The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON
KATHLEEN EISELE, No. 3:20-cv-01740-HZ
Plaintiff, OPINION & ORDER
v.
HOME DEPOT U.S.A., INC., a Delaware
corporation,
Defendant.
Jon M. Egan
Jon M. Egan, PC
547 Fifth Street
Lake Oswego, OR 97034-3009
Attorney for Plaintiff
David G. Hosenpud
Erin M. Wilson
Hank Stebbins
Lane Powell PC
601 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 2100
Portland, OR 97204
Donna Marie Mezias
Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP
580 California Street, Suite 1500
San Francisco, CA 94104
Attorneys for Defendant
HERNÁNDEZ, District Judge:
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Home Depot’s Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment [ECF 52] and Plaintiff Kathleen Eisele’s Cross-motion for Partial Summary Judgment
on the Illegality of Home Depot’s Rounding Policy [EFC 56]. For the following reasons the
Court grants in part and denies in part Defendant’s Motion and grants in part and denies in part
Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the parties’ filings on summary judgment and are
undisputed unless otherwise noted.
Defendant Home Depot uses a time-keeping software system, Kronos, to track the time
worked by non-exempt employees (associates) for payroll purposes in Oregon and elsewhere.
Associates use Kronos to punch in and out at the beginning and end of their shifts and to punch
in and out for meal breaks. Kronos precisely records the time the associates work based on these
punches, but is programmed to round each associate’s total shift time either up or down to the
nearest quarter of an hour for pay purposes. Specifically, minutes 0-7 round to zero minutes;
minutes 8-22 round to 15 minutes; minutes 23-37 round to 30 minutes; minutes 38-52 round to
45 minutes; and minutes 53-60 round to 60 minutes.
On August 28, 2020, Plaintiff Kathleen Eisele filed a class action complaint against
Defendant in Multnomah County Circuit Court bringing claims for failure to pay wages when
due in violation of Oregon Revised Statute § 652.120 and for failure to pay wages on termination
in violation of Oregon Revised Statute § 652.140. Plaintiff alleges Defendant “rounded
plaintiff’s and other class members’ time punches, resulting in a consistent net underpayment to
them” and “failed to pay plaintiff and the class members all earned and unpaid wages (including
vacation pay) within the statutory deadline to do so upon termination of their employment.”
Compl. ¶¶ 5-6. Plaintiff alleges two classes of putative plaintiffs: (1) the rounding class
“consisting of all current and former Oregon Home Depot employees who lost time due to
[Defendant’s] rounding policies” and (2) the final paycheck class “consisting of all former Home
Depot employees who did not receive all wages due in their final paycheck . . . within the
statutory deadline.” Id. at ¶ 7(1) and (2).
On October 8, 2020, Defendant removed the matter to this Court pursuant to the Class
Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A).
On July 22, 2022, Defendant filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment in which it
seeks an “order determining that Plaintiff’s claim for failure to provide wages due on behalf of
herself and the ‘Rounding Class’ fails as a matter of law” and the Defendant is not liable for
penalty wages on Plaintiff’s claims based on rounding.
On July 22, 2022, Plaintiff filed a Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment in which she
seeks an order holding Defendant’s rounding policy is not authorized by Oregon law and,
therefore, Plaintiff and the class members are entitled to recover unpaid wages and penalties as a
result of time lost to the rounding policy.
The Court heard oral argument and took the Motions under advisement on September 28,
2022.
STANDARDS
Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The
moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis of its motion, and
identifying those portions of “‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)
(quoting former Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
Once the moving party meets its initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to present “specific facts”
showing a “genuine issue for trial.” Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Stefanchik, 559 F.3d 924, 927–28
(9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). The nonmoving party must go beyond the
pleadings and designate facts showing an issue for trial. Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 1218
(9th Cir. 2007) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324).
The substantive law governing a claim determines whether a fact is material. Suever v.
Connell, 579 F.3d 1047, 1056 (9th Cir. 2009). The court draws inferences from the facts in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Earl v. Nielsen Media Rsch., Inc., 658 F.3d 1108,
1112 (9th Cir. 2011). If the factual context makes the nonmoving party’s claim as to the
existence of a material issue of fact implausible, that party must come forward with more
persuasive evidence to support its claim than would otherwise be necessary. Matsushita Elec.
Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff asserts rounding is not permissible under Oregon law and, even if it is
permissible, Defendant’s system does not meet the applicable standard. Defendant, on the other
hand, asserts rounding is permissible under Oregon law and its rounding system satisfies the
requirements.
I. Oregon Wage-and-Hour Law Generally
Oregon statute requires “[e]very employer” to “establish and maintain a regular payday,
at which date the employer shall pay all employees the wages due and owing to them.” Or. Rev.
Stat. § 652.120(1). Wages are defined as “compensation due to an employee by reason of
employment.”1 Or. Rev. Stat. § 653.010 (10). Oregon’s administrative code related to wage-and-
hour statutes defines “hours worked” as
all hours for which an employee is employed by and required to give to
the employer and includes all time during which an employee is
necessarily required to be on the employer's premises, on duty or at a
prescribed work place and all time the employee is suffered or permitted
to work. ‘Hours worked’ includes ‘work time’ as defined in ORS
653.010(11).
O.A.R. § 839-020-0004(19). “[W]ork time includes both time worked and time of authorized
attendance.” O.R.S. § 653.010(11).
“Any employer who pays an employee less than the wages to which the employee is
entitled. . . is liable to the employee affected: (a) For the full amount of the wages, less any
amount actually paid to the employee by the employer; and (b) For civil penalties provided in
ORS 652.150.” Or. Rev. Stat. § 653.055(1).
1 Oregon does not define “employment” but defines to “employ” as “to suffer or permit to work.”
O.R.S. § 653.010(2).
II. Rounding
Plaintiff contends“[n]o Oregon statute, administrative rule, or appellate case allows an
employer to underpay an employee as long as they overpay a different employee” (i.e., there is
no authority for rounding under Oregon law). Pl. Motion for Summ. J. at 11. Defendant concedes
there is not any Oregon statute, rule, or appellate case that permits rounding. Defendant,
however, asserts that because Oregon statutes and regulations do not explicitly prohibit rounding,
the Court should borrow the rounding standard found in 29 C.F.R. §785.48(b), which provides:
It has been found that in some industries, particularly where time clocks are used,
there has been the practice for many years of recording the employees' starting
time and stopping time to the nearest 5 minutes, or to the nearest one-tenth or
quarter of an hour. Presumably, this arrangement averages out so that the
employees are fully compensated for all the time they actually work. For
enforcement purposes this practice of computing working time will be accepted,
provided that it is used in such a manner that it will not result, over a period of
time, in failure to compensate the employees properly for all the time they have
actually worked.
Defendant notes this district applied § 785.48(b) and found rounding was permissible
under Oregon law when the rounding policy complied with the parameters of § 785.48(b) in Du
Ju v. Kelly Servs. Inc., No. CIV. 3:08-1213-HA, 2011 WL 4625669 (D. Or. Sept. 28, 2011). In
that case the plaintiff alleged, among other things, that the defendant failed to pay her all of her
wages on termination in violation of O.R.S. § 652.140 because plaintiff’s final paycheck
included wages for 1.25 hours of work, rather than the 1.3564 hours that plaintiff actually
worked. Id. at *11. The defendant asserted the plaintiff was paid appropriately because it
“lawfully rounded plaintiff's wages to the nearest quarter hour.” Id. The court agreed with the
defendant noting although “Oregon does not have a regulation or statute regarding rounding,” the
Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industry (BOLI) “relies on federal regulations for guidance,”
including the regulation that permits rounding under specific circumstances. Id. (citing BOLI,
Employer Can “Round ” Hours, But Must ensure that All Time is Actually Paid, www.oregon.
gov/BOLI/TA/ TA COL 012307 Rounding Hours.pdf (2007)). Ultimately, the court granted the
defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the plaintiff’s claim for $1.17 in unpaid wages
“[b]ecause there is no evidence to suggest that defendant's rounding policy was not applied
fairly, or resulted in unpaid wages over time.” Id. This Court notes, however, that the BOLI
guidance statement on which the Du Ju court relied is no longer on BOLI’s website. When
Defendant asked BOLI for a copy of the statement on which the Du Ju court relied, BOLI
provided the statement but noted:
While [BOLI] will always provide public records in our control, this is a
record that was inadvertently retained beyond its retention period.
Please keep in mind that administration of the Bureau’s wage and hour
Division has changed several times since 2007.
While federal regulations may be instructive, the agency is not bound by
those regulations and would determine on a case by case basis whether all
hours worked had been properly compensated.
We cannot over-stress the importance of the employee still being paid for
all hours worked.
Hosenpud Decl. [53], Ex. 4 at 1. This suggests BOLI likely no longer approves of the guidance
statement relied on by the court in Du Ju. In addition, the court in Du Ju did not analyze whether
the rounding provision of § 785.48(b) is compatible with Oregon wage-and-hour law generally.
Accordingly, the Court finds Du Ju to be of little assistance in resolving whether rounding is
permissible under Oregon law.
Defendant also relies on the fact that a district court in California and a California state
trial court approved Defendant’s rounding practices under California wage-and-hour law: Utne v.
Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., No. 16-CV-01854-RS, 2017 WL 5991863, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 4,
2017), and Camp v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 19CV344872 (Sup. Ct. Cal. Feb. 24, 2021),
reversed and remanded No. H049033, 2022 WL 13874360, at *1 (Cal. Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2022).
In reaching their conclusions both Utne court and the trial court in Camp relied on the California
Court of Appeals’ decision in See’s Candy Shops, Inc. v. Superior Court, 2010 Cal. App. 4th 889
(2012). Recently, however, the California Court of Appeals reversed and remanded the trial
court’s decision in Camp, questioned the holding of See’s Candy, and found California law did
not permit rounding as set out in § 785.48(b). Camp v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 2022 WL
13874360 (Cal. Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2022). Camp, therefore, calls into question the California
courts’ approval of Defendant’s rounding program.
The decision in Camp is instructive. In Camp the plaintiff2 filed a putative class action
against Home Depot alleging that its electronic timekeeping system captured each minute
worked by employees, but due to Home Depot’s rounding policy, putative class members were
paid for less time than was reflected in Home Depot’s timekeeping system. Camp, 2022 WL
13874360, at *1. Home Depot moved for summary judgment on the basis that its “rounding
policy was neutral on its face, neutral as applied, and otherwise lawful under See's Candy.” Id.
The trial court found Home Depot’s rounding policy “is neutral on its face and is used in such a
manner that it will not result, over a period of time, in failure to compensate employees properly
for all the time they have actually worked,” and, therefore it met the standard articulated in See's
Candy. Id. Accordingly, the trial court granted Home Depot’s motion for summary judgment.
The plaintiff appealed asserting that “notwithstanding See's Candy, neither the [California] Labor
Code nor the relevant wage order authorizes time rounding that results in an individual employee
failing to receive compensation for all time worked.” Id. The Court of Appeals agreed with the
2 Two individuals brought the action against Home Depot, but the court dismissed one individual
for lack of standing.
plaintiff and reversed and remanded for the trial court to enter an order denying Home Depot’s
motion for summary judgment.
The court began its analysis in Camp by observing that the California Supreme Court
“‘has never decided the validity of the rounding standard articulated in See's Candy,’” and,
therefore, it is still an open question in California. Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *2 (quoting
Donohue v. AMN Services, LLC 11 Cal.5th 58, 72 (2021)). The court then noted California law
defines “hours worked” as “‘the time during which an employee is subject to the control of an
employer, and includes all the time the employee is suffered or permitted to work, whether or not
required to do so.’” Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *4 (quoting Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11070,
subd. 2(G).) The phrase “suffered or permitted to work” under California law “encompasses the
time during which the employer knew or should have known that the employee was working on
its behalf.” Id. In addition, California wage orders3 require minimum wages to be paid to “an
employee for ‘all hours worked’” and the California “‘Labor Code . . . contemplates that
employees will be paid for all work performed.’” Id. (quoting Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11070,
subd. 4(A); Troester v. Starbucks Corp., 5 Cal.5th 829, 840 (2018)). For example, the California
Labor Code provides: “‘Any work in excess of eight hours in one workday and any work in
excess of 40 hours in any one workweek . . . shall be compensated at the rate of no less than one
and one-half times the regular rate of pay for an employee. Any work in excess of 12 hours in one
day shall be compensated at the rate of no less than twice the regular rate of pay for an
employee.’” Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *4 (quoting Cal. Lab. Code § 510(a))(emphasis in
Camp). Next the court reviewed three cases that provided possible guidance: See’s Candy,
Troester, and Donohue.
3 California wage orders are the equivalent of regulations enacted by BOLI.
Regarding See’s Candy, the Camp court noted in reaching its conclusion that California
courts should adopt the rounding provision of § 785.48(b) the court in See’s Candy explained “in
the absence of controlling or conflicting California law, California courts generally look to
federal regulations under the FLSA for guidance.” See’s Candy, 210 Cal. App.4th at 902. The
See’s Candy court also rejected the plaintiff’s argument that § 785.48(b) conflicted with
California Labor Code § 510(a). The Camp court noted the assertion in See’s Candy that
California courts would look to the FLSA for guidance as to rounding was undercut by the
California Supreme Court’s decision in Troester v. Starbucks Corporation, 5 Cal.5th 829 (2018).
Turning to Troester the Camp court found the California Supreme Court provided
guidance in that case regarding “(1) the circumstance of a federal wage and hour standard that
has no apparent counterpart in California's wage and hour laws, and (2) the proper interpretation
of various Labor Code and wage order provisions.” Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *7.
Specifically, in Troester the court analyzed whether the FLSA de minimus rule found in 29
U.S.C. § 785.47 applied to California wage-and-hour claims. The court first noted it had
previously stated “[a]bsent convincing evidence of the [Industrial Welfare Commission’s]4 intent
to adopt the federal standard for determining whether time . . . is compensable under state law,
we decline to import any federal standard, which expressly eliminates substantial protections to
employees, by implication.” Troester, 5 Cal.5th at 839 (quotation omitted). The court pointed out
that it has “cautioned against confounding federal and state labor law and explained that [when]
the language or intent of state and federal labor laws substantially differ, reliance on federal
regulations or interpretations to construe state regulations is misplaced.” Id. (quotation omitted).
The Troester court then noted California Labor Code § 510(a) “‘contemplates that employees
4 The Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) is California’s equivalent of BOLI.
will be paid for all work performed.’” Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *8 (quoting Troester, 5
Cal.5th at 840)(emphasis in Camp). The court found the federal de minimus doctrine, which
permits “employers under some circumstances to require employees to work as much as 10
minutes a day without compensation is less protective than a rule that an employee must be paid
for ‘all hours worked’ or ‘[a]ny work’ beyond eight hours a day” and there was not any
“convincing evidence of the IWC's intent to adopt the federal standard.” Troester, 5 Cal. 5th 829,
840–41 (quotation omitted). The court also pointed out that “[w]hat [the defendant] calls ‘de
minimus’ is not de minimus at all to many ordinary people who work for hourly wages.” Id. at
847. The court recognized that “one of the main impetuses behind the de minimis doctrine in
wage cases is the practical administrative difficulty of recording small amounts of time for
payroll purposes,” but noted “employers are in a better position than employees to devise
alternatives that would permit the tracking of small amounts of regularly occurring worktime.”
Id. at 848 (quotation omitted). In addition, “technological advances . . . help with tracking small
amounts of time.” Id. Ultimately, the court “decline[d] to adopt a rule that would require the
employee to bear the entire burden of any difficulty in recording regularly occurring worktime.”
Id.
Finally, the Camp court reviewed Donohue v. AMN Services, LLC 11 Cal.5th 58 (2021),
in which the California Supreme Court addressed the issue of time rounding in the context of
meal periods. The Donohue court noted the Court of Appeals relied on See’s Candy in
concluding employers may use rounded time punches for meal periods. The court pointed out
that it “has never decided the validity of the rounding standard articulated in See’s Candy” and it
was “not asked to do so” in Donohue. 11 Cal.5th at 72. The court concluded, even assuming the
validity of See’s Candy, the rounding policy in Donohue did not “comport with its neutrality
standard.” Id. at 73. The court recognized that “rounding was developed as a means of
‘efficiently calculat[ing] hours worked’ and wages owed to employees.” Id. (quoting See's
Candy, 210 Cal.App.4th at 903). The defendant, however, “was already using an electronic
timekeeping system . . . that recorded employees’ unrounded time punches. . . . [The defendant]
actually had to take the extra step of converting the unrounded time punches to rounded ones; it
is not clear what efficiencies were gained from this practice.” Id. at 73-74.
Extrapolating from Troester and Donohue the Camp court concluded the trial court erred
when it concluded Home Depot, relying on its rounding policy, met its burden to show there was
not any triable issue of material fact regarding whether the plaintiff was paid for all of the time
he worked. Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *10. Specifically, the court reiterated that the
California Labor Code contemplates that “employees will be paid for all work performed.” Id.
(citations omitted). In addition, courts have held when “the language or intent of state and federal
labor laws substantially differ, reliance on federal regulations or interpretations to construe state
regulations is misplaced.” Id. (citations omitted). The court noted § 785.48(b) “has no analog in
the Labor Code or in the applicable wage order,” therefore, there is “not merely a difference in
language, but a complete absence of language, in the Labor Code or . . . the applicable wage
order, authorizing time rounding that results in . . . underpayment of an individual employee for
all time worked, [when] the employer can capture and has captured the employee's worktime in
minute increments.” Id. Moreover, the Donohue court “called into question the efficiencies
historically attributed to time rounding given that advances in technology have enabled
employers to more easily and more precisely capture time worked by employees.” Id., at *11.
The Camp court rejected Home Depot’s explanation that “rounding makes it easier for
employers to produce verifiable wage statements because unrounded time does not easily
translate into the decimal system used to calculate . . . pay” because Home Depot did not cite any
“provision in California law that privileges arithmetic simplicity over paying employees for all
time worked.” Id. In summary, the Camp court concluded Home Depot failed to show there was
not any material issue of disputed fact regarding the plaintiff’s claim for unpaid wages and “if an
employer, as in this case, can capture and has captured the exact amount of time an employee has
worked during a shift, the employer must pay the employee for ‘all the time’ worked.” Id., at
*12.
Oregon statute defines “wages” as “compensation due to an employee by reason of
employment.” Or. Rev. Stat. § 653.010. To employ “includes to suffer or permit to work” and
“work time includes . . . hours worked.” O.R.S. § 653.010(2), (11). “Hours worked” is defined as
“all hours for which an employee is employed by and required to give to the employer” and
“includes ‘work time’ as defined in § 653.010(11).” O.A.R. § 839-020-0004(19)(emphasis
added). In addition, Oregon law requires “an employer” to “pay each employee . . . no less than
the minimum rate(s) of wage . . . for each hour worked by the employee.” O.A.R. § 839-020-
0010(1)(emphasis added). Oregon statute requires when an employee is discharged or terminated
by mutual agreement that “all wages earned and unpaid . . . become due and payable.” Or. Rev.
Stat. § 652.140(1)(emphasis added). In addition, Oregon Revised Statute § 653.055(1) provides
“[a]ny employer who pays an employee less than the wages to which the employee is entitled
[under the wage-and-hour statutes] is liable to the employee affected” for damages. Oregon’s
wage-and-hour laws, therefore, contemplate that every employee will be paid for all hours
worked. Moreover, § 785.48(b) does not have an analog in Oregon’s wage-and-hour statutes or
regulations. In Oregon, as in California, there is not merely a difference in language between
§ 785.48(b) and some provision of Oregon wage-and-hour law, there is “a complete absence of
language, in the [Oregon statutes] or in the applicable [wage regulations], authorizing time
rounding that results in the underpayment of an individual employee for all time worked, [when,
as here,] the employer can capture and has captured the employee's worktime in minute
increments.” Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *10. In fact, § 785.48(b) appears to be in direct
conflict with Oregon wage law. Specifically, § 785.48(b) requires only that the rounding practice
average out over time to “employees” on the whole, not as to each individual employee whereas
Oregon law requires each employee to be paid for all of the time the employee works.
Defendant asserts here, as it did in Camp, that rounding “results in a readily verifiable
paycheck because partial hours are shown in quarterly decimals, e.g., 6.25 hours. By contrast 6
hours 10 minutes, if paid precisely, would show as 6.16666 . . . hours on the wage statement.”
Def. Mot. for Summ. J. at 4 n.2. This Court is not persuaded by Defendant’s argument because
Defendant records the precise time worked by associates and then must take an extra step to
round each employee’s total shift wages. More importantly, Defendant does not point to any
provision in Oregon law “that privileges arithmetic simplicity over paying employees for all time
worked.” Camp, 2022 WL 13874360, at *11.
In summary, the Court concludes Defendant has not established that Oregon law
authorizes time rounding that results in the failure to pay each employee for all of the time
worked particularly when, as here, an employer can capture and has captured the exact amount
of time an employee has worked.
III. De Minimus
Defendant asserts even if the Court concludes Oregon law does not permit rounding
under the circumstances here, it is still entitled to summary judgment because “any lost minutes
are de minimus, and, therefore, not compensable.” Def. Mot. for Summ. J. at 16. Defendant relies
on Corbin v. Time Warner Entertainment, 821 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2016). In that case the
plaintiff brought a putative class action against his former employer alleging violations of the
FLSA and California wage laws based on the defendant’s rounding policy. The Ninth Circuit
concluded the plaintiff’s “one minute of uncompensated time . . . was de minimus,” and,
therefore, the district court did not err when it granted summary judgment in favor of the
defendant. The court relied on the three-pronged de minimus test set out in Lindow v. United
States that instructs courts “to consider: ‘(1) the practical administrative difficulty of recording
the additional time; (2) the aggregate amount of compensable time; and (3) the regularity of the
additional work.’” Corbin, 821 F.3d at 1081 (quoting Lindow, 738 F.2d 1057, 1063 (9th Cir.
1984)). The Corbin court concluded the administrative difficulty of recording the additional time
in that case was “quite high” because to determine whether an individual employee had any
unpaid time accumulated “by logging into an auxiliary computer program before logging into the
. . . timekeeping program,” as the plaintiff had, would require the defendant to “double-check
four time stamps . . . for each employee on each day on the off-chance that an employee
accidentally loaded an auxiliary program . . . before loading” the timekeeping program. Id. at
1081-82. In addition, the aggregate amount of compensable time was “only one minute.” Id.
Finally, the additional uncompensated time was not “regular,” rather it “was the result of [the
plaintiff’s] violation of a company policy mandating that all work activities be on the clock.” Id.
at 1082.
Corbin, however, is of limited relevance in this case because it was decided before the
California Court of Appeals decision in Troester and, in any event, the plaintiff did not appeal
the district court’s application of the federal de minimus doctrine to his California state-law
claims. The Ninth Circuit, therefore, did not evaluate the propriety of applying the federal de
minimus doctrine to state-law wage claims. Corbin, 821 F.3d at 1081 n.11. This is crucial
because, as noted, Oregon law differs significantly from the FLSA in that it requires each
employee to be compensated for every hour worked and Defendant has not pointed to any
provision of Oregon law that permits an employer to fail to pay an employee for all of the time
worked particularly when, as here, an employer has captured the exact amount of time an
employee has worked during a shift.
Even if the de minimus doctrine applied to Oregon wage claims, the Court concludes
Defendant has not satisfied the Lindow requirements. Specifically, the record does not reflect any
“practical administrative difficulty in recording the additional time.” In fact, it is undisputed that
Defendant records all associates’ exact time worked. Secondly, the record reflects that the
aggregate time the putative class worked and was not paid was significant and, according to
Plaintiff’s data, amounted to a net loss to associates of $294,405.31. Finally, the uncompensated
additional work was regular: it was the result of Defendant’s regular and consistent rounding
practice that happened every shift throughout the putative class period.
The Court concludes that in the absence of persuasive authority that Oregon has adopted
the de minimus doctrine and because Defendant fails, in any event, to establish that it satisfied
the Lindow requirements, the de minimus doctrine does not apply here. Accordingly, the Court
denies Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to the issue of the propriety of
rounding and grants Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on that issue.
IV. Willfulness
It is not entirely clear from Plaintiff’s Complaint that Plaintiff seeks penalty wages for
her claims arising from Defendant’s rounding policy. Plaintiff, however, states in her Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment that the Court should hold that Defendant’s “rounding policy is not
authorized by Oregon law, and that plaintiff and the class members are entitled to recover . . .
penalties as a result of time lost to that rounding policy,” indicating that Plaintiff intends to seek
penalty wages for those claims. Pl. Mot. for Summ. J. at 3 (emphasis added). Defendant asserts
in its Motion that “there is no possibility that [Defendant’s] rounding policy should be deemed
‘willful’ under Oregon law.” Def. Mot. for Summ. J. at 19. Plaintiff contends in her Response to
Defendant’s Motion that Defendant’s violations were willful.
A. The Law
Oregon Revised Statute § 652.150(1) provides any employer who “willfully fails
to pay any wages or compensation of any employee” must pay a penalty for nonpayment.
Plaintiff has the burden to prove willful conduct by the employer. State ex rel. Nilsen v. Lee, 251
Or. 284, 294 (1968).
Although § 652.150 does not define willful, “[t]he word willful has a particular
meaning under Oregon law.” Nance v. May Trucking Co., No. 3:12-CV-01655-HZ, 2014 WL
2113094, at *4 (May 20, 2014). Specifically,
[i]n civil cases the word wilful, [sic] as ordinarily used in courts of law,
does not necessarily imply anything blamable, or any malice or wrong
toward the other party, or perverseness or moral delinquency, but merely
that the thing done or omitted to be done was done or omitted
intentionally. It amounts to nothing more than this: That the person knows
what he is doing, intends to do what he is doing, and is a free agent.
Id. (quoting Sabin v. Willamette–Western Corp., 276 Or. 1083, 1093 (1976)). “An employer,
then, willfully fails to pay wages owed at termination only if it is ‘fully aware of [its] obligation
to do so’ but nonetheless consciously and voluntarily decides not fulfill that obligation.” Id., at
*5 (quoting Wilson v. Smurfit Newsprint Corp., 197 Or. App. 648, 660 (2005)). The definition of
willful “excludes the individual who does not know that his employee has left his employ or who
has made an unintentional miscalculation.” Wilson, 197 Or. App. at 660 (quotation omitted).
Oregon courts have held “‘[a]n employer acts willfully if, having the financial
ability to pay wages which he knows he owes, fails to pay them. The statute was not intended to
impose liability where the employer's refusal to pay wages is based upon a bona fide belief that
he is not obligated to pay them.’” Wilson, 197 Or. App. at 661 (quoting Nilsen, 251 Or. at 293).
In addition, “an employer lacks knowledge, and therefore does not act willfully, if it has a good
faith belief that one of the elements necessary to trigger the obligation to pay wages owed at
termination is lacking.” Wilson, 197 Or. App. at 661 (citing Hekker v. Sabre Constr. Co., 265 Or.
552, 561 (1973)). These cases
establish that an action is willful if it is fully knowing, intentional, and
voluntary. Clearly, a malicious action or one taken in bad faith qualifies.
Equally as clearly, an employer does not act willfully if it acts without
fully knowing that the historical circumstances triggering the obligation
have occurred (for example, that the employee has quit) or if it acts based
on an innocent miscalculation that is not careless.
Wilson, 197 Or. App. at 662–63.
B. Analysis
Defendant contends there is not any basis under which this Court could conclude
its rounding policy resulted in a willful failure to pay Plaintiff’s wages. Specifically, Defendant
asserts it was not “fully aware” of the obligation to pay the wages at issue because the only
Oregon case law addressing rounding policies similar to Defendant’s, Du Ju, expressly approved
of them, and, at the time of Defendant’s Motion, two courts outside of Oregon had expressly
approved of Defendant’s rounding policies: Utne and the trial court in Camp. Defendant asserts
it had a bona fide belief that its rounding policy was permissible under Oregon law and,
therefore, it did not willfully fail to pay wages within the meaning of § 652.150.
Plaintiff asserts Defendant misunderstands the meaning of willfulness under
Oregon’s wage-and-hour laws. Plaintiff asserts “willful” within the context of Oregon wage-and-
hour law does not mean intentionally violating clear law, rather it focuses on whether the
employer knew the historical facts that ultimately gave rise to liability. See Wilson, 197 Or. App.
at 662-63. Plaintiff contends, therefore, that mistakes of law are “willful” for the purposes of
wage-and-hour law. Defendant, in turn, contends a reasonable mistake of law or lack of legal
clarity defeats a finding of willfulness.
Whether a mistake of law can preclude a finding of willfulness is dependent on
the circumstances. For example, in Nilsen the defendants failed to pay wages owed at
termination based on the erroneous belief that they were not liable to pay wages as a matter of
law because they were not actual employers, but merely agents of a corporate employer. The
court held penalty wages under those circumstances were not appropriate because “ORS 652.150
authorizes the imposition of a penalty only if the employer willfully fails to pay his employee's
wages. . . . The statute was not intended to impose liability where the employer's refusal to pay
wages is based upon a bona fide belief that he is not obligated to pay them.” Nilsen, 251 Or. at
293. Similarly, in Hekker v. Sabre Construction Company, 265 Or. 552 (1973), the issue was
whether the employer paid all of the plaintiff’s commissions pursuant to the terms of an
employment contract. The court found the employment contract was ambiguous, construed the
contract in the plaintiff’s favor, and denied penalty wages on the basis that the plaintiff failed to
show the failure to pay was willful because the “defendant's failure to pay plaintiff his
commissions was based on a bona fide belief that no commissions were due under the terms of
the employment agreements.” 265 Or. at 561.
The Oregon Supreme Court reached the opposite conclusion regarding a mistake
of law in Young v. State, 340 Or. 401 (2006). In Young the plaintiff filed a putative class action
in Oregon state court on behalf of himself and other state employees to whom the state failed to
pay overtime between 1995 and 1997. Young v. State, 195 Or. App. 31 (2004), reversed and
remanded, 340 Or. 401 (2006). The case arose as a result of an amendment to Oregon’s overtime
compensation law. Specifically, before 1995, Oregon Revised Statute § 279.340 required
payment of overtime compensation only to employees of “a county, municipality, municipal
corporation, school district or subdivision.” O.R.S. § 279.340 (1994). At the same time Oregon
Revised Statute § 279.342(5)(a) exempted employees of those same entities “whose employment
was ‘executive, administrative, supervisory or professional’ from the requirements of the
statute.” Young, 195 Or. App. at 35. In 1995 the Oregon legislature amended O.R.S. § 279.340 to
extend the requirement to pay overtime to all public employers, including the state. The
legislature, however, did not make a comparable amendment to O.R.S. § 279.342(5)(a). As a
result, between 1995 and 1997 (when § 279.342(5)(a) was amended), there was no statutory
provision that exempted “white collar” state employees from the right to overtime compensation.
The plaintiff, a white collar state employee who worked overtime during the relevant period,
asserted the unambiguous language of the statutes between 1995 and 1997 entitled him to
overtime compensation. The defendant asserted the failure to amend § 279.342(5)(a) was “a
legislative drafting mistake that the court should ignore.” Young, 195 Or. App. at 35. The trial
court agreed with the defendant and decided the case in defendant’s favor. The Oregon Court of
Appeals found the statutes were unambiguous and the plaintiff was entitled to overtime,
therefore, the court reversed and remanded the matter to the trial court. On remand the trial court
certified the case as a class action and held, among other things, that only plaintiffs whose
employment terminated after January 26, 2000,5 were entitled to penalty wages under O.R.S.
§ 652.150. The trial court reasoned based on an affidavit by a state administrator that “until [the
appellate] court ruled otherwise, the state had operated under a good faith belief that it did not
owe any overtime compensation.” Young, 195 Or. App. at 41. The plaintiff appealed. On appeal
the court noted the initial question was “whether plaintiffs proved that the state knew that it was
obligated to pay overtime to these plaintiffs.” Id. at 42. The court reviewed various Oregon cases
discussing willfulness under Oregon wage-and-hour law and concluded that in order to be willful
an employer “must know it owes the obligation and intend not to comply with the obligation.”
Id. at 44. Ultimately, the court concluded the state administrator’s affidavit indicated the state
“was not actually aware of this obligation until [the] court’s decision,” accordingly, the “state
should be charged with knowledge of its obligation to pay overtime to its ‘white collar’
employees [only] after” the Court of Appeals issued its decision reversing the trial court on
June 2, 1999. Thus, the Court of Appeals concluded only plaintiffs whose employment
terminated after June 2, 1999, were entitled to penalty wages pursuant to § 652.150. Id. The
Oregon Supreme Court accepted the plaintiffs’ petition for review and reversed the Court of
Appeals. In particular, the Oregon Supreme Court noted “the meaning of the statutes that the
legislature enacted in 1995 was unequivocally evident to anyone who could read them” and
found the statutes “were available to the state executive branch.” Young, 340 Or. at 409. The
court, therefore, concluded “the state . . . was fairly chargeable with knowledge of those statutes .
. . [and] once the legislature enacted the changes to former ORS 279.340(1) in 1995, the state
5 January 26, 2000, is the date the Oregon Court of Appeals issued its judgment reversing and
remanding the matter to the trial court.
could not assert a ‘bona fide belief’ that it had no obligation to pay overtime to its white-collar
employees.” Id. (citing Taylor v. Werner Enterprises, Inc., 329 Or. 461, 470 (1999))(“The
question . . . is whether [the employer] had, or can be imputed to have had, a level of awareness
of its obligation to pay plaintiff such that its failure to pay was ‘willful.’”). Accordingly, the
court reversed the Court of Appeals and found all of the plaintiffs were entitled to penalty wages
under O.R.S. § 652.150.
These cases taken together indicate that in circumstances when the law is unclear
to the extent that an employer does not reasonably have a sufficient level of awareness of its
obligation to pay wages, its failure to do so is not “willful.” This conclusion is further supported
by cases applying the standard adopted by Oregon in Nilsen. Specifically, in Nilsen the Oregon
Supreme Court relied on Davis v. Morris, 37 Cal.App.2d 269 (1940), for the proposition that
O.R.S. § 652.150 “was not intended to impose liability where the employer’s refusal to pay
wages is based upon a bona fide belief that he is not obligated to pay them.” 251 Or. at 293. In
Barnhill v. Robert Saunders & Company, 125 Cal.App.3d 1 (1981) the court relied on Davis
when it concluded the employer was not liable for penalty wages under California’s version of
§ 652.150 because although the court concluded the defendant was liable for refusing to pay
certain of the plaintiff’s wages, “the state of law . . . was not clear” at the time the defendant did
not pay the wages at issue. 125 Cal.App.3d at 8. The court noted “several Courts of Appeal had
expressed the view that setoffs against employees’ wages were proper” and suggested “an
employer had at least some right of setoff.” Id. (citations omitted). The court concluded “given
that uncertainty, [the employer] should not be penalized for believing that setoff was proper and
payment of wages not required. Accordingly, [the employer’s] attempt to exercise a right to
setoff was not willful nonpayment of wages within the meaning of Labor Code . . ., and the
imposition of penalties was inappropriate.” Id.
Here the state of the law regarding the permissibility of Home Depot’s rounding
program is uncertain. As Defendant noted, the court in Du Ju approved a similar rounding
program and two courts in California had approved Defendant’s specific rounding program.
Accordingly, although the Court concludes Oregon does not permit rounding, the Court also
concludes the state of the law was sufficiently uncertain that Defendant should not be penalized
for reasonably believing that its rounding program was permissible in Oregon. Thus, Defendant’s
failure to pay Plaintiff’s wages as a result of the rounding program was not “willful” within the
meaning of O.R.S. § 652.150. Accordingly, the Court grants Defendant’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment as to the issue of penalty wages for Plaintiff’s claims based on rounding and
denies Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on the issue of penalty wages for
Plaintiff’s claims based on rounding.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART
Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [52] and GRANTS IN PART and DENIES
IN PART Plaintiff’s Cross-motion for Partial Summary Judgment [56].
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED:___N_o__v_e_m_b_e__r _2_9_,_ 2_0_2_2____.
______________________________
MARCO A. HERNÁNDEZ
United States District Judge