“[T]he plaintiff cannot be the only link between the 20 defendant and the forum. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the necessary 21 connection with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction over him.”
How later courts described this case
- “[T]he plaintiff cannot be the only link between the 20 defendant and the forum. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the necessary 21 connection with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction over him.”
- finding a 2 lack of personal jurisdiction and remanding with instruction that district court dismiss or transfer 3 the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631
- concluding that where appellate jurisdiction was lacking, a transfer to 23 the Federal Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631 “would be in the interest of justice”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6 SAN JOSE DIVISION
7
8 PAUL F. SOARES, Case No. 21-cv-04526-VKD
9 Plaintiff,
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’
10 v. MOTION TO DISMISS AND
TRANSFERRING THIS ACTION
11 WILLIAM VARNER, et al.,
Re: Dkt. No. 10
Defendants.
12
13
14 I. BACKGROUND
15 Plaintiff Paul F. Soares, proceeding pro se, sues defendants William Varner, an Oklahoma
16 resident, and Arrowhead Energy, Inc. (“Arrowhead”)1, an Oklahoma corporation, for negligent
17 misrepresentation and conversion, as well as for an accounting.2 The Court’s subject matter
18 jurisdiction is based on diversity, 28 U.S.C. § 1332. According to the complaint, Mr. Soares is a
19 California resident who owned 100 percent of the stock in Funchal Minerals Limited, an
20 Oklahoma corporation, doing business as OK Minerals (“OKM”). Dkt. No. 1 at 1, 5; Dkt. No. 11,
21 Exs. 1, 2. OKM allegedly owned oil wells in Garvin County, Oklahoma, which defendants agreed
22
23
1 Mr. Soares’s claims against defendant Sunoco were dismissed with prejudice for lack of personal
jurisdiction by Judge Koh, who previously presided over this action. See Dkt. No. 40. Messrs.
24
Soares and Varner and Arrowhead have expressly consented that all proceedings in this matter
may be heard and finally adjudicated by a magistrate judge. 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); Fed. R. Civ. P.
25
73; Dkt. Nos. 2, 12. Following the dismissal of Sunoco, this action was reassigned to this Court.
26
2 The caption of Mr. Soares’s complaint identifies his claims as “Breach of Implied in Fact
Contract, Conversion, Interference in Economic Advantage, and an Accounting.” However, the
27
only claims actually asserted in the body of the complaint are for negligent misrepresentation,
1 to manage. Dkt. No. 1 at 1-2. Mr. Soares alleges that defendants fraudulently asserted ownership
2 of the oil wells, a mineral lease, and unspecified equipment, and that they converted cash to pay
3 for their own expenses unrelated to OKM, leaving OKM bankrupt. Id. at 2-4. He seeks $1
4 million in lost property, $39,000 in lost oil (pre-foreclosure) and $360,000 in lost oil (post-
5 foreclosure), $1,450,000 for the value of equipment, minerals and other property defendants
6 allegedly converted, as well as lost income and business/goodwill in an amount to be proven. Id.
7 at 9.
8 Defendants now move to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of
9 personal jurisdiction. Mr. Soares opposes the motion. The parties agreed that no hearing was
10 necessary, and the Court deemed the matter suitable for determination without oral argument.
11 Civil L.R. 7-1(b); Dkt. No. 46. Upon consideration of the moving and responding papers, the
12 Court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss and transfers this action to the Western District of
13 Oklahoma.
14 II. LEGAL STANDARD
15 “‘Federal courts ordinarily follow state law in determining the bounds of their jurisdiction
16 over persons.’” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 283 (2014) (quoting Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571
17 U.S. 117, 125 (2014)). “Because California’s long-arm jurisdictional statute is coextensive with
18 federal due process requirements, the jurisdictional analyses under state law and federal due
19 process are the same.” Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800-01 (9th Cir.
20 2004) (citation omitted). “For a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident
21 defendant, that defendant must have at least ‘minimum contacts’ with the relevant forum such that
22 the exercise of jurisdiction ‘does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
23 justice.’” Id. at 801 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).
24 “Where a defendant moves to dismiss a complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, the
25 plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that jurisdiction is appropriate.” Id. at 800. When a
26 defendant’s motion “is based on written materials rather than an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff
27 need only make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts to withstand the motion to dismiss.”
1 omitted). “A plaintiff may not simply rest on the ‘bare allegations of [the] complaint.’” Id.
2 (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 800). “But uncontroverted allegations must be taken as
3 true, and ‘[c]onflicts between parties over statements contained in affidavits must be resolved in
4 the plaintiff’s favor.’” Id. (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 800).
5 III. DISCUSSION
6 A. Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice
7 Defendants request that the Court take judicial notice pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence
8 201 of (1) records from the website of the Oklahoma Secretary of State regarding Funchal
9 Minerals Limited, (2) In re Funchal Minerals Limited, Case No. 18-12988 (U.S. Bankruptcy
10 Court W.D. Oklahoma), and (3) In re Paul Fairfax Soares, Case No. 17-50197-HLB (U.S.
11 Bankruptcy Court N.D. Cal.) and adversary proceeding Soares v. Arrowhead Energy Inc., et al.,
12 Adv. Proc. No. 17-5036 HLB (U.S. Bankruptcy Court N.D. Cal.), and in particular a motion to
13 dismiss filed by the trustee, a copy of which is attached to the accompanying Declaration of
14 William F. Varner (Dkt. No. 10-1) as Exhibit 1.
15 A court may take judicial notice of facts that are “not subject to reasonable dispute”
16 because they are “generally known” or “can be accurately and readily determined from sources
17 whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Thus, a court properly
18 may take judicial notice of matters of public record, but cannot take judicial notice of disputed
19 facts contained within such records. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001).
20 Defendants did not provide a declaration authenticating the Oklahoma Secretary of State
21 website records or the docket sheet in In re Funchal Minerals Limited, Case No. 18-12988 (U.S.
22 Bankruptcy Court W.D. Oklahoma). However, Mr. Soares did not object to defendants’ request
23 for judicial notice, and he does not dispute the authenticity of any of the records submitted for
24 judicial notice. Accordingly, the Court takes judicial notice of these records, not as to disputed
25 facts, but solely for the existence of the bankruptcy matters and the fact that Funchal Minerals
26 Limited is an Oklahoma corporation—all of which appear to be matters that are not subject to
27 reasonable dispute.
1 B. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
2 “The strength of contacts required depends on which of the two categories of personal
3 jurisdiction a litigant invokes: specific jurisdiction or general jurisdiction.” Ranza, 793 F.3d at
4 1068. Mr. Soares argues that this Court has both general and specific jurisdiction over defendants.
5 1. General Jurisdiction
6 “A court with general jurisdiction may hear any claim against that defendant, even if all the
7 incidents underlying the claim occurred in a different State.” Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Super.
8 Ct. of California, 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1780 (2017) (citing Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v.
9 Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)). “But ‘only a limited set of affiliations with a forum will render
10 a defendant amenable to’ general jurisdiction in that State.” Id. (quoting Daimler AG v. Bauman,
11 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014)). “‘For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general
12 jurisdiction is the individual’s domicile; for a corporation, it is an equivalent place, one in which
13 the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.’” Id. (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 924).
14 “[G]eneral jurisdiction requires affiliations so continuous and systematic as to render the foreign
15 corporation essentially at home in the forum State, i.e., comparable to a domestic enterprise in that
16 State.” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 133 n.11 (internal quotations, citations, and alterations omitted).
17 “This is an exacting standard, as it should be, because a finding of general jurisdiction permits a
18 defendant to be haled into court in the forum state to answer for any of its activities anywhere in
19 the world.” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801.
20 This Court cannot exercise general jurisdiction over defendants because they cannot fairly
21 be regarded as “at home” in California. Mr. Soares asserts in conclusory fashion that the Court
22 has general jurisdiction over Mr. Varner and Arrowhead because they have done business with
23 him “and affiliated companies in California and Washington” for decades, including soliciting
24 investments and money management contracts from him, providing him with loans, and
25 depositing money into bank accounts in California. Dkt. No. 26 at 6; Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶¶ 2, 3, 6-10,
26 11, 12, 20-22. Mr. Soares’s complaint, however, acknowledges that Mr. Varner is an Oklahoma
27 resident and that Arrowhead is domiciled in Oklahoma, and his allegations indicate that his
1 owned by OKM, an Oklahoma corporation. Dkt. No. 1 at 2, 5; Dkt. No. 11, Exs. 1, 2. Mr. Soares
2 otherwise states, without elaboration or explanation, that defendants have also conducted business
3 with “alleged[] other California residents,” who remain unidentified. Dkt. No. 26 at 2; Dkt. No.
4 26-1 ¶ 10.
5 Mr. Varner avers that he is Arrowhead’s president and an Oklahoma resident and that
6 Arrowhead is an Oklahoma corporation with its headquarters and principal place of business in
7 Edmond, Oklahoma. Dkt. No. 10-1 ¶ 2. Additionally, Mr. Varner states that Arrowhead manages
8 oil and gas properties in Oklahoma; does not manage properties, own properties, or conduct
9 business in California; does not maintain an agent for service of process in California; does not
10 have any offices, employees or operations in California; and does not advertise or solicit actual or
11 potential customers in California. Id. ¶ 3. Mr. Varner further states that neither he nor Arrowhead
12 have owned, leased, possessed or maintained any real or personal property in California; entered
13 into a contract for services to be furnished in California; owned, leased, or maintained an office,
14 residence of place of business in California; derived revenue from goods used or consumed in
15 California; or maintained bank accounts or investment accounts in California. Id. ¶¶ 4-9. Mr.
16 Soares has provided no evidence or plausible allegation to the contrary.
17 Because Mr. Soares has not established that defendants’ connections with California are so
18 substantial, continuous, and systematic that defendants can be deemed to be present in California,
19 the Court lacks general personal jurisdiction over defendants.
20 2. Specific Jurisdiction
21 “The inquiry whether a forum State may assert specific jurisdiction over a nonresident
22 defendant ‘focuses on the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.’”
23 Walden, 571 U.S. at 283-84 (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 775 (1984)).
24 “In other words, there must be ‘an affiliation between the forum and the underlying controversy,
25 principally, [an] activity or an occurrence that takes place in the forum State and is therefore
26 subject to the State’s regulation.’” Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 137 S. Ct. at 1780 (quoting
27 Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919). “For this reason, ‘specific jurisdiction is confined to adjudication of
1 (quoting Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919).
2 “Two principles animate the ‘defendant-focused’ inquiry.” Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem
3 Int’l, Inc., 874 F.3d 1064, 1068 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Walden, 571 U.S. at 284). “First, the
4 relationship between the nonresident defendant, the forum, and the litigation ‘must arise out of
5 contacts that the ‘defendant himself’ creates with the forum State.’” Id. (quoting Walden, 571
6 U.S. at 284); see also Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985)). “Second, the
7 minimum contacts analysis examines ‘the defendant’s contacts with the forum State itself, not the
8 defendant’s contacts with persons who reside there.’” Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1068 (9th Cir.
9 2017) (quoting Walden, 571 U.S. at 285). Thus, “[i]t follows that ‘a defendant’s relationship with
10 a plaintiff or third party, standing alone, is an insufficient basis for jurisdiction.’” Id. (quoting
11 Walden, 571 U.S. at 286). “These principles apply to cases involving intentional torts.” Id.
12 Courts in the Ninth Circuit analyze specific jurisdiction under a three-prong test:
13 (1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his
activities or consummate some transaction with the forum or
14 resident thereof; or perform some act by which he purposefully
avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum,
15 thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws; (2) the
claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s
16 forum related activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must
comport with fair play and substantial justice, i.e. it must be
17 reasonable.
18 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802. “The plaintiff bears the burden of satisfying the first two
19 prongs of the test.” Id. “If the plaintiff fails to satisfy either of these prongs, personal jurisdiction
20 is not established in the forum state.” “If the plaintiff succeeds in satisfying both of the first two
21 prongs, the burden then shifts to the defendant to ‘present a compelling case’ that the exercise of
22 jurisdiction would not be reasonable. Id. (quoting Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 476-78).
23 a. Purposeful Direction
24 A purposeful direction analysis is most often used in suits sounding in tort. Id. at 802. “A
25 showing that a defendant purposefully directed his conduct toward a forum state . . . usually
26 consists of evidence of the defendant’s actions outside the forum state that are directed at the
27 forum, such as the distribution in the forum state of goods originating elsewhere.” Id. at 803. The
1 Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984). Id. The Calder “effects” test “requires that the defendant
2 allegedly have (1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing
3 harm that the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Id. (internal quotations
4 and citation omitted). In this context, an “intentional act” refers “to an intent to perform an actual,
5 physical act in the real world, rather than an intent to accomplish a result or consequence of that
6 act.” Id. at 806. “The ‘express aiming’ analysis depends, to a significant degree, on the specific
7 type of tort or other wrongful conduct at issue” and “require[s] ‘something more’ than mere
8 foreseeability in order to justify the assertion of personal jurisdiction in California[.]” Id. at 806.
9 Even crediting Mr. Soares’s assertions that defendants engaged in an intentional act by
10 soliciting his business and investments, he has not sufficiently demonstrated that defendants
11 expressly aimed their conduct at California. Mr. Soares contends that defendants’ “actions,
12 management and operating contracts and unregistered investments in Oklahoma and elsewhere
13 were directed to Plaintiff and his affiliated companies in California” and that defendants “were
14 very much aware that their business activities, misappropriation of funds and payment of
15 Defendants[’] debts in California with the misappropriated funds were going to cause Plaintiff’s
16 financial demise in California.” Dkt. No. 26 at 4, 5; see also Dkt. No. 26-1.3 At most, Mr. Soares
17 has demonstrated that defendants had a business relationship with him. Under Walden, this is
18 insufficient to establish that defendants’ suit-related conduct creates a substantial connection with
19 California. See Walden, 571 U.S. at 285 (“[T]he plaintiff cannot be the only link between the
20 defendant and the forum. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the necessary
21 connection with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction over him.”).
22 Mr. Soares argues that defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction here because he
23 named Mr. Varner and Arrowhead as defendants in an adversary proceeding Mr. Soares
24 previously filed in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in this district. Dkt. No. 26 at 2-3; see also Dkt. No.
25
26
3 Defendants object to the vast majority of Mr. Soares’s declaration on the grounds that his
assertions are vague, ambiguous, lack specificity, argumentative, speculative and lack personal
27
knowledge. Although defendants’ objections are well-taken, the Court has reviewed and
1 10-1 ¶ 10. However, “it is not enough that there is some prior action involving the defendant in
2 the forum. The plaintiff must still show that the defendant has sufficient contacts with the forum.”
3 Aldrich v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 484 F.Supp.3d 779, 792 (N.D. Cal. 2020). While Mr.
4 Soares suggests that the bankruptcy proceedings related to defendants’ alleged suit-related
5 conduct, the Ninth Circuit has emphasized that “[t]here must be a history of relevant contacts
6 between the nonresident defendant and the state.” Threlkeld v. Tucker, 496 F.2d 1101, 1104 (9th
7 Cir. 1974). Mr. Soares has failed to establish such a history of relevant contacts between
8 defendants and California. Cf. id. at 1104-05 (concluding that the defendant was subject to
9 personal jurisdiction in California where the defendant filed a California action resulting in
10 judgment against him, and the litigation was “part of a [defendant]-initiated pattern of conscious
11 and intentional utilization of the courts of the forum state.”). Although Mr. Soares posits that
12 defendants “would have used the California Courts to collect the debts and loans owed by [Mr.
13 Soares], if not paid” (Dkt. No. 26-1 ¶ 13), his assertion is entirely speculative, and he has
14 presented no evidence that defendants have actually done so. Moreover, Mr. Varner attests that
15 apart from the bankruptcy adversary proceeding filed by Mr. Soares, neither he nor Arrowhead has
16 participated in any judicial proceeding in any state or federal court in California. Dkt. No. 10-1 ¶
17 12.
18 Mr. Soares has not established that defendants purposefully directed their conduct or
19 activities toward California.4
20
21
4 Mr. Soares’s argument that defendants purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of
22
conducting activities in California similarly fails. “A showing that a defendant purposefully
availed himself of the privilege of doing business in a forum state typically consists of evidence of
23
the defendant’s actions in the forum such as executing or performing a contract there.”
Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 803. There is no indication that defendants executed or performed a
24
contract here. As discussed above, the parties’ business relationship concerned the management
of oil wells in Oklahoma. See, e.g., Arc Wood & Timbers, LLC v. Riverwood Flooring &
25
Paneling, Inc., No. 21-cv-04885-HSG, 2021 WL 5771136, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2021)
(concluding that despite the parties’ 71 transactions totaling $2.3 million over the course of a
26
decade, the court lacked specific personal jurisdiction over the defendants where the “center of
gravity” of the parties’ relationship was not in California and there was no evidence or plausible
27
allegation that defendants’ California contacts were made for the purpose of seeking California’s
1 b. Arising Out of or Relating to Forum-Related Activities
2 Even if the Court were to find that Mr. Soares established the first prong of the specific
3 jurisdiction test, he has not demonstrated facts sufficient to establish the second requirement that
4 his claims arise out of defendants’ contacts with California. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802; see
5 also Ford Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1025 (2021) (“The plaintiff ’s
6 claims, we have often stated, ‘must arise out of or relate to the defendant’s contacts’ with the
7 forum.”) (quoting Bristol-Myers, 137 S. Ct. at 1780). The record demonstrates that Mr. Soares’s
8 claims arise solely out of defendants’ management of oil wells in Oklahoma, their alleged failure
9 to make proper repairs to those oil wells, and defendants’ alleged fraud by which they transferred
10 oil from Oklahoma to Texas and misappropriated payments from the sale of oil and equipment
11 that Mr. Soares says belonged to him. Dkt. No. 1 at 1-5; Dkt. No. 26 at 2. Mr. Soares has not
12 established that this action arises out of or relates to defendants’ contacts with California. Because
13 he has not satisfied the first and second prongs for specific personal jurisdiction, the Court need
14 not proceed to the third prong of the analysis.
15 The Court lacks specific personal jurisdiction over defendants.
16 C. Pendent Personal Jurisdiction
17 Mr. Soares urges the Court to exercise pendent jurisdiction over defendants. “Under this
18 doctrine, a court may assert pendent personal jurisdiction over a defendant with respect to a claim
19 for which there is no independent basis of personal jurisdiction so long as it arises out of a
20 common nucleus of operative facts with a claim in the same suit over which the court does have
21 personal jurisdiction.” Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atlantic Embroidery, Inc., 368 F.3d 1174,
22 1180 (9th Cir. 2004). Because the Court concludes that it does not have personal jurisdiction over
23 defendants as to any of Mr. Soares’s claims, the Court does not have pendant personal jurisdiction
24 over defendants.
25 D. Dismissal or Transfer
26 In a civil action, if the “court finds that there is a want of jurisdiction, the court shall, if it is
27 in the interest of justice, transfer such action or appeal to any other such court . . . in which the
1 see also Gray & Co. v. Firstenberg Mach. Co., 913 F.2d 758, 761-62 (9th Cir. 1990) (finding a
2 lack of personal jurisdiction and remanding with instruction that district court dismiss or transfer
3 the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631). “[T]he action or appeal shall proceed as if it had been
4 filed in or noticed for the court to which it is transferred on the date upon which it was actually
5 filed in or noticed for the court from which it is transferred.” 28 U.S.C. § 1631. A motion to
6 transfer is unnecessary “because of the mandatory cast of section 1631’s instructions.” Miller v.
7 Hambrick, 905 F.2d 259, 262 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal quotations and citation omitted).
8 “Normally transfer will be in the interest of justice because normally dismissal of an action that
9 could be brought elsewhere is time-consuming and justice-defeating.” Id. (internal quotations and
10 citation omitted).
11 Based on Mr. Varner’s declaration that he is Arrowhead’s president and that Arrowhead is
12 located in Edmond, Oklahoma (Dkt. No. 10-1 ¶ 2), it appears that this action could have been filed
13 in the Western District of Oklahoma. See 28 U.S.C. § 116; Snider v. Frasier, Frasier and
14 Hickman, L.L.P., No. 3:10-0031, 2010 WL 3619796, at *1 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 11, 2010) (observing
15 that Edmond, Oklahoma is within the Western District of Oklahoma). Additionally, the Court
16 finds that transfer is in the interest of justice to ensure no potential statute of limitation issues arise
17 as a result of dismissal. While defendants contend that Mr. Soares’s prior bankruptcy proceeding
18 against them was dismissed based on Mr. Soares’s bad faith in filing that action, it is not readily
19 apparent that Mr. Soares filed the present action in this forum in bad faith. Thus, dismissal would
20 only be “time-consuming and justice-defeating.” See Miller, 905 F.2d at 262 (internal quotations
21 and citation omitted); see also Amity Rubberized Pen Co. v. Market Quest Group Inc., 793 F.3d
22 991, 997-98 (9th Cir. 2015) (concluding that where appellate jurisdiction was lacking, a transfer to
23 the Federal Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631 “would be in the interest of justice”).
24 Accordingly, rather than dismiss this action, this Court will transfer this matter to the United
25 States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma.
26 IV. CONCLUSION
27 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that it lacks personal jurisdiction over defendants
1 District of Oklahoma. The initial case management conference scheduled for January 28, 2022 is
2 || vacated.
3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 Dated: January 4, 2022
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VIRGINIA K. DEMARCHI
7 United States Magistrate Judge
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