The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
GARTOR KIKI BROWN :
:
v. : CIVIL ACTION NO. 16-4640
:
C.E.C., ET AL. :
MCHUGH, J. February 3, 2023
MEMORANDUM
This is a civil rights action brought by Gartor Kiki Brown, a pro se litigant well known to
this Court, against various corrections officials and medical staff members who worked at the
prison where he was incarcerated during the events at issue. Mr. Brown alleges that a pair of
corrections officers arranged for another prisoner to assault him repeatedly in retaliation for a
grievance he filed against two of their colleagues, and thereafter medical staff refused to treat his
resulting injuries. He seeks relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 on a variety of theories. Defendants
now move for summary judgment, contending that Brown failed to administratively exhaust his
claims as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), and that he lacks evidentiary
support for his claims. Because I am persuaded that Brown did not administratively exhaust his
claims, I will grant summary judgment as to all of them.
I. Relevant Background
A. The events surrounding July 7, 2016
At the time of the events in question, Mr. Brown was a pretrial detainee at the George W.
Hill Correctional Facility (“George W. Hill”). Pl. Decl. ¶¶ 2-19, ECF 43 at 3-4; SAC ¶¶ 14, 29.1
1 He is currently in the custody of the Department of Homeland Security, awaiting removal from the
United States because of the criminal offenses he committed here.
On July 6, 2016, Brown allegedly attended a review meeting with three members of prison
leadership: Warden Burns, Chief of Security Lynch, and Michael Moore, the institution’s
Classification Coordinator. Pl. Decl. at ¶¶ 10-15; SAC ¶¶ 7-9, 14. According to Brown, he
described a series of incidents that occurred between himself and Defendants Baldwin and
Liverpool, both of whom were corrections officers. Pl. Decl. at ¶¶ 10-15; SAC ¶¶ 10-11, 14-16.
Brown’s troubles with Baldwin and Liverpool purportedly began after Brown filed a grievance
against two of their colleagues—Savadogo and Kroll—in connection with a cavity search those
two had performed. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 11; SAC ¶ 14.
Brown purportedly told officials that soon after filing the grievance, his food trays were
withheld by another prisoner named Naylor, who served as an orderly. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 11; SAC ¶
14. Brown raised the issue with Baldwin and Liverpool, who allegedly admitted that they had
instructed Naylor and other incarcerated workers to deprive Brown of food. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 11; SAC
¶ 14. After speaking to Brown, Baldwin and Liverpool walked to Naylor’s cell and communicated
Brown’s complaints about the withholding of the trays. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 11; SAC ¶ 15. On a later
set of deliveries, Naylor again withheld Brown’s food tray and further escalated things by throwing
a cup of urine in Brown’s face and spitting on him. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 11; SAC ¶ 15. Naylor told
Brown that it was Baldwin and Liverpool who had orchestrated the scheme to deprive him of trays
because of his grievance against Savadogo and Kroll. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 11; SAC ¶ 15.
Brown avers that he went on to tell officials that on July 4, 2016, Baldwin and Liverpool
ordered all the doors on Brown’s cellblock opened, which allowed Naylor to leave his cell and
confront Brown a second time. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 12; SAC ¶ 15. Naylor entered Brown’s cell, struck
Brown in the face, and called him “a rat.” Pl. Decl. at ¶ 12; SAC ¶ 15. Officers Baldwin and
Liverpool also purportedly attempted to enlist another incarcerated person—Richard White—to
assault Brown on July 5, though White refused to do so. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 14; SAC ¶ 15; Pl. Ex. 42
(Declaration of Richard White), ECF 43-1 at 27.
Brown alleges that at the end of the meeting, the officials purportedly told him they had
seen the tape of the incident with Savadogo and Kroll, and they would leave Baldwin free to carry
out further reprisals if Brown did not withdraw his grievance. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 15; SAC ¶ 16.
On July 7, Baldwin and Liverpool allegedly confronted Brown and accused him of being
a “rat” because he had complained to prison leadership. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 16-17; SAC ¶ 17. Baldwin
ordered the doors to Naylor’s cell opened and told Liverpool to take Brown to the shower so that
Naylor could assault him off-camera. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 17; SAC ¶ 17. Liverpool then took Brown to
the shower, where Naylor assaulted Brown as planned. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 18; SAC ¶ 17. And Baldwin
and Liverpool also conspired to make Brown appear at fault for the incident. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 18;
SAC ¶ 17.
Brown claims that he went to the infirmary with a bloody nose, an open cut on his hand,
pain in his back and shoulder, and numbness in his face. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 19; SAC ¶ 20. He sought
treatment for his injuries from Dr. Phillips and Nurse Alassa but was ignored and later told that
they “do not treat people who sue [them].” Pl. Decl. at ¶ 19; SAC ¶ 20. During two later
encounters at the infirmary, Brown informed Nurse Alassa that his symptoms had worsened, and
Nurse Alassa confirmed that his hand had swollen to the point of looking like a boxing glove but
still failed to treat him. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 20; SAC ¶ 20.
In stark contrast with Mr. Brown’s narration of events, Defendants claim that Brown’s only
encounter with Naylor consisted of Brown assaulting Naylor on July 7. Def. Memo. in Support of
Mot. for Summ. J. at 2, ECF 40. According to a July 7 incident report, Liverpool was supervising
Brown during recreation time when Brown asked Liverpool if he could shower. Def. Ex. A, ECF
40-1 at 2. After Liverpool uncuffed Brown, Brown ran past Liverpool and began punching Naylor
in the face. Id. The incident report states that Brown admitted to assaulting Naylor during a post-
incident interview. Id. Defendants cite the medical records they submitted as demonstrating that
Brown suffered only a small cut on his finger from this incident, which was promptly treated with
a band-aid and antibiotics. Def. Memo. in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. at 7; Def. Ex. A-B, ECF
40-1 at 9-10, 44-45.
In their answer to the amended complaint, Defendants deny Brown’s allegations that the
prison’s Warden, Director of Security, and Classification Coordinator had all made themselves
available for a meeting with him, during which they made damaging admissions. ECF 30.
B. Procedural posture of the case
Mr. Brown thereafter filed suit in this court, advancing a series of claims against several
individuals at the facility, of which the following remain: claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against
Baldwin and Liverpool for failing to protect Brown from attacks by other prisoners in violation of
his Fourteenth Amendment rights, conspiracy to violate his civil rights, and retaliation in violation
of his First Amendment rights, along with claims under § 1983 against Dr. Phillips and Nurse
Alassa for depriving him of medical treatment in violation of his Fourteenth Amendment rights.
With discovery closed, Defendants have moved for summary judgment, relying in part on the
doctrine of exhaustion. Because there is a factual dispute as to whether Brown had
administratively exhausted his claims, I entered an Order providing notice that I would consider
the preliminary issue of exhaustion in my role as fact-finder and directing the parties to submit any
supplemental briefing and additional materials on the issue by January 9, 2023.2 ECF 44.
2 Before deciding factual disputes regarding exhaustion, a district court must notify the parties that it will
consider exhaustion in its role as a fact-finder and provide parties with an opportunity to respond. Paladino
v. Newsome, 885 F.3d 203, 211 (3d Cir. 2018). A full-scale evidentiary hearing is not required for every
Defendants have filed a reply brief supported by an affidavit of Emmanual Asante, the Central
Records Supervisor at George W. Hill Correctional Facility. ECF 45. Brown has not filed any
supplemental briefing or materials, and I therefore rely on his original response brief and any
attachments thereto.
II. Standard of Review
This motion is governed by the well-established standard for summary judgment set forth
in Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), as described by Celotex Corporation v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23
(1986).
Because “exhaustion is a ‘threshold issue that courts must address to determine whether
litigation is being conducted in the right forum at the right time,’” “judges may resolve factual
disputes relevant to the exhaustion issue without the participation of a jury.” Small v. Camden
Cnty., 728 F.3d 265, 270-71 (3d Cir. 2013) (emphasis in original) (quoting Dillon v. Rogers, 596
F.3d 260, 272 (5th Cir. 2010)). Failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense that Defendants must
plead and prove for each contested claim. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 216 (2007); Small, 728
F.3d at 268.
III. Discussion
The PLRA requires plaintiffs to exhaust internal prison grievance procedures before filing
suit in court. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Small, 728 F.3d at 268. In enacting the PRLA,
Congress afforded corrections officials time and opportunity to address complaints
internally before allowing the initiation of a federal case. In some instances,
corrective action taken in response to an inmate’s grievance might improve prison
administration and satisfy the inmate, thereby obviating the need for litigation. In
other instances, the internal review might “filter out some frivolous claims.” And
for cases ultimately brought to court, adjudication could be facilitated by an
administrative record that clarifies the contours of the controversy.
factual dispute, but “a district court must at least provide the parties with an opportunity to submit materials
relevant to exhaustion that are not already before it.” Id.
Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 525-525 (2002) (internal citations omitted). In determining
whether a plaintiff has administratively exhausted his claims, courts evaluate the plaintiff’s
“compliance with the prison’s administrative regulations governing inmate grievances, and the
waiver, if any, of such regulations by prison officials.” Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218, 222 (3d
Cir. 2004). The Supreme Court has explained that “[c]ompliance with prison grievance
procedures” is required to “properly exhaust.” Jones, 549 U.S. at 218.
The George W. Hill Correctional Facility Inmate Handbook sets forth the facility’s internal
prison grievance process for incarcerated individuals who have complaints that cannot be resolved
through other means. Def. Ex. E (the Inmate Handbook) at 45-46, ECF 40-1; Def. Ex. D (Gartor
Brown’s signed acknowledgment form for receiving the Inmate Handbook), ECF 40-1. The
Handbook establishes a three-step grievance process:
1. Grievants must first exhaust existing informal channels before submitting a formal
grievance.
2. Grievants must then complete a grievance form, which the George W. Hill Correctional
Facility refers to as a Step 1 grievance form. George W. Hill requires grievance forms to
include a description of the problem and the action requested. Grievants retain a pink
carbon copy of the completed form and place the other two copies of the form in a
grievance box.
3. Grievants will then receive a response to the grievance and have seven days to write an
appeal of the original grievance to the warden, which the George W. Hill Correctional
Facility refers to as a Step 2 grievance form.
Def. Ex. E at 45-46. In the Handbook, prisoners are advised that they must first seek assistance
from their Unit Supervisor and given notice in all capital letters: “EXISTING INFORMAL
CHANNELS MUST BE EXHAUSTRED BEFORE SUBMITTING A FORMAL GRIEVANCE.
WHEN FILING YOUR GRIEVANCE, STATE THE STEPS YOU HAVE TAKEN TO
RESOLVE YOUR PROBLEM.” Id.
In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants argued that Brown “never filed any
grievances related to any assault by Naylor, against Sgt. Baldwin or Liverpool, or about his medical
treatment.” ECF 40 at 3. Defendants attached what they alleged to be the recorded grievances
from that time period as proof. Def. Ex. F, ECF 40-1. In response, Brown argued that he had filed
relevant grievances, including a Step 2 grievance form, which George W. Hill had failed to timely
respond to. Brown attached to his response what he alleged were genuine grievances submitted to
George W. Hill. Pl. Ex. 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 52, 53, 54, 55, ECF 43, 43-1.3 After reviewing the
briefing and record evidence pertaining to the issue of administrative exhaustion, I conclude that
Defendants have proven that Brown failed to comply with George W. Hill’s internal prison
grievance procedures.
Brown attached numerous George W. Hill grievance forms to his response brief as proof
of administrative exhaustion. Six of these were submitted before July 7, 2016, and necessarily
concern earlier events, rendering them irrelevant to my analysis. Pl. Ex. 2, 3, 52, 53, 54, 55.
Another of the forms—Brown’s Exhibit 4—was in fact submitted and received by George W. Hill,
see Def. Ex. F, ECF 40-1 at 129, and will be addressed below. The others all bear strong indices
of either never being submitted or being manufactured after the fact, as I will address in more
3 Brown also attached a Curran-Fromhold Correctional Facility (“CFCF”) grievance form submitted to
CFCF after he was transferred there. Pl. Ex. 13. This grievance form does not relate to George W. Hill’s
internal grievance process, and Brown does not appear to argue that this form is evidence of administrative
exhaustion for his claims against George W. Hill’s employees. See Pl. Response to Defs’ Statement of
Material Facts ¶ 5, ECF 43 at 2; Pl. Response at 8, ECF 43 at 10 (listing Exhibits 2, 4, 9, 10, 11, and 12 as
proof that Brown submitted grievances and exhausted his administrative remedies).
detail below, and therefore fail as proof of Brown’s compliance with the prison’s grievance
procedures. Pl. Ex. 9, 10, 11, 12.
I begin with Brown’s Exhibit 4, the one authentic grievance potentially relevant to the case.
On July 8, 2016, Brown submitted a Step 1 grievance form that consisted of a series of rhetorical
questions that vaguely allude to the events of July 7. Def. Ex. F, ECF 40-1 at 129. Prison records
confirm that a George W. Hill Grievance Coordinator—John D. Swider—received the form on
July 14, 2016. Id. Thus, as to this grievance, the carbon copy submitted by Brown corresponds
with the records of the prison. The grievance form sets forth a series of rhetorical questions that
does not coherently describe the problem that Brown was alleging. It refers to a correctional
officer uncuffing him but is not explicit as to how this relates to the grievance he is seeking to
assert. Even if construed generously, it does not allege that officers conspired or collaborated in
having other prisoners attack Brown. More importantly, it does not request any specific action or
set forth what informal steps Brown took to address the issue.
In Spruill, the Third Circuit held that failure to comply with an institution’s grievance
procedure can bar a claim much like the doctrine of procedural default in habeas corpus
proceedings. 372 F.3d at 231-33. Here, Brown’s grievance suffers from three deficits: failure to
include a description of the problem; failure to specify any action sought; and failure to set forth
the steps taken to address the problem through informal channels. As to the latter two deficits,
there is no colorable construction of Brown’s Exhibit 4 supporting a conclusion that his grievance
complied with the controlling Handbook. As to its description, even if one infers from the
questions posed that an officer followed poor security procedures, nothing suggests that the
officers deliberately put Brown at risk to retaliate against him, which is the essence of the claim
here.4 In short, upon review of the one grievance indisputably submitted that could be said to
address the claims in this case, Brown failed to exhaust because of material violations of the
controlling grievance procedure.
I turn next to whether other grievance forms submitted by Brown can reasonably be viewed
as authentic. The defense supports its position with an affidavit from Emmanual Asante, George
W. Hill’s Central Records Supervisor. He attests that “[i]n and around 2016, there was a process
in place where grievances were logged into a central computer system, and also paper copies were
kept in the inmate’s files. The grievances were stamped with a date of receipt, and given a unique
number which was recorded in the computer system.” Asante Aff. ¶ 3, ECF 45-1. Asante further
represents that
[i]n [his] years of experience working at the George W. Hill Correctional Facility
as Grievance Coordinator and then in records, [he has] found the grievance system
and record keeping to be very reliable since there is both an electronic record and a
paper record. Therefore, it would be very unlikely to lose or have no record of a
grievance that had been properly submitted to the grievance coordinator.
Id. at ¶ 9. Mr. Asante “reviewed the records from the prison, the electronic records of the Plaintiff’s
inmate grievances, and the records [that Brown had attached to his response brief],” and concluded
that there was no record of any of these grievances that Brown now alleges he submitted. Id. at ¶¶
7-8, 12.
In addition to this evidence of the general reliability of George W. Hill’s recordkeeping
system, Asante’s affidavit casts doubt on the legitimacy of the specific grievance forms that Brown
attached to his response brief. Setting aside Exhibit 4, discussed above, none of the forms that
postdate the events of July 7 contain the name of a grievance coordinator who received the
grievance or the date on which it was received, nor do they contain a grievance coordinator’s stamp
4 The record before me does not reflect whether or how the prison responded to this grievance, and the
parties’ submissions have not addressed this question with any clarity.
as is standard for filed grievances. Asante Aff. ¶ 14; Pl. Ex. 9, 10, 11, 12. The grievances are all
written in dark ink, but because prisoners only retain a pink carbon copy of their grievances, the
writing on their copies is typically very faded. Asante Aff. ¶ 16; Pl. Ex. 9, 10, 11, 12. The unfaded
nature of the writing on Brown’s exhibits therefore casts doubt on their legitimacy. Asante Aff. ¶
16; Pl. Ex. 9, 10, 11, 12. Finally, several of Brown’s grievance forms have faded marks underneath
dates or other writing, which appear to be previous writing that was possibly erased and written
over. Asante Aff. ¶ 17; Pl. Ex. 9, 12. Asante’s affidavit further explains that such erasure would
not have been possible on genuine grievance forms, because carbon paper cannot be erased and
written over. Id.
Mr. Asante’s testimony provides evidence of the reliability of George W. Hill’s
recordkeeping system, in compliance with the requirements of Paladino. There, the Third Circuit
overturned a district court’s finding of administrative exhaustion because of a lack of evidence of
such reliability in the face of a discrepancy between the prison’s records showing no relevant
grievance and the plaintiff’s deposition testimony that he had submitted at least six. Paladino, 885
F.3d at 208-211. In so ruling, the Third Circuit emphasized that the prison’s argument depended
on the reliability of its recordkeeping system but that “the record [was] bereft of evidence that the
Prison’s recordkeeping system [was] reliable.” Id. at 211. The Third Circuit noted that the prison
“employ[ed] a paper-based record system, as opposed to an electronic system, for forms filed by”
prisoners, id. at 211 n.47, raising a question as to the system’s completeness and dependability.
As part of its analysis, the Court of Appeals cited Dawson v. Cook, 238 F. Supp. 3d 712, 719 (E.D.
Pa. 2017), with approval. There, the court concluded that “despite deposition testimony to the
contrary, there was ‘no basis . . . to conclude that Plaintiff submitted a grievance that was not
recorded’ because there was ‘no electronic record of the grievance’ in the Philadelphia Prison
System’s electronic system.” Paladino, 885 F.3d at 211 n.47 (quoting Dawson, 238 F. Supp. 3d
at 719).
In this case, Mr. Asante’s affidavit attesting to the reliability of the prison’s system,
together with his cogent examination of anomalies in the exhibits submitted by Brown, for which
Brown offers no rebuttal, persuade me that the documents Brown cites aside from his Exhibit 4
are not authentic and may be discounted.
I am also compelled to observe that Mr. Brown has proven himself untrustworthy in
previous cases before this Court. He has attempted to survive summary judgment by submitting
sworn testimony that was proven false by record evidence, including in one case by a videotaped
recording that plainly contradicted Brown’s allegations, Brown v. Upper Darby Police Dep’t, No.
CV 16-2255, 2020 WL 733108, at *4-*5 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 13, 2020), aff’d, No. 20-1452, 2021 WL
2948833 (3d Cir. July 14, 2021), and two others where voluminous, contemporaneous medical
records refuted his claim of serious physical injury. Brown v. Phillips, No. CV 16-3887, 2020 WL
6158230, at *3-*4 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 21, 2020), aff’d sub nom. Brown v. Moore, No. 20-3600, 2022
WL 1772992 (3d Cir. June 1, 2022); Brown v. Phillips, No. CV 16-2566, 2021 WL 2903116, at
*10-*11 (E.D. Pa. July 9, 2021). In those cases, I found that Mr. Brown “demonstrated willingness
‘to do whatever it takes’ to keep a case alive,” including falsifying testimony, and I followed the
Third Circuit’s admonition that district courts should not place weight upon transparent attempts
to defeat summary judgment. Brown, No. CV 16-3887, 2020 WL 6158230, at *4 (citing Martin
v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 851 F.2d 703, 705-06 (3rd Cir. 1988)). That prior experience lends
support to Mr. Asante’s conclusion that the copies of grievances submitted here are not genuine.
Because Defendants have proven that all but one of the potentially relevant grievance forms
were either never submitted or fraudulent, and have further proven that the one authentic grievance
was fatally flawed, I conclude that Mr. Brown has failed to administratively exhaust each of his
claims.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted
in its entirety.
/s/ Gerald Austin McHugh
United States District Judge