Cir. 2013)).
23 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 20.
4
in the amount of $3,000,000; (3) punitive damages in the amount of $10,000; and (4) injunctive
relief terminating his parole, granting a pardon, or commuting his sentence.24
A. Claims Against Defendants in their Official Capacities
Defendants first argue that Plaintiff’s claims against Defendants in their official
capacities are barred by the Eleventh Amendment.25 The Third Circuit has repeatedly held that
“Pennsylvania’s judicial districts, including their probation and parole departments, are entitled
to Eleventh Amendment immunity.”26 As Defendants have not waived their sovereign immunity,
and because Congress has not explicitly abrogated immunity through authorizing legislation, the
Eleventh Amendment bars Plaintiff’s official capacity claims for damages against Defendants.27
The Court will dismiss these claims with prejudice.
B. Claims Against Defendants in their Individual Capacities
Defendants next argue that Plaintiff’s individual capacity claims are barred under the
doctrine of Heck v. Humphrey.28 In Heck, the Supreme Court held that a state prisoner’s claim
for damages is not cognizable under § 1983 if it calls into question the lawfulness of his
conviction or confinement, unless he can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already
24 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 24-27. Plaintiff also asks for attorneys’ fees, despite the fact that he is
proceeding pro se.
25 Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss [Doc. No. 22] at 4-5.
26 Haybarger v. Lawrence Cnty. Adult Prob. & Parole, 551 F.3d 193, 197 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Benn v. First
Judicial Dist. of Pa., 426 F.3d 233, 241 (3d Cir. 2005)).
27 Although “[s]tate officials in their official capacities do not have Eleventh Amendment immunity when sued
for prospective injunctive relief,” Plaintiff’s claims for injunctive relief will be dismissed on other grounds, as
discussed below. Wilson v. Somerset Cnty. Prosecutors Off., No. 15-6034, 2016 WL 1090811, at *7 (D.N.J. Mar.
21, 2016) (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908)).
28 512 U.S. 477.
5
been invalidated.29 Thus, “when a state prisoner is challenging the fact or duration of his
confinement, his sole federal remedy is a writ of habeas corpus, not a § 1983 action.”30
Plaintiff’s claims for injunctive relief—seeking termination of his parole, pardon, or
commutation—are barred by Heck.31 However, his individual claims for damages present a
closer question.
Defendants concede that federal courts are divided as to whether a state parolee may
challenge a condition of parole via a § 1983 action.32 The Third Circuit has declined to decide
the issue.33 Defendants rely on cases from the Seventh and Eighth Circuits that determined that
conditions of parole or probation “define the perimeters of confinement.”34 However, there is a
circuit split on this issue35 and district courts within this Circuit have determined that Heck is
inapplicable under the present circumstances—i.e., where challenges, if successful, would
29 Id. at 486-87; see Johnson v. Mondrosch, 586 F. App’x 871, 873 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-
87).
30 Williams v. Consovoy, 453 F.3d 173, 177 (3d Cir. 2006) (holding that Heck barred a § 1983 claim challenging
the Parole Board’s decision to revoke parole) (citing Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500 (1973)).
31 See Butler v. Pennsylvania Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 613 F. App’x 119, 123 (3d Cir. 2015) (“[T]he District
Court first correctly concluded that, to the extent that Butler sought an injunction invalidating or altering the
sentence imposed by the Board, he could not do so via a § 1983 civil suit.”); Williams, 453 F.3d at 177.
32 Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss [Doc. No. 22] at 7 (collecting cases); see Johnson, 586 F. App’x at 874 (declining to
decide whether a parolee’s claim should be raised in habeas or in a civil rights action); Doe v. Pennsylvania Bd. of
Prob. & Parole, 513 F.3d 95, 100 (3d Cir. 2008) (“[F]or parolees and probationers, the question of whether a claim
should be made under Section 1983 or under federal habeas has been described as a more ‘metaphysical’ one,
because the “conditions” of parole are the confinement.”) (quoting Williams v. Wisconsin, 335 F.3d 576, 579 (7th
Cir. 2003)).
33 Johnson, 586 F. App’x at 874 (“We need not decide whether Johnson’s challenge sounds more in habeas,
however, as we conclude that his claims would fail whether brought under § 1983 or in a collateral attack.”).
34 Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss [Doc. No. 22] at 6 (citing Williams, 336 F.3d at 580 (concluding that the probationer’s
challenges should have been presented in a collateral attack because they “define the perimeters of her
confinement”); Drollinger v. Milligan, 552 F.2d 1220 (7th Cir. 1977); Savickas v. Walker, 180 F. App'x 592, 593
(7th Cir. 2006); Bass v. Mitchell, 53 F.3d 335 (8th Cir. 1995) (unpublished).
35 See Thornton v. Brown, 757 F.3d 834, 845-46 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding that “a state parolee may challenge a
condition of parole under § 1983 if his or her claim, if successful, would neither result is speedier release from
parole nor imply, either directly or indirectly, the invalidity of the criminal judgments underlying that parole term”).
6
relieve the plaintiff from compliance with conditions rather than “result in an earlier release from
custody.”36 This Court agrees that because Plaintiff’s challenges “would not invalidate Plaintiff’s
parole, but rather would invalidate a condition of his parole,” Heck does not bar his claims.37
1. First Amendment Claim38
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants retaliated against him in violation of the First
Amendment.39 To succeed on a First Amendment retaliation claim, the plaintiff must show that
(1) he engaged in constitutionally protected conduct; (2) the defendant subjected him to
retaliatory action sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his rights, and
(3) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the retaliatory action.40
As a threshold matter, Plaintiff fails to “aver facts to show [each] defendant[’s] personal
involvement in the alleged misconduct.”41 Although Plaintiff identifies the specific sanctions
imposed, he does not allege with particularity how, when, and why each individual Defendant
engaged in the purported retaliatory conduct. Instead, he repeatedly asserts that Defendants
collectively “sanction[ed]” him and “retaliated” against him due to his “statements.”42 Equally
36 See, e.g., Scheer v. Fish, No. 21-949, 2022 WL 4094414, at *4 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 7, 2022); Collura v. Ford, No.
13-4066, 2016 WL 409228, at *26 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 3, 2016) (striking Heck defense because the plaintiff was
challenging “the Probation Officer Defendants’ alleged conduct in supervising a portion of his probation, and not his
confinement or its duration).
37 See Scheer, 2022 WL 4094414, at *4 (emphasis added).
38 Although Defendants do not move for dismissal on grounds beyond the Eleventh Amendment and Heck
arguments, the Court must sua sponte dismiss any claim that (i) is frivolous or malicious, (ii) fails to state a claim
upon which relief may be granted, or (iii) seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.
See § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)–(iii).
39 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶ 21.
40 See Thrower v. N.J. State Parole Bd., 438 F. App’x 71, 73 (3d Cir. 2011); Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330 (3d
Cir. 2001).
41 Dooley v. Wetzel, 957 F.3d 366, 374 (3d Cir. 2020) (citing Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d
Cir. 1988)).
42 See Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 13-14, 17-18.
7
unclear are the circumstances surrounding his purported “statements.” Plaintiff initially claims
that he made “statements and commons [sic]” to Defendant Kennedy about all three Defendants’
“incompetence,” but later asserts that he made “commons [sic] and statements” to Defendant
Tarrant only “about Defendants Cooper and Kennedy.”43
Put simply, Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint lacks the requisite specificity to adequately
allege a First Amendment claim. The Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s retaliation claim without
prejudice, only to the extent that Plaintiff can unambiguously allege personal involvement on the
part of each Defendant, and sufficiently plead the elements of a prima facie retaliation claim.
Plaintiff will be granted leave to file a Second Amended Complaint as to this claim.
2. Fourteenth Amendment Claims
Plaintiff next alleges that Defendants violated his Fourteenth Amendment Rights. The
Fourteenth Amendment mandates that “[n]o state shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law.”44 Due process protections extend to both substantive and
procedural violations of the Fourteenth Amendment. “[T]he substantive component of the Clause
. . . protects individual liberty against ‘certain government actions regardless of the fairness of
the procedures used to implement them.’”45 The procedural component “provide[s] a guarantee
of fair procedure in connection with any deprivation of life, liberty, or property by a State.”46
43 Am. Compl. [Doc. No. 20] ¶¶ 9, 16. While Plaintiff separately claims that Defendants Cooper and Tarrant
“made threats to Plaintiff of arrest and addition or extended current sanctions,” the Third Circuit has held that
“verbal threats . . . are not sufficiently adverse to support a retaliation claim” in the prison context. Dunbar v.
Barone, 487 F. App’x 721, 723 (3d Cir. 2012).
44 U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.
45 Collins v. City of Harker Heights, Tex., 503 U.S. 115, 125 (1992) (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327,
331 (1986)).
46 Id.
8
In this case, Plaintiff has not alleged that he availed himself of the procedures available to
challenge his conditions of parole,47 nor has he alleged that these procedures were in any way
constitutionally inadequate. Rather, he merely asserts that Defendants refused to “investigate”
the PFA order, which is insufficient to state a due process claim for purposes of § 1983.48
Plaintiff therefore has failed to plausibly allege that Defendants violated his procedural due
process rights.49
To state a substantive due process claim, Plaintiff must show that he was deprived of a
protected property or liberty interest by arbitrary or capricious government action.50 As a
parolee, Plaintiff “does not enjoy ‘the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled, but only
[a] conditional liberty properly dependent on observance of special parole restrictions.’”51 The
Third Circuit has recognized that “[r]estrictions to a particular community, job or home, as well
as restrictions on travel or movement are standard conditions of parole.”52
The sanctions at issue here (GPS monitoring, restrictions on “people and places,” and a
curfew) are the kinds of “standard conditions of parole” that fall short of a cognizable due
47 As the Court noted in ruling on Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration, “Plaintiff provided to the Court the
document that imposes special conditions of parole . . . which describes the process whereby Plaintiff may challenge
those conditions.” Order Oct. 13, 2022 [Doc. No 14] at 3.
48 Glenn v. DelBalso, 599 F. App'x 457, 459 (3d Cir. 2015) (citations omitted) (“[A]llegations of improprieties
in the handling of grievances do not state a cognizable claim under § 1983.”).
49 See Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 233–34 (3d Cir. 2006) (identifying the elements of a
procedural due process claim).
50 County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 840, (1998); Nicholas v. Pennsylvania State Univ., 227 F.3d
133, 142 (3d Cir. 2000).
51 Johnson, 586 F. App’x at 874 (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480 (1972)).
52 Johnson, 586 F. App’x at 874 (citing Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 478; Doe, 513 F.3d at 114 (citing Williams, 336
F.3d at 581) (“Like prisoners, . . . parolees . . . have no right to control where they live in the United States; the right
to travel is extinguished for the entire balance of their sentences.”)).
9
process violation.53 Accordingly, Plaintiff has not alleged that Defendants deprived him of a
recognizable fundamental right. As the defects in Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment claims
cannot be cured through further amendment, the Court will dismiss these claims with prejudice.
3. Eighth Amendment Claim
Finally, Plaintiff claims that Defendants violated the Eighth Amendment in imposing
sanctions against him. “The Eighth Amendment prohibits any punishment which violates
civilized standards of humanity and decency.”54 To establish a deprivation of the minimal
civilized measure of life’s necessities, a plaintiff must show he has been denied “basic human
needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care and personal safety.”55 Plaintiff’s
Eighth Amendment claim fails as a matter of law because, as discussed above, none of his
allegations reveals a sufficiently serious deprivation. Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim,
therefore, will also be dismissed with prejudice.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted. The Court will dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim without prejudice, and his
Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment claims will be dismissed with prejudice. An appropriate
Order follows.
53 See Johnson, 586 F. App’x at 874.
54 Griffin v. Vaughn, 112 F.3d 703, 709 (3d Cir. 1997) (citation omitted).
55 Id.
10