Sams v. Franklin County, Ohio

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

FREDDIE SAMS, :

: Case No. 2:19-cv-05330

Plaintiff, :

: CHIEF JUDGE ALGENON L. MARBLEY

v. :

: Magistrate Judge Vascura

FRANKLIN COUNTY, OHIO et al. :

:

:

Defendants. :

OPINION & ORDER

This matter is before the Court on two motions: (1) a Motion to Dismiss by Defendants

Naphcare, Inc. (“Corporate Medical Defendant”), Brook New-Berry, Elizabeth Levering, Deddeh

Sumo, and Elizabeth Flores (“Nurse Defendants”) (collectively “Medical Defendants”) (ECF No.

66); and (2) a Motion to Dismiss by Defendants Sergeant Jay Muncy and Major Mychal Turner

(“Officer Defendants”) (ECF No. 68). For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS IN

PART and DENIES IN PART each of the Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (ECF Nos. 66, 68).

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

On November 18, 2017, Freddie Sams went to the hospital complaining of a stab wound,

and an injured hand and wrist. (ECF No. 65 at 4). Before seeking treatment for his injuries, Sams

called the Franklin County Sheriff’s Department (“FCSD”) to report his assailant. (Id.). As

medical professionals assisted Sams, FCSD deputies arrived. (Id.). While at the hospital, FCSD

deputies arrested Sams for domestic violence. (Id.).

For just over three weeks, Sams was incarcerated in Franklin County correctional facilities.

(Id. at 5). There, Sergeant Jay Muncy and Major Mychal Turner oversaw, in part, the medical

needs of detainees. (Id. at 4). Additionally, those officers were assisted by medical contractor

Naphcare, Inc., and its nurses Brooke New-Berry, LPN; Elizabeth Levering, LPN; Deddeh Sumo,

LPN; and Elizabeth Flores, LPN. (Id.). Before his incarceration, hospital staff gave Sams as well

as the Medical and Officer Defendants instructions concerning Sams’s need to receive additional

medical treatment and other information regarding the care of his injuries. (Id. at 5). While

incarcerated, Sams repeatedly requested medical treatment, only to be refused care. (Id.).

According to Defendants’ own records, Defendants failed to address Sams’s medical

treatment for several reasons. (Id. at 5–6). First, the Officer Defendants asserted that treating

Sams was either inconvenient or conflicted with their additional duty to feed other prisoners. (Id.

at 5). Second, Nurse Defendants were either changing shifts during such requests or otherwise did

not want to see Sams, also citing inconvenience. (Id. at 5–6). Finally, Defendants not only failed

to provide medical attention but also actively prevented Plaintiff from attending required follow-

up doctor appointments. (Id. at 6). In total, according to Sams, Defendants’ refusal to treat Sams

caused him to suffer permanent injury: disfigurement, infection, and the loss of use of his hand,

wrist, and fingers. (Id.).

What’s more, Sams asserts that Defendants behaved this way pursuant to a policy of

deliberate indifference to inmates with medical needs. (Id. at 7). Sams argues that Nurse and

Officer Defendants ignored Sams’s physical injuries because they were neither adequately trained,

hired, supervised nor disciplined for providing such inferior care. (Id. at 6–7). This suit followed.

B. Procedural Background

Plaintiff filed his initial complaint on December 4, 2019, asserting injuries sustained while

incarcerated in Franklin County, Ohio pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (ECF No. 1). Plaintiff alleged

claims against Franklin County, the Franklin County Sherriff’s Department, Naphcare, Inc., and

various John and Jane Does. (Id.). On March 27, 2020, Franklin County and the Franklin County

Sherriff’s Department filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 11). The Court then ordered Plaintiff

to identify the John and Jane Does he filed suit against in his original complaint. (ECF No. 13).

Because the Court found that the initial and subsequent complaints (ECF Nos. 1, 22) were

substantively similar save for an additional allegation “naming the individual Defendants,” the

Court ruled on the County’s and Sheriff Department’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 11) in its

November 2, 2020 Opinion and Order. (ECF No. 41). There, this Court dismissed with prejudice

Plaintiff’s claims against the two county entities. (Id.).

Following that Opinion and Order (ECF No. 41), Plaintiff filed his Second Amended

Complaint on March 22, 2021. (ECF No. 65). Subsequently, the Medical Defendants, and the

Officer Defendants filed their motions to dismiss. (ECF No. 66, 68). Plaintiff filed his

Memorandum Contra to All Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (ECF No. 71), and the Defendants

replied (ECF Nos. 74, 75). Defendants’ motions are now ripe for review.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The defendants moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Under

modern federal pleading standards, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A complaint will

survive a motion to dismiss if the plaintiff alleges facts that “state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face” and that, if accepted as true, are sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative

level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 570 (2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556

U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A complaint must therefore “contain either direct or inferential allegations

respecting all material elements to sustain a recovery under some viable theory.” Edison v. Tenn.

Dep’t of Children’s Servs., 510 F.3d 631, 634 (6th Cir. 2007).

In assessing the sufficiency and plausibility of a claim, courts “construe the complaint in

the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept its allegations as true, and draw all reasonable

inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir. 2007).

Thus, dismissal is appropriate only if “it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set

of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Guzman v. U.S. Dep’t of

Homeland Sec., 679 F.3d 425, 429 (6th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted).

III. LAW & ANALYSIS

Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint for a failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted. Plaintiff asserts that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious

medical needs in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments.

“To prevail on a cause of action under § 1983, a plaintiff must prove ‘(1) the deprivation

of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States (2) caused by a person acting

under the color of state law.’” Shadrick v. Hopkins Cty., Ky., 805 F.3d 724, 736 (6th Cir. 2015)

(quoting Jones v. Muskegon Cnty., 625 F.3d 935, 941 (6th Cir. 2010)). Although the Constitution

“does not mandate comfortable prisons,” it also does not permit inhumane ones. Farmer v.

Brannan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 349 (1981)). It is

well-settled that “the treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he [or

she] is confined are subject to the scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment.” Helling v. McKinney,

509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993). Similarly, pretrial detainees are protected from cruel and unusual

punishment by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Winkler v. Madison Cnty.,

893 F.3d 877, 890 (6th Cir. 2018). These constitutional provisions protect incarcerated people

from “deliberate indifference” to their serious medical needs. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835.

Traditionally, to sustain liability under the deliberate indifference standard, a plaintiff must

satisfy an objective component, which measures the seriousness of the medical need, and a

subjective component, which measures the knowledge and actions of the defendants. Id. at 838–

39; Winkler, 893 F.3d at 890. Under this standard, defendants were required to “know[] of and

disregard an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the [defendants] must both be aware of facts

from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of harm exists, and [they] must

also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. In light of the Sixth Circuit’s decision in

Brawner v. Scott Cty., Tennessee, a modified approach is now taken in place of the subjective

component. 14 F.4th 585, 596 (6th Cir. 2021).

In Brawner, the Sixth Circuit found that examining claims “by convicted prisoners under

the Eighth Amendment and claims brought by pretrial detainees under the Fourteenth

Amendment” under the same framework is, “no longer tenable.” Id. Driven by the Supreme

Court’s decision in Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389 (2015), the Sixth Circuit revisited the

subjective portion of the deliberate-indifference analysis for pretrial detainees. Although “[m]ere

negligence is insufficient,” the Court held that “[a] defendant must have not only acted deliberately

(not accidentally), but also recklessly ‘in the face of an unjustifiably high risk of harm that is either

known or so obvious that it should be known.’” Id. That is, a plaintiff must prove “something

akin to reckless disregard.” Id. at 596–97 (citing Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060,

1071 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc)). Thus, to meet his burden under the new test showing that the

Defendants “violated [his] constitutional right to adequate medical care, [Plaintiff] needed to”

allege: “(1) that []he had an objectively serious medical need; and (2)” the Defendants’ “action (or

lack of action) was intentional (not accidental) and” that Defendants “either (a) acted intentionally

to ignore [Plaintiff’s] serious medical need, or (b) recklessly failed to act reasonably to mitigate

the risk the serious medical need posed to [Plaintiff], even though a reasonable official in [the

Defendants’] position would have known that the serious medical need posed an excessive risk to

[Plaintiff’s] health or safety.” Id at 597.

A. Objective Component

First, “[a] serious medical need is ‘one that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating

treatment or one that is so obvious that even a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for

a doctor’s attention.’” Harrison v. Ash, 539 F.3d 510, 518 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Blackmore v.

Kalamazoo, 390 F.3d 890, 895 (6th Cir. 2004)). “Only if a prisoner proves this objective element

must courts consider the second … part of the deliberate-indifference test.” Phillips v. Tangilag,

14 F.4th 524, 535 (6th Cir. 2021).

Here, Plaintiff asserts that “[b]efore being transported to the Franklin County correctional

facilities, Plaintiff was given medical instructions regarding the need to attend, follow up with

doctors’ appointments[,] and for the proper treatment of [his] fractures and stab wound.” (ECF No.

65 at 4–5) (emphasis added). Although Plaintiff does not specify that he saw a physician when

attended to at the hospital, his allegations concerning his serious medical need are sufficient to

pass muster at the pleading stage. See Directv, Inc., 487 F.3d at 476. Furthermore, no defendant

argues that Plaintiff did not suffer a serious medical need. (See ECF Nos. 66, 68). Instead, the

parties spend the lion’s share of their briefing on the second component of the deliberate-

indifference inquiry. (See id.). Thus, for purposes of the motion to dismiss, Plaintiff has made

sufficient factual allegations to establish that he had a serious medical need to satisfy the threshold

inquiry under the deliberate-indifference standard.

B. Reckless Disregard

1. Nurse and Officer Defendants, in Their Personal Capacity (“Individual Defendants”)

Under Brawner, Plaintiff must allege that the Defendant’s “action (or lack of action) was

intentional (not accidental) and” that the Defendant “either (a) acted intentionally to ignore

[Plaintiff’s] serious medical need, or (b) recklessly failed to act reasonably to mitigate the risk the

serious medical need posed to [Plaintiff], even though a reasonable official in [the Defendant’s]

position would have known that the serious medical need posed an excessive risk to [Plaintiff’s]

health or safety.” Brawner, 14 F.4th at 597.

Here, the Individual Defendant’s intentional “action (or lack of action),” as alleged by

Plaintiff, is the refusal of medical treatment over his three-week detention.1 Id. Further, Plaintiff

alleges that the Individual Defendants knew or should have known that they failed to act

reasonably to mitigate the risk the serious medical need—his fractured hand, wrist, and stab

wound—posed to Plaintiff. (ECF No. 65 at 5–6).

To support his allegation of intentional refusal of medical treatment, Plaintiff alleges that

he told the Individual Defendants that he required medical attention more than eight times. (Id.).

Although it is somewhat uncertain whether Plaintiff is alleging that he notified the entire group of

Individual Defendants eight or more times or instead, that he told each Individual Defendant eight

or more times, this Court must resolve such ambiguity by “constru[ing] the complaint in the light

most favorable to the plaintiff, accept[ing] his allegations as true, and draw[ing] all reasonable

inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Directv, Inc., 487 F.3d at 476. To that end, while it is possible

to read Plaintiff’s Complaint as alleging that he told the group of Individual Defendants a total of

eight times, it is at least as equally reasonable that the alternative is true. (See ECF No. 65 at 5–

6). This conclusion becomes more compelling when considering the circumstances of Plaintiff’s

1 According to the Medical Defendants, Plaintiff is not asserting a complete absence of medical treatment, but

instead inadequate medical treatment. (ECF No. 66 at 4). In general, this is the thrust of the Medical Defendants’

argument: Plaintiff received care, just not his preferred level of care. For support, Medical Defendants point to

paragraph 28 of the Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 65 at 5–6). (Id.). It appears that the Medical Defendants

have mischaracterized Plaintiff’s allegations. Although Plaintiff does describe the care provided by the Medical

Defendants’ as “substandard,” he does so in the context of explaining a policy, custom, or practice generally, not

necessarily the care he experienced. Thus, at best, Medical Defendants take Plaintiff’s description out of context

and rely too heavily on Plaintiff’s word choice.

confinement. Plaintiff’s pleas for medical attention occurred over a span of more than three

weeks—the length of his detention. (See id. at 5). Even assuming that the Individual Defendants

did not work a shift every day of that period, it is entirely plausible that they worked eight shifts

over a twenty-one-day period. Further, assuming Plaintiff requested assistance at the conservative

rate of once to each Individual Defendant during their shift, it is entirely plausible that he made his

requests over forty-eight times during his three-week detention. Accordingly, for the purposes of

the motions to dismiss, Plaintiff appears to allege that he told the Individual Defendants each eight

or more times that he required medical assistance. (See id. at 5–6).

Defendants lodge a series of attacks against Plaintiff’s allegations, each asserting that

Plaintiff’s claims are too vague. First, the Officer Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claim is fatally

flawed because it fails to allege any personal involvement in the complained of action (or inaction).

(ECF No. 68 at 4). To support this proposition, the Officer Defendants cite three Sixth Circuit

decisions, one of which is unpublished. (Id.) (citing Bennett v. Schroeder, 99 Fed. Appx. 707, 712–

13 (6th Cir. 2004); Salehpour v. University of Tennessee, 159 F.3d 199, 206 (6th Cir. 1998), cert.

denied, 526 U.S. 1115 (1999); Copeland v. Machulis, 57 F.3d 476, 482 (6th Cir. 1995)). The rule to

which the Officer Defendants refer—a corollary of the prohibition on theories of liability based solely

on respondeat superior—is generally correct. See infra III.B.2. Yet, the citation of this rule does not

meet Plaintiff’s allegation that Officer Defendants and Nurse defendants individually ignored

Plaintiff’s request for medical attention. (ECF No. 65 at 5–6). Next, Nurse Defendants resist the

characterization that they were ignoring Plaintiff at all. (ECF No. 66 at 6). Instead, they maintain

that they were too busy doing other things. (Id.) To recite such an argument is to reveal its

tautological nature. Importantly, Plaintiff makes additional allegations that further support his

theory that the Individual Defendants knew or should have known about his serious medical need.

First, Plaintiff alleges that the Individual Defendants did not simply ignore his medical

requests, but instead actively impeded his medical treatment and rejected his pleas for medical

assistance. Such conduct, of course, supports an inference that the Individual Defendants actually

knew of Plaintiff’s serious medical need. When Plaintiff requested medical attention for his hand,

wrist, and stab wound, Individual Defendants, according to Plaintiff, offered several reasons why

they refused to treat him. (ECF No. 65 at 5–6). As to the Officer Defendants, they memorialized

their unwillingness to treat the Plaintiff by stating that it was either inconvenient or they were too

busy feeding prisoners. (Id.). As to the Nurse Defendants, they were either changing shifts or

found that treating Plaintiff was inconvenient. (Id.). While notification alone of a serious medical

need supports that the Individual Defendants should have known of the risk, the consideration and

rejection of the request for assistance supports that the Individual Defendants actually knew.

Second, Plaintiff alleges that the Individual Defendants affirmatively canceled his

prescheduled doctor’s appointment. (Id. at 6). Plaintiff states that because he was arrested at the

hospital while seeking treatment for the same wounds he now complains have been exacerbated,

the Individual Defendants actually received the same medical information he told them verbally.

(See id. at 5). Whether this allegation is lodged with enough specificity to implicate the Individual

Defendants is unclear.2 Yet, the vitality of this allegation—whether the Individual Defendants all

received this information from the hospital—becomes less significant when considering that they

took the additional affirmative actions that support their knowledge of his medical condition.

Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants canceled his previously scheduled follow-up doctor’s

appointment. (Id. at 6). Although cancelling or rescheduling a previously made appointment, on

2 Here, Plaintiff simply states that the hospital that treated him provided Individual Defendants with

medical information, without explaining how each Individual Defendant received that information.

its own, may not raise concerns, doing so without providing for an appropriate medical substitute

is problematic. Moreover, to cancel an appointment requires knowledge of the appointment.

Next, in addition to asserting that the Individual Defendants actually knew of the risk they

exposed Plaintiff, Plaintiff makes several allegations that support the inference that the Individual

Defendants should have known of the risk posed to Plaintiff. The strongest, of course, is his own

personal notification of all Individual Defendants more than eight times. (ECF No. 65 at 5–6).

Further, Plaintiff states that his wounds became infected and began to smell before he was released

from detention—providing additional notice to the Individual Defendants of his worsening

condition. (Id.). In sum, Plaintiff has claimed enough to demonstrate that under these facts, the

Individual Defendants should have known that failing to render any treatment would exacerbate

his serious medical condition. See Schopper v. Cty. of Eaton, No. 1:21-CV-731, 2021 WL

5194809, at *4 (W.D. Mich. Nov. 9, 2021) (finding that the Plaintiff stated a claim of deliberate

indifference under new Brawner standard where individual defendants failed to provide any

medical care); Reid v. Hopkins Cty. Fiscal Ct., No. 4:21CV-P14-JHM, 2021 WL 5435241, at *3–

4 (W.D. Ky. Nov. 19, 2021) (same).

Defendants rejoin by pointing to the legacy “subjective component,” now reserved solely

for prisoner plaintiffs under the Eighth Amendment. See Brawner, 14 F.4th at 596. Of course,

this argument is unavailing to the extent it attempts to subject Plaintiff’s pleading to the higher

standard of subjectivity. See id. Additionally, the Officer Defendants point to their ability to rely

on the discretion of their medical professional counterparts: the nurses. (ECF No. 74 at 4). For

support, Officer Defendants rely on one out-of-circuit and two in-circuit decisions. (Id.) (citing

Spears v. Ruth, 589 F.3d 249, 255 (6th Cir. 2009); McGraw v. Sevier Cty., Tennessee, 715 F. App’x

495, 497 (6th Cir. 2017); Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218, 236 (3d Cir. 2004)). This argument,

however, is a non-starter. Here, Plaintiff does not complain about the treatment decisions made

by nurses; instead he complains of absolutely no engagement by these medical professionals. (See

ECF No. 65 at 5–6). Thus, it would appear the Officers are attempting to create a false equivalence

between the outright refusal to treat a pre-trial detainee and an otherwise considered medical

decision. As a last-ditch effort, the Officer Defendants attempt to attack Plaintiff’s prescribed

treatment as being too vague to be adhered. (ECF No. 74 at 4). Again, however, if the Officer or

Nurse Defendants engaged with Plaintiff’s medical needs, this argument is at least plausible.

Instead, because Plaintiff argues complete refusal to treat, this argument falls flat.

In addition to being told more than eight times, the Individual Defendants did or should

have taken notice of Plaintiff’s worsening medical condition. Not once during the more than three-

week period did Plaintiff receive medical treatment. Indeed, Individual Defendants ignored

Plaintiff’s requests so many times that his “wounds smelled [and] became infected.” Further, in

addition to being recklessly ignored, the Individual Defendants canceled his pre-incarceration

scheduled medical appointment without providing Plaintiff with an appropriate substitute. Taken

together, Plaintiff has alleged facts that show that the Individual Defendants intentional refusal of

medical treatment was in reckless disregard to the risk posed by refusing such treatment. Thus,

Plaintiff has stated a claim of “Deliberate Indifference” under the Fourteenth Amendment for

pretrial detainees under Brawner. See Brawner, 14 F.4th at 596. Accordingly, the Individual

Defendants’, in their individual capacity, Motions to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim is

DENIED.

2. Corporate Defendant

Plaintiff also asserts a claim of deliberate indifference against Defendant Naphcare, Inc.

Yet, “it is well-settled that a corporation cannot be held liable in a § 1983 suit under the theory of

vicarious liability.” King v. Advanced Corr. Healthcare, Inc., No. 2:21-CV-11369, 2021 WL

3053392, at *3 (E.D. Mich. July 20, 2021) (citing Monell v. Department of Social Services of New

York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978); Street v. Corrections Corp. of Am., 102 F.3d 810, 817–18 (6th

Cir. 1996)); see also Winkler, 893 F.3d at 904 (“‘Like a municipality, a government contractor

cannot be held liable on a respondeat superior theory,’ but rather ‘for a policy or custom of that

private contractor.’”) (quoting Johnson v. Karnes, 398 F.3d 868, 877 (6th Cir. 2005)). Instead, “to

state a claim of deliberate indifference against this Defendant, Plaintiff must plead a claim of a

specific policy, practice, or custom of [Defendant] that ‘directly caused [him to suffer] a

deprivation of federal rights.’” King, 2021 WL 3053392, at *3 (quoting Starcher v. Corr. Med.

Sys., Inc., 7 F. App’x 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2001). To that end, a Plaintiff may satisfy this pleading

requirement by proving: “(1) the existence of an illegal official policy or legislative enactment; (2)

that an official with final decision making authority ratified illegal actions; (3) the existence of a

policy of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) the existence of a custom of tolerance or

acquiescence of federal rights violations.” Griffith v. Franklin Cty., Kentucky, 975 F.3d 554, 581

(6th Cir. 2020) (citing Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 478 (6th Cir. 2013)). Finally, while

pleading “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ it does require more than ‘labels and

conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.’” See Shoup v. Doyle,

974 F. Supp. 2d 1058, 1084 (S.D. Ohio 2013) (citing Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d

603, 609 (6th Cir. 2009)).

As a threshold matter, the “Sixth Circuit has recognized that a failure-to-supervise claim

that is distinct from a failure-to-train claim is uncommon.” H.M. v. Bd. of Educ. of the Kings Loc.

Sch. Dist., 117 F. Supp. 3d 992, 1010 (S.D. Ohio 2015) (citing Mize v. Tedford, 375 Fed. Appx.

497, 500 (6th Cir. 2010)). Similarly, a theory of failure to discipline is closely related to the theory

of failure to train or supervise. All told, the Sixth Circuit has stated that “a failure of a supervisory

official to supervise, control, or train the offending individual [employees] is not actionable absent

a showing that the official either encouraged or in some way directly participated in it.” Leach v.

Shelby Cty. Sheriff, 891 F.2d 1241, 1246 (6th Cir. 1989) (quoting Hays v. Jefferson Cty., Ky., 668

F.2d 869, 872 (6th Cir. 1982)). Hence, “[a]t a minimum a plaintiff must show that the official at

least implicitly authorized, approved or knowingly acquiesced in the unconstitutional conduct of

the offending [employees].” Id. (quoting Hays, 668 F.2d at 872).

For municipality liability to attach in this context, Plaintiff must show: “(1) the training or

supervision was inadequate for the tasks performed; (2) the inadequacy was the result of the

[county’s] deliberate indifference; and (3) the inadequacy was closely related to or actually caused

the injury.” Sollenberger v. Sollenberger, 173 F. Supp. 3d 608, 626 (S.D. Ohio 2016) (quoting

Ellis v. Cleveland Mun. Sch. Dist., 455 F.3d 690, 700 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotations omitted)).

Importantly, “failing to sufficiently plead one element is adequate for dismissal.” Id. at 627. Here,

Plaintiff “has failed to make any factual allegations explaining how [Naphcare] failed to train,”

supervise, discipline, or hire its employees. Id. Thus, even if all factual allegations are true,

Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for relief against NaphCare with regard to an alleged policy,

practice or custom that results in a failure to train, supervise, or discipline its employees.

Moreover, Plaintiff does not point to any “specific policy, practice, or custom adopted by”

NaphCare Inc. “with respect to medical services provided to jail inmates.” King, 2021 WL

3053392, at *3. (emphasis added); (see ECF No. 65 at 7) (“[A]ll Defendants have in this case and

in the past had … a policy, habit, and or/custom of being deliberately indifferent.”). “In the

absence of any allegations connecting the alleged inadequate medical care for Plaintiff by the

individually named Defendants to a specific policy, practice, or custom, Plaintiff fails to state a

claim against” such Defendants. King, 2021 WL 3053392, at *3. As such, the Motion to Dismiss

with respect to Defendant Naphcare Inc. is GRANTED.

3. Individual Defendants in their Official Capacity

Finally, “[c]laims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are, in all respects other than name, claims

against the entity, not against individuals in their official capacity.” Day v. DeLong, 358 F. Supp.

3d 687, 704 (S.D. Ohio 2019), reconsideration denied, No. 3:16-CV-437, 2019 WL 1081348 (S.D.

Ohio Mar. 7, 2019) (citing Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985)). Hence, “[o]fficial-

capacity suits ... ‘represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an

officer [or employee] is an agent.’” Id. (citing Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 25 (1991) (internal

citation omitted); Essex v. County of Livingston, 518 Fed. App’x 351, 354 (6th Cir. 2013)). Thus,

“[w]here the governmental entity itself is also a defendant, a claim against an official or employee

of the entity in their official capacity is superfluous or redundant.” Id. (citing Slocum v. City of

Cleveland Heights, USDC Case No. 1:14-CV-00532, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83700, *8 (N.D.

Ohio June 19, 2014)).

Here, Plaintiff has asserted claims against the Officer and Nurse Defendants in their

personal as well as in their official capacity. (See ECF No. 65 at 3). Moreover, because Plaintiff

has also asserted claims against those Defendants’ employers—Franklin County, Franklin County

Sherriff’s Office, and NaphCare, Inc.—“a claim against an official or employee of the entity in

their official capacity is superfluous or redundant.” Day, 358 F. Supp. 3d at 704. For one,

Plaintiff’s claims against Franklin County and the Franklin County Sheriff’s Office have already

been dismissed with prejudice via the November 2, 2020 Order and Opinion (ECF No. 41).

Accordingly, claims against the Officers in an official capacity have already been disposed. As

such, the Motion to Dismiss with respect to the Officer Defendants in their official capacity has

already been decided. For another, Plaintiff’s claims against NaphCare Inc. are also dismissed.

See supra III.B.2. Therefore, the Motion to Dismiss with respect to the Nurse Defendants in their

official capacity is GRANTED.

C. Qualified Immunity

Officer Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed based on the

affirmative defense of qualified immunity. (ECF No. 68 at 6). Plaintiff disagrees. (ECF No. 71

at 8).

Foremost, “it is generally inappropriate for a district court to grant a 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss on the basis of qualified immunity.” Wesley v. Campbell, 779 F.3d 421, 433 (6th Cir.

2015). The Sixth Circuit recognizes this proposition of law even though “an officer's

“entitle[ment] to qualified immunity is a threshold question to be resolved at the earliest possible

point.” Id. (citing Vakilian v. Shaw, 335 F.3d 509, 516 (6th Cir. 2003)). Resolving the tension

between these two propositions is the Sixth Circuit’s finding that the earliest possible point “is

usually summary judgment and not dismissal under Rule 12.” Id. at 433–34 (citing Evans–

Marshall v. Bd. of Educ. of Tipp City Exempted Village Sch. Dist., 428 F.3d 223, 235 (6th Cir.

2005) (Sutton, J., concurring) (observing that the fact-intensive nature of the applicable tests make

it “difficult for a defendant to claim qualified immunity on the pleadings before discovery”

(emphasis in original)); see also Jacobs v. City of Chicago, 215 F.3d 758, 775 (7th Cir. 2000)

(Easterbrook, J., concurring) (“Rule 12(b)(6) is a mismatch for immunity and almost always a bad

ground of dismissal.”); Chesser v. Sparks, 248 F.3d 1117, 1121 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[Q]ualified is

typically addressed at the summary judgment stage of the case.”); Grose v. Caruso, 284 Fed. Appx.

279, 283 (6th Cir. 2008) (“[T]he standard for a 12(b)(6) motion is whether the allegations, if taken

as true, could state a claim upon which relief may be granted, [and] dismissal of Appellants on the

basis of qualified immunity is premature.”).

In advancing its qualified immunity argument, Officer Defendants neither address the

propriety of considering qualified immunity at this stage nor offer this Court any reason to depart

from the Sixth Circuit’s “general preference not to grant qualified immunity based only on the

pleadings.” Moderwell v. Cuyahoga Cty., Ohio, No. 20-3879, 2021 WL 1897949 (6th Cir. May

12, 2021) (quoting Guertin v. State, 912 F.3d 907, 917 (6th Cir. 2019)). Thus, having no basis to

contravene this preferred approach of the Sixth Circuit, the Officer’s Motion to Dismiss based on

Qualified Immunity is DENIED.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART

each of the Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (ECF Nos. 66, 68). Claims against NaphCare Inc., as

well as the Individual Defendants in their official capacity are DISMISSED. Claims against the

Nurse and Officer Defendants in their personal capacity survive and thus Defendants’ Motions to

Dismiss on this basis is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

ALGENON LE. MARBL

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

DATED: March 14, 2022

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