Young v. Glanz

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

DEIBY H. REVILLA GUERRERO, )

Special Administrator of the Estate of )

Bridget Nicole Revilla, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) Case No. 13-CV-315-JED-JFJ

v. )

)

STANLEY GLANZ, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

OPINION AND ORDER

Before the Court are the defendants’ summary judgment motions as to the claims of

plaintiff Guerrero. (See Doc. 398, 413, 415). The plaintiff responded (Doc. 435, 451, 452),

and the defendants replied (Doc. 438, 474, 475). The Court has also considered

supplemental briefs (Doc. 505, 516, 519, 520) on the summary judgment motions.

I. Background

While incarcerated in the David L. Moss Criminal Justice Center (the Jail) between

June 19 and August 12, 2012, Bridget Revilla reportedly attempted to commit suicide two

times. She ultimately reported on June 19 that she was feeling suicidal after being asked

multiple times. She was placed on suicide watch, where she was to be checked every 15

minutes. The next day, June 20, 2012, she was removed from suicide watch, but placed in

a cell in the medical unit, to be checked every 30 minutes. At deposition, she reported that,

while on suicide watch, she “was fine.” Ms. Revilla reported that she had previously been

prescribed a number of medications, which Jail medical staff attempted to verify.

On the afternoon of June 20, 2012, Revilla was evaluated by Dr. Adusei, who

prescribed 300 mg of Dilantin. She was administered Dilantin that day. Revilla

subsequently had seizures, which were treated by injections of Ativan. Upon Adusei’s

order, Ms. Revilla was later transported to a hospital. She informed hospital staff that she

had not taken Dilantin for several weeks, and she was administered more Dilantin. Ms.

Revilla also informed the hospital that she was not suicidal. The hospital discharged her

approximately four hours later.

Upon returning to the Jail in the early morning hours of June 21, 2012, Ms. Revilla

was placed in the medical unit for continuing observation. She later reported feeling sleepy

and lethargic, and Adusei ordered her Dilantin level be tested. Later that evening, she had

more seizures, and Adusei ordered that she be given Ativan. She remained in the medical

unit for observation. Because of the seizure activity and her verbal reports, she was

prescribed Dilantin twice daily.

She continued in the medical unit, being monitored and receiving Dilantin and other

medications. On June 25, 2012, she reported that she felt drunk and had an unsteady gait.

Her blood Dilantin level test was returned and registered at 28.3 mcg/ml, which was high

but not in the toxic range. Because of Ms. Revilla’s report of feeling drunk, a nurse noted

that her Dilantin level should be rechecked and she would see a doctor. It does not appear

that the level was rechecked. At 7:30 p.m. that evening, a nurse found Ms. Revilla with a

sheet tied around her neck. A medical emergency was called, and nurses responded and

administered care until EMSA arrived approximately 8 minutes later. Ms. Revilla was

taken to the hospital, where she spent two days.

On the morning of June 27, she appeared in court and, thereafter, was returned to

the Jail, where she was placed on suicide watch. Upon return to the Jail, she had a visible

blue Coban bandage on her wrist, but Jail staff did not remove it or take it from her. She

denied that she was suicidal, but she was placed on suicide watch. She was unhappy about

being in the suicide watch cell and was reportedly combative with detention staff. Dr.

Adusei evaluated her that afternoon. She subsequently removed the Coban bandage, which

had held her IV in place while at the hospital, and placed it around her neck. A few minutes

later, a detention officer performed a check and noted she had a blue cord around her neck.

The officer called a medical emergency and requested a cutting instrument. A nurse

entered the cell and pulled the blue cord from Ms. Revilla’s neck. Despite putting the

Coban around her neck, Ms. Revilla had a strong pulse and was breathing. Ms. Revilla

did not need to go to the hospital after that incident, and she acknowledged that she did not

suffer injuries.1 She further testified that she did not warn Jail staff that she was suicidal

and did not indicate her intention to put the blue Coban around her neck before she did so.

Ms. Revilla remained on suicide watch from June 28 through July 2, 2012, where

she continued to be monitored. On the morning of July 2, she was given a mental health

assessment and received a physical evaluation from nursing staff. She was placed in the

medical unit and removed from suicide watch. She remained in the medical unit until July

9, where she continued to be monitored and received mental health assessments. During

1 The events surrounding her ultimately tying the blue Coban around her neck were

recorded in a video-monitored cell and submitted as an exhibit to the summary judgment

briefing. (See Doc. 399 [Exhibit 16], under seal).

that week, she generally reported no serious issues, and she was then returned to the general

population on July 10. She was in general population from July 10 to July 13, 2012. She

reported hearing voices, and she was returned to the medical unit for observation on July

13, and remained there until July 23, 2012. She was assessed during that time and

continued receiving prescribed medications.

On July 20, 2012, a pillowcase tied in knots was found in her cell, and officers

apparently were concerned it was a makeshift noose. Revilla testified at deposition that it

was not a noose, but something she uses when she has earaches, and she was not suicidal

or planning to attempt suicide. She was placed on suicide watch, where she remained until

the next day. She was placed in the medical unit through July 22.

On July 23, 2012, Ms. Revilla reported respiratory distress and she indicated that

she had a past history of pulmonary emboli and prior treatment at a hospital. She was then

transported to that hospital for evaluation and treatment. The hospital pulmonologist was

familiar with Ms. Revilla and noted that, despite her reports, she had “never had a history

of pulmonary embolus.” The doctor noted that “her exam was really pretty unremarkable”

and Ms. Revilla “seemed to be forcing herself to wheeze and was taking very shallow

respirations.”

Ms. Revilla was returned to the Jail on the evening of July 26, 2012, where she was

readmitted to the medical unit for observation. She remained in the medical unit until

August 12, 2012, when she was released from the Jail. During those final two weeks in

the medical unit, she continued to receive her medications for both physical and mental

health.

Thereafter, the plaintiff filed this action, asserting claims under state law and 42

U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Dr. Adusei, CHC, and former Sheriff Stanley Glanz were

deliberately indifferent to her serious medical needs. Ms. Revilla faults the defendants for

her two suicide attempts, suggests that she was suffering from toxic or high Dilantin levels

while at the Jail, and asserts that she was never seen by the Jail’s psychiatrist despite her

history and reports of mental illness and her suicide attempts. The defendants move for

summary judgment.

II. Summary Judgment Standards

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986); Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986). “[S]ummary judgment will not lie if the

dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable

jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. The

courts thus must determine “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to

require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a

matter of law.” Id. at 251-52. The non-movant’s evidence is taken as true, and all

justifiable and reasonable inferences are to be drawn in the non-movant’s favor. Id. at 255.

The court may not weigh the evidence and may not credit the evidence of the party seeking

summary judgment and ignore evidence offered by the non-movant. Tolan v. Cotton, 572

U.S. 650, 656-57 (2014) (per curiam). Instead, the court must view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. at 657.

III. Discussion

A. Deliberate Indifference under § 1983

Claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based upon a failure to provide medical care for

serious medical needs of inmates are judged under the “deliberate indifference to serious

medical needs” test of Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976). As explained by the Supreme

Court:

The [Eighth] Amendment embodies “broad and idealistic concepts of

dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency . . . against which we

must evaluate penal measures. . . . These elementary principles establish the

government's obligation to provide medical care for those whom it is

punishing by incarceration. An inmate must rely on prison authorities to treat

his medical needs; if the authorities fail to do so, those needs will not be met.

In the worst cases, such a failure may actually produce physical “torture or a

lingering death,” . . . the evils of most immediate concern to the drafters of

the Amendment. In less serious cases, denial of medical care may result in

pain and suffering which no one suggests would serve any penological

purpose. The infliction of such unnecessary suffering is inconsistent with

contemporary standards of decency as manifested in modern legislation

codifying the common-law view that “it is but just that the public be required

to care for the prisoner, who cannot by reason of the deprivation of his liberty,

care for himself.”

We therefore conclude that deliberate indifference to serious medical

needs of prisoners constitutes the “unnecessary and wanton infliction of

pain,” . . . proscribed by the Eighth Amendment. This is true whether the

indifference is manifested by prison doctors in their response to the prisoner's

needs or by prison guards in intentionally denying or delaying access to

medical care or intentionally interfering with the treatment once prescribed.

Regardless of how evidenced, deliberate indifference to a prisoner's serious

illness or injury states a cause of action under § 1983.

429 U.S. at 102-05 (internal citations and footnotes omitted); see also Al-Turki v. Robinson,

762 F.3d 1188, 1192 (10th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he Eight Amendment’s prohibition against cruel

and unusual punishment extends to the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain caused

by prison officials’ deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners.”).

Prison officials violate an inmate’s constitutional rights where the officials “prevent

an inmate from receiving treatment or deny him access to medical personnel capable of

evaluating the need for treatment.” Sealock v. Colorado, 218 F.3d 1205, 1211 (10th Cir.

2000). A delay in medical care also “constitutes an Eighth Amendment violation where

the plaintiff can show the delay resulted in substantial harm.” Mata v. Saiz, 427 F.3d 745,

751 (10th Cir. 2005).

These principles “appl[y] to pretrial detainees through the due process clause of the

Fourteenth Amendment.” Howard v. Dickerson, 34 F.3d 978, 980 (10th Cir. 1994).

Deliberate indifference is defined as something more than mere negligence; it requires

knowing and disregarding an excessive risk to inmate health or safety. Farmer v. Brennan,

511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994). Deliberate indifference has both objective and subjective

components. Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298-99 (1991).

Objective Component

The objective component is met if the harm suffered is sufficiently serious. Id. at

298. “A medical need is serious if it is ‘one that has been diagnosed by a physician as

mandating treatment or is one that is so obvious that even a lay person would easily

recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.’” Ramos v. Lamm, 639 F.3d 559, 575 (10th

Cir. 1980); see also Al-Turki, 762 F.3d at 1192-93; Olsen v. Layton Hills Mall, 312 F.3d

1304, 1315 (10th Cir. 2002).

The defendants argue that the plaintiff cannot meet the objective component of

sufficiently serious harm because Ms. Revilla testified that she did not suffer permanent

injuries or experience severe pain, and her Dilantin levels were resolved while she was at

the Jail. In addition, there was no delay in referring Ms. Revilla to the hospital, as she was

taken to hospitals three times while at the Jail between June 19 and August 12, 2012. The

plaintiff responds that the suicide attempts did have consequences that meet the objective

component. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that Ms. Revilla had to be administered CPR to

return to spontaneous respirations after her first suicide attempt, and she spent days in the

hospital thereafter. And, although Ms. Revilla did not require hospital care following the

second suicide attempt (with the blue Coban), she coughed and turned red. The medical

care and hospitalization required after the first suicide attempt is sufficiently serious to

meet the objective component, while the harm following the incident with the Coban

appears to be less serious.

Subjective Component

The subjective component “lies ‘somewhere between the poles of negligence at the

one end and purpose . . . at the other.’ . . . The Supreme Court has analogized it to criminal

recklessness, to the conscious disregard of a ‘substantial risk of serious harm.’” Blackmon

v. Sutton, 734 F.3d 1237, 1244-45 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 836). The

inmate’s symptoms “are relevant to the subjective component of deliberate indifference.

The question is: were the symptoms such that a prison employee knew the risk to the

prisoner and chose (recklessly) to disregard it?” Martinez v. Beggs, 563 F.3d 1082, 1089

(10th Cir. 2009). A defendant must “both be aware of facts from which the inference could

be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and ... also draw the inference.”

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. Whether the defendant had the “requisite knowledge of a

substantial risk is a question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including

inference from circumstantial evidence.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842.

Here, construed in plaintiff’s favor, the record evidence does not support a

reasonable finding that any of the defendants or other Jail staff were deliberately indifferent

to a substantial risk of serious harm. Ms. Revilla received treatment for multiple ailments,

including seizure activity. She was sent to hospitals three separate times, once for her

failed suicide attempt, another time for seizures, and a third time because she reported a

history of pulmonary embolism. She was placed on suicide watch when staff were aware

that she may be suicidal, and she was frequently checked even while not on suicide watch.

The plaintiff asserts that Jail staff were deliberately indifferent by permitting her

access to a bed sheet and the blue Coban, in violation of Jail policies applicable to suicide

watch. However, the record does not support the plaintiff’s claim that Ms. Revilla was still

on suicide watch at the time she used the bed sheet on June 25, 2012, and she testified that

she had not indicated to Jail staff that she was suicidal in proximity to her attempt that day.

She had been housed in the medical unit for evaluation and frequent checks.

She attempted to commit suicide twice, but she was unsuccessful in her attempts

because Jail staff performing checks found her in time before she was permanently injured

or died. While plaintiff argues that Ms. Revilla was not seen by the Jail’s psychiatrist, she

has not pointed to any serious harm that she suffered as a result. On the record here, the

Court determines that no reasonable jury would find deliberate indifference on behalf of

any of the defendants or other Jail personnel that would satisfy the subjective component

of the deliberate indifference analysis.

Because the evidence does not reveal any genuine dispute of material facts upon

which a jury could find that any Jail personnel were deliberately indifferent to Ms. Revilla’s

serious medical needs or risk of suicide attempts, the defendants are entitled to judgment

as a matter of law on plaintiff’s § 1983 claims against them.

B. Qualified Immunity

Sheriff Glanz, who is sued in his individual capacity, asserts that he is entitled to

qualified immunity on plaintiff’s § 1983 claim. Even had the Court not determined that

summary judgment was appropriate because of a lack of evidence to support a finding of

deliberate indifference by any Jail staff, Mr. Glanz would be entitled to qualified immunity

on plaintiff’s § 1983 claim here, as there is no evidence that Glanz possessed a

“particularized mental state with respect to” any substantial risk that Ms. Revilla would

attempt to commit suicide. See Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231, 1250-51 (10th Cir. 2015)

(applying particularized mental state to claim of supervisory liability in context of jail

suicide). That is, for Mr. Glanz “to be found to have acted with deliberate indifference, he

needed to first have knowledge that the specific inmate at issue presented a substantial risk

of suicide.” Id. at 1250.2

2 While Ms. Revilla’s attempts at suicide were unsuccessful, it is difficult to discern

any reason why Cox’s particularized mental state requirement would apply only to

successful suicides and not suicide attempts. Accordingly, the Court would apply that

particularized standard to attempted suicide as well.

C. State Constitutional Claims against the Sheriff

Plaintiff also asserts a claim against Sheriff Regalado for alleged violations of Ms.

Revilla’s rights under the Oklahoma Constitution, Art. II, §§ 7 and 9. Those articles are

the state’s counterparts to the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution. The plaintiff asserts that the state constitutional claim is appropriate under

Bosh v. Cherokee Cnty. Bldg. Auth., 305 P.3d 994 (Okla. 2013). In Bosh, the Oklahoma

Supreme Court recognized a private right of action by a pretrial detainee for excessive

force under Okla. Const. art. II, § 30.

Bosh did not recognize the claim asserted by plaintiff in this case. See id. Moreover,

since Bosh, the Oklahoma Supreme Court has continued to narrow its holding. See, e.g.,

Perry v. City of Norman, 341 P. 3d 689, 692-93 (Okla. 2014); Barrios v. Haskell Cty. Pub.

Fac. Auth’y, 432 P.3d 233 (Okla. 2018) (declining to extend Bosh to inmate denial of

medical claims under the Oklahoma constitution and stating “even if not barred by

sovereign immunity . . . it is doubtful that such claims would exist in the Oklahoma

common law”). The federal courts in Oklahoma have also recently declined to extend Bosh

to other constitutional claims. See Dodson v. Cty. Comm’rs of Mayes Cty., 18-CV-221-

TCK-FHM, 2019 WL 2030122 (N.D. Okla. May 8, 2019); Burke v. Regalado, 18-CV-231-

GKF-FHM, 2019 WL 1371144, *3 (Mar. 26, 2019); Snow v. Board of County

Commissioners of the County of McClain, Civ-14-911-HE, 2014 WL 7335319, at *3 (W.D.

Okla. Dec. 19, 2014); Payne v. Oklahoma, CIV-15-10-JHP, 2015 WL 5518879, at **3-4

(E.D. Okla. Sept. 17, 2015). Thus, even had plaintiff been able to present evidence of

deliberate indifference, her claim under the Oklahoma Constitution for denial of medical

care would not survive summary judgment.

The federal courts typically decline to expand state law to an extent not addressed

by the state’s highest court. See Schrock v. Wyeth, Inc., 727 F.3d 1273, 1284 (10th Cir.

2013). As the Oklahoma Supreme Court noted in Barrios, “expanding tort remedies for

constitutional violations is now a ‘disfavored judicial activity.’” Barrios, 432 P.3d at 240

(quoting Ziglar v. Abbasi, __ U.S. __, 137 S. Ct. 1843 (2017)). Accordingly, plaintiff’s

claim under the state constitution is subject to summary judgment.

D. State Law Claims against CHC and Dr. Adusei

With respect to plaintiff’s state law negligence claims against them, Dr. Adusei and

CHC argue that they are immune from liability under the Oklahoma Governmental Tort

Claims Act (GTCA). The GTCA provides tort immunity to “the state, its political

subdivisions, and all of their employees acting within the scope of their employment.”

Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 152.1(A); see also Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 163(C) (tort actions may not be

brought against “an employee of the state or political subdivision acting within the scope

of his employment”). The statute defines employees to include “licensed medical

professionals under contract with city, county, or state entities who provide medical care

to inmates or detainees in the custody or control of law enforcement agencies.” Okla. Stat.

tit. 51, § 152(7)(b)(7).

The Oklahoma Supreme Court has stated that, “[g]enerally speaking, the staff of a

healthcare contractor at a jail are ‘employees’ who are entitled to tort immunity under the

GTCA by virtue of sections 152(7)(b), 153(A), and 155(25).” Barrios v. Haskell Cty. Pub.

Facilities Auth., 432 P.3d 233, 236 fn.5 (Okla. 2018). However, the court specifically

noted that it had “not been asked whether Turn Key Health, LLC or its staff are ‘employees’

under section 152(7)(b), but ha[d] assumed they are for purposes of answering the

questions certified to [the Oklahoma Supreme Court].” Id.

However, it is appropriate here to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over

the state law claims because the Court has disposed of all of plaintiff’s federal claims. See

28 U.S.C. § 1367(c); Birdwell v. Glanz, 790 F. App’x 962 (10th Cir. 2020) (unpublished).

As the Tenth Circuit stated in a nearly identical context in Birdwell:

Because Mr. Birdwell does not appeal the grant of summary judgment on the

federal causes of action, all of the claims triggering original jurisdiction are

gone. All that’s left is an undecided issue of state law, involving

interpretation of an assumption stated in a footnote to a recent opinion of the

Oklahoma Supreme Court. Given the novelty of this issue, we conclude that

the interest in comity predominates and should have led the district court to

decline supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claim against Armor....

We thus reverse and remand with instructions to dismiss the state-law claim

asserted against Armor without prejudice.

790 F. App’x at 964.

Based upon Birdwell and § 1367(c)(3), the Court declines to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s state law claims against Dr. Adusei and CHC, and those

state law claims are dismissed without prejudice.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the summary judgment motion (Doc. 398) of defendants

Glanz and Regalado is granted, and the summary judgment motions of CHC and Dr.

Adusei (Doc. 413, 415) are granted as to the plaintiff’s § 1983 claims. Because the Court

has disposed of all federal claims, the undersigned declines to exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the state law claims against Dr. Adusei and CHC, and those claims are

accordingly dismissed without prejudice. A separate judgment will be entered.

SO ORDERED this 30th day of September 2020.