Hall v. Chambers Smith

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

DAVID HALL, :

:

Plaintiff, : Case No. 2:21-cv-1135

:

v. : CHIEF JUDGE ALGENON L. MARBLEY

:

ANNETTE CHAMBERS SMITH, :

et al., : Magistrate Judge Gentry

:

Defendants. :

OPINION & ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff’s Objections (ECF No. 28) to the

Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation (ECF No. 26). For the reasons set forth below,

Plaintiff’s Objections are OVERRULED (ECF No. 28); and the Report is ADOPTED. (ECF No.

26).

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, is a prisoner incarcerated at North Central Correctional

Complex (“NCCC”). He asserts a several theories of harm under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the

Director of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (“ODRC”), Annette Chambers-

Smith, as well as members of the Ohio Adult Parole Authority and others. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff

is currently serving a prison sentence for murder by felonious assault. (ECF No. 26).

While on parole in 1992 following a murder conviction, Plaintiff was convicted of

felonious assault. For his latter crime, he was sentenced to eleven to fifteen years, which was then

aggregated with his sentence for murder. (ECF No. 1 at 21). Since his parole was revoked in

1992, Plaintiff has been denied parole sixteen times. (Id. at 15). Plaintiff alleges he has been

denied parole because of racist guidelines and as retaliation against him for suing the parole board.

(Id at 13.).

B. Procedural

Plaintiff filed a verified complaint on March 15, 2021. (ECF No. 1). Defendants filed their

Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 10) on June 03, 2021, and Plaintiff filed his Response. (ECF No.

18). Magistrate Judge Jolson issued a Report and Recommendation on September 2, 2021,

granting in part and denying in part Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 26). Plaintiff

objected to the Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation (ECF No. 28). There, although not

clearly, he objects to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation of dismissal regarding the following

claims: (i) due process; (ii) retaliation; (iii) equal protection. (Id. at 1, 3, 7). Additionally, Plaintiff

objects to the dismissal of claims against Defendant Bedra. (Id. at 11). This matter is now ripe

for review.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b), a magistrate judge considering a prison

petition challenging the conditions of confinement must conduct relevant proceedings and

provide a recommended disposition to the district judge. A party may file an objection to a

magistrate judge’s report and recommendations, which is reviewed de novo by the district judge.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). Upon this review, the district judge determines whether to “accept,

reject or modify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to

the magistrate with instructions.” Id. When a pleader fails to raise specific issues, the court will

consider this a general objection to the magistrate judge’s report and will not recognize it. Robert

v. Tesson, 507 F.3d 981, 994 (6th Cir. 2007). Objections that quote language from the report and

highlight issues with specificity surpass this ‘general’ threshold. Id. at 994. Litigants proceeding

pro se, however, will be held to a lower standard that permits their pleadings to be “liberally

construed.” Fed. Exp. Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 402 (2008) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble,

429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)).

III. LAW & ANALYSIS

Plaintiff’s Objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation fall into two

categories: (i) the Magistrate Judge erroneously failed to consider certain aspects of the Complaint;

and (ii) the Magistrate Judge reached the wrong conclusions of law. Specifically, Plaintiff

challenges the recommended dismissal for his due process, retaliation, and equal protection claims.

Additionally, Plaintiff argues that he should be excused for his insufficient service upon Defendant

Bedra.

Plaintiff also devotes significant portions of his briefing to what appears to be a wholly

distinct claim: namely, the Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections illegally extended his

sentence when he was committed to their custody and the Parole Board uses that error as a basis

to deny his parole. Because this is raised for the first time in Plaintiff’s opposition, it is not properly

before the Court. As such, the Court will not consider it when analyzing Plaintiff’s other

objections.1 Defendants did not file a Response in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Objections. The Court

will consider these arguments in turn.

A. Failure to Consider Exhibits to the Complaint

Plaintiff begins by asserting that the Magistrate Judge failed to consider the exhibits he

attached to his Complaint. (ECF No. 28 at 1). Plaintiff asserts this as a stand-alone objection. That

is, the failure to consider was in itself error and Plaintiff argues that this failure led to the Magistrate

1 That said, if Plaintiff is seeking to amend his Complaint, he may file a motion seeking to amend.

Judge reaching the conclusion that Plaintiff’s alleged facts were “vague and conclusory.” (Id. at

4.).

As a threshold matter, generally, “[a] district court is not permitted to consider matters

beyond the complaint” when ruling on a Motion to Dismiss. Mediacom Se. LLC v. BellSouth

Telecommunications, Inc., 672 F.3d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Winget v. JP Morgan Chase

Bank, N.A., 537 F.3d 565, 576 (6th Cir. 2008)). Indeed, “[t]o do so would convert the motion to

dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.” Id. (citing Winget, 537 F.3d at 576); see also Clark

v. Walt Disney Co., 642 F. Supp. 2d 775, 781–82 (S.D. Ohio 2009) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d)).

Yet, “[e]xceptions to this rule … do exist.” Id. at 782. The Sixth Circuit instructs that when

considering a motion to dismiss, this Court “may consider the complaint and any exhibits attached

thereto, public records, items appearing in the record of the case and exhibits attached to

defendant's motion to dismiss so long as they are referred to in the complaint and are central to the

claims contained therein.’” Ryniewicz v. Clarivate Analytics, 803 F. App'x 858, 863 (6th Cir.

2020) (quoting Luis v. Zang, 833 F.3d 619, 626 (6th Cir. 2016)) (emphasis added). Thus, this

Circuit’s case law has created a permissive exception to the general rule against consideration of

matters outside of the pleadings.

Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge faced a decision when faced with Plaintiff’s Complaint

with numerous exhibits: (1) whether to consider Plaintiff’s exhibits at all; and (2) if considering,

whether those items were “referred to in the Complaint and are central to the claim contained

herein.”2 Here, the Magistrate Judge, well within her discretion, chose not to consider these items

at all. Yet, had she considered them, she would have found arguably no reference to the documents

2 Consideration without a determination that the items were referred to and central to the claims would convert

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss into a Motion for Summary Judgment.

within the Complaint and even assuming the documents were referenced, they were not otherwise

central to Plaintiff’s claims as pleaded.

Therefore, this objection is OVERRULED.

B. Failure to Consider Certain Claims & Specificity of Assertions

Plaintiff further objects to the Magistrate Judge’s decision regarding due process, equal

protection, and retaliation claims. (ECF No. 28 at 2–3, 7). This Court considers each objection in

turn.

1. Due Process Violations

a. 1992 Parole Revocation

Plaintiff appears to reassert his due process arguments, but absent much specificity. (See

e.g., ECF No. 28 at 1, 4–5, 8, 10, 12). The Court construes these objections as challenging the

Magistrate Judge’s conclusions on these issues.

To the extent that Plaintiff is again arguing that his due process rights were violated when

he was denied a parole revocation hearing in 1992, (ECF No. 28 at 2), this Court agrees with the

Magistrate Judge’s decision that the Plaintiff’s parole revocation argument is time-barred. As

accurately set forth in the Report and Recommendation, claims asserted under § 1983 are subject

to a two-year limit. See Browning v. Pendleton, 869 F. 2d 989, 990 (6th Cir. 1989). The relevant

time period begins to accrue when the plaintiff knew or should have known of the injury underlying

his claims. See Solis v. Emery Fed. Credit Union, 459 F. Supp. 3d 981, 992 (S.D. Ohio 2020).

Accordingly, Plaintiff was put on notice of his injury when he “refused to sign [a] waiver form”

concerning his 1992 parole revocation hearing.” Solis, 459 F. Supp. 3d at 992.

Therefore, Plaintiff’s substantive and procedural due process claims concerning his 1992

parole revocation are DISMISSED.

b. Ongoing Parole Denials

As with his earlier denials, Plaintiff is simply reasserting his original argument concluding

that the Magistrate Judge drew the wrong legal conclusion. See e.g., ECF No. 28 at 1, 4–5, 8, 10,

12). The Court here considers elements of his retaliation claim within his due process allegation.

The Sixth Circuit has held that to state a due process claim, Plaintiff “must allege that a

protected property or liberty interest was violated.” Wershe v. Combs, 763 F.3d 500, 506 (6th Cir.

2014). Similar to the plaintiff in Wershe, Plaintiff here fails to “identify an affected property

interest.” Id. Furthermore, where a state’s parole system does not create a “legitimate claim of

entitlement to parole,” there is “no liberty interest.” Id. (citing Crump v. Lafler, 657 F.3d 393, 404

(6th Cir. 2011). First, “[t]here is no constitutional or inherent right of a convicted person to be

conditionally released before the expiration of a valid sentence.” Richard v. Mohr, No. 2:13-CV-

1013, 2014 WL 868242, at *2 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 5, 2014), aff'd (Jan. 23, 2015) (citing Greenholtz

v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal & Corr. Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 60 L.Ed.2d 668

(1979)). Second, in Ohio, there is “no entitlement to parole; whether such should be granted is left

to the discretion of the Parole Authority.” Buhrman v. Wilkinson, 257 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1121

(S.D. Ohio 2003), supplemented, No. 3:01 CV 359, 2004 WL 2044055 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 22, 2004),

report and recommendation adopted, No. 3:01 CV 359, 2004 WL 2044056 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 2,

2004 (citing Ohio Rev.Code § 2967.03 and State ex rel. Blake v. Shoemaker, 4 Ohio St.3d 42, 446

N.E.2d 169, 170 (1983)). As such, Plaintiff’s due process claims presumptively fail for lack of a

liberty interest. See Wershe, 763 F.3d at 506.

The Sixth Circuit has established that, “in an appropriate case, a parole board’s reliance on

unconstitutional factors—or even on false information in the parole file—could constitute a due-

process violation.” Jergens v. Ohio Dep’t of Rehab. &Corr. Adult Parole Auth., 492 F. App’x

567, 570 n.5 (6th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added). Even if Plaintiff could show that the parole board

relied on impermissible factors—such as retaliation—this attack is barred by Heck v. Humphrey

(1994).

As for any claims not barred by the statute of limitations, as articulated by the Magistrate

Judge, they are barred by the Supreme Court’s decision in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994).

In Heck, the Supreme Court held that ‘in order to recover damages

for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment, or for

other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a

conviction or sentence invalid,’ a plaintiff proceeding under §1983

must ‘prove that the conviction or sentence that has been reversed

on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by

a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into

question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus’.

Whipple v. Tenn. Bd. of Paroles, No. 18-5390, 2019 WL 1804845, at *3 (6th Cir. Jan. 3, 2019)

(quoting Heck, 512 U.S. 468-87). As the Sixth Circuit has held, “Heck bars an action ‘that calls

into question the fact or duration of parole.’” Id. at *3 (alteration omitted) (quoting Noel v.

Grzesiak, 96 F. App’x 353, 354 (6th Cir. 2004) (internal quotations omitted)).

Because Plaintiff’s allegation by its very nature asserts that the parole board’s decision is

invalid, however, it is barred by Heck. See id. (citing Noel, 96 F. App’x 353 at 354). Rather than

address this case law in his objections, Plaintiff urges this Court that he has been retaliated against.

(See e.g., ECF No. 28 at 4, 11). This, though, does not meet the rule in Heck. Since he does not

allege or provide that his “sentence was reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order,

declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question

by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus,” his claim fails and is DISMISSED.

2. Equal Protection

Plaintiff contends that he was denied equal protection of the law because he was improperly

denied parole based on race. (ECF No. 28 at 7). As articulated by the Magistrate Judge,

“Plaintiff’s equal protection claims are cognizable only if they are timely.” (ECF No. 26 at 9).

Here, Plaintiff asserts that his equal protection claims are brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

(See ECF No. 1 at 2, 5). As stated previously, his claims are subject to its two-year statute of

limitations. See Hollis v. Erdos, No. 1:19-CV-436, 2020 WL 2395567 (S.D. Ohio May 12, 2020)

(§ 1983 statute of limitations is two years); see 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Accordingly, any allegations

made by Plaintiff that concerns conduct before 2019 are time-barred and are DISMISSED.

Plaintiff’s timely claims also fail. To state an equal protection claim under § 1983, a

plaintiff “must allege that a state actor intentionally discriminated against [him] because of his

membership in a protected class.” Coleman v. Martin, 363 F. Supp. 2d 894, 902 (E.D. Mich.

2005); Carnes v. Engler, 76 F. App’x 79, 81 (6th Cir. 2003). Alternatively, he must show

“that he has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is

no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Okolo v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville, 892 F. Supp.

2d 931, 939–40 (M.D. Tenn. 2012) (citing Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564,

120 S.Ct. 1073, 145 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2000)).

Plaintiff objects by attempting to retroactively incorporate information from his exhibits

into his Complaint. (ECF No. 28 at 7). Neither the Magistrate Judge nor this Court is required to

consider such information. This being the primary thrust of this objection, this Court rejects

Plaintiff’s insistence to consider this information, and narrows its focus on just the Complaint.

In reviewing the Complaint, the Court must consider Plaintiff’s allegations it in the light

most favorable to Plaintiff and accept all well pleaded factual allegations as true. Twombly, 550

U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows

the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Instead, a complaint that consists of

“labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” is

insufficient. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Brown v. Matauszak, 415 F. App’x 608, 613 (6th

Cir. 2011) (noting that a plaintiff must give specific, well-pleaded facts, not just conclusory

allegations.).

While Plaintiff alleges that he was mistreated because of his race and asserts that he was

subjected to worse treatment than similarly situated individuals, Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations

do not provide enough specificity to support his claim. (See e.g., ECF No. 1 at 5). He makes a

number of wide-ranging allegations that do little more than rehash his contention that he was

subjected to discrimination as a general matter. (See id. at 14). Because Plaintiff has not offered

any allegations that corroborate his assertions of discrimination or other factual content to support

his advanced conclusions, his claim fails. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s equal protection claims arising

from parole denials occurring within the last two years are DISMISSED.

3. Retaliation

As analyzed above under the ongoing parole denials heading, Plaintiff’s retaliation claim

does not overcome the Heck doctrine and is DISMISSED.

C. Insufficiency of Process

Finally, Plaintiff objects to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that the claims against

Defendant Bedra be dismissed for lack of service. (ECF No. 28 at 11). In the Report and

Recommendation, the Magistrate Judge explains clearly that the initial documents served to

Defendant Bedra were accepted by another party in error. (See ECF No. 26 at 16). Following this

notification, the Magistrate Judge Ordered Plaintiff “to file a notice or letter … containing

Defendant Bedra’s correct address within twenty-one days.” (See id.) (quoting ECF No. 19). The

Magistrate Judge warned Plaintiff that should he fail to comply, “the Court will recommend

dismissing Plaintiff's claims against Defendant Bedra for failure to prosecute.” (ECF No. 19 at

1).

In his objections, Plaintiff completely ignores the Magistrate Judge’s admonition and

asserts that he originally had Defendant Bedra served. (ECF No. 28 at 11). This does not address

any of what the Magistrate Judge said or previously Ordered. Accordingly, this Objection is

OVERRULED and the claims against Defendant Bedra are DISMISSED.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, this Court ADOPTS Magistrate Judge’s September 2, 2021

Report and Recommendation. (ECF No. 26). Plaintiff's Objections to the Magistrate Judge’s

Report and Recommendation are OVERRULED (ECF No. 28). The following claims are

DISMISSED: Plaintiffs claims against Defendants in their official capacity; all due process

claims; all equal protection claims; all retaliation claims; all claims against Defendant Bedra; and

his ex post facto claims relating to changed parole guidelines.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

DATED: March 31, 2022

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