The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
:
MORDECHAI AVISAR, et al., : CASE NO. 1:23-cv-01980
:
Plaintiffs, : OPINION & ORDER
: [Resolving Doc. 12]
v. :
:
WEN-CHI CHEN, et al., :
:
Defendants, :
:
and :
:
SURGICAL THEATER, INC., :
:
Nominal Defendant. :
:
JAMES S. GWIN, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE:
Plaintiffs Mordechai Avisar, Tai Liani, and James Domingo own shares of Nominal
Defendant Surgical Theater, Inc. Plaintiffs bring this derivative suit on behalf of Surgical
Theater against Defendant Wen-Chi Chen, alleging that Chen breached his fiduciary duties
as a Surgical Theater board member. Plaintiffs also sue Defendants HTC Corporation and
H.T.C. (B.V.I.) Corporation (HTC and BVI, respectively) for aiding and abetting Chen’s
alleged breach of duty.
Plaintiffs originally filed this lawsuit in state court, but Defendants removed the
lawsuit to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction. Plaintiffs now move to remand this
case back to state court. Plaintiffs argue that there is not complete diversity because Plaintiff
Domingo and Nominal Defendant Surgical Theater are both Ohio residents. Plaintiffs also
ask for attorneys’ fees.
Defendants oppose. Defendants say that Surgical Theater should be aligned as a
plaintiff for diversity purposes, and that doing so creates complete diversity.
Based on the complaint and notice of removal, the Court finds that Surgical Theater
is not antagonistic to Plaintiffs’ claims, so Surgical Theater is properly aligned as a plaintiff
for diversity purposes. Therefore, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ motion to remand and DENIES
Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees.
I. BACKGROUND
Nominal Defendant Surgical Theater operates as a medical technology company that
makes surgical virtual reality platforms.1 These platforms allow surgeons to preview and
prepare for complex procedures.2
Plaintiff Avisar co-founded Surgical Theater and helped to develop Surgical Theater’s
core technology.3 From Surgical Theater’s founding until 2022, Avisar served as Surgical
Theater’s CEO.4 Avisar is also a current Surgical Theater board member.5
In 2015, Avisar met Defendant Chen for the first time when Defendant HTC expressed
interest in potentially investing in, or partnering with, Surgical Theater.6 Avisar travelled to
Taiwan to meet with HTC’s representatives, including Defendant Chen.7
Discussions between HTC and Surgical Theater were successful, and HTC decided to
invest in Surgical Theater through Defendant BVI. In exchange for about $10 million, BVI
1 Doc. 1-2 at ¶ 2.
2
3 at ¶¶ 18–20.
4 at ¶ 18.
5 at ¶ 7.
6 at ¶ 24.
received Surgical Theater equity, and Chen secured a position as Surgical Theater’s
“Chairman of the Company’s Management.”8
From there, Surgical Theater also entered into an exclusive distribution agreement
with an HTC affiliate.9 As part of the distribution agreement, Defendant HTC agreed to
market Surgical Theater’s products in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China, paying Surgical
Theater 55% of the net revenue.10 The distribution agreement also contained a buyout
option that allowed HTC to purchase Surgical Theater’s Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China
intellectual property within twelve months after receiving regulatory approvals.11
However, the HTC-Surgical Theater relationship went south shortly afterwards when
HTC did not sell Surgical Theater products under the distribution agreement at the sales
levels Surgical Theater anticipated. Plaintiffs say that Defendant Chen caused HTC’s failure,
directing HTC not to sell Surgical Theater products.12 Responding, the Defendants say
Surgical Theater’s failure to obtain Chinese regulatory approvals caused the low Chinese
sales.
Plaintiffs say Defendant Chen acted against Surgical Theater’s interests in other ways
as well. For example, Plaintiffs allege Chen was affiliated with a company that allegedly
designed its microchips so that the Chinese government could use those microchips to spy
on end users.13 Plaintiffs claim that Chen refused to provide any explanation, and they claim
that the potential Chinese connection cost Surgical Theater the opportunity to do business
8 Doc. 1-2 at ¶¶ 27, 30.
9 at ¶ 33.
10 at ¶¶ 36–37.
11 at ¶ 35.
12 at ¶ 43.
with the Department of Defense.14 Plaintiffs make the claim that the chip design issue could
have exposed Surgical Theater to investigation by the Committee on Foreign Investment in
the United States.15
Plaintiffs also claim that Chen proposed a convertible loan agreement to Surgical
Theater that, from Plaintiffs’ perspective, was unreasonably slanted in favor of Defendants
Chen and HTC and against Surgical Theater.16 Plaintiffs say that, at Chen’s urging, the
Surgical Theater board approved the convertible loan agreement.17
Plaintiffs say the HTC Defendants took actions to drive down Surgical Theater’s value
so that Chen could purchase Surgical Theater for far less than the company’s worth.18 For
this reason, Plaintiffs sue Defendants Chen, HTC, and BVI.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A defendant may remove a civil case from state to federal court if federal law gives
the federal court original jurisdiction over that case.19 However, if the federal court later
concludes that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the federal court must remand the case
back to state court.20
On a motion to remand, courts look to the pleadings—the complaint and the notice
of removal—to determine jurisdiction.21 The party defending removal has the burden of
showing that the court has original jurisdiction.22 In considering remand, courts “apply a test
14 Doc. 1-2 at ¶¶ 74, 76–77.
15 at ¶ 87.
16 at ¶¶ 80–83.
17 at ¶ 84.
18 at ¶ 48.
19 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a).
20 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).
21 , 871 F.3d 437, 442 (6th Cir. 2017). In some cases, courts may consider evidence beyond the
pleadings. But no party refers to outside evidence here.
similar to, but more lenient than, the analysis applicable to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss.”23 As such, courts must “assume all facts set forth by Plaintiff[s] to be true,”24 strictly
construe the removal statutes, and resolve all doubts against removal.25 Still, courts need not
credit conclusory allegations as true.26
III. DISCUSSION
A. Diversity Jurisdiction
Defendants base their removal on diversity jurisdiction.27 In cases where there are
U.S. citizens on both sides and additional foreign parties on any side, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(3)
controls whether federal courts have diversity jurisdiction. Section 1332(a)(3) requires there
to be complete diversity among the U.S. citizens.28
But here, Plaintiff Domingo and Nominal Defendant Surgical Theater are both Ohio
citizens.29 As the parties are currently aligned—Plaintiffs Avisar, Liani, and Domingo against
Defendants Chen, HTC, BVI, and Surgical Theater—the Court would not have jurisdiction.
Defendants, though, argue that the Court must look past how Plaintiffs aligned the
parties when the Court assesses diversity.30 Instead, the Court must align the parties
according to the parties’ real interests.31 Defendants say that Nominal Defendant Surgical
23 , 695 F.3d 428, 433 (6th Cir. 2012). To the extent that Plaintiffs rely on non-binding district
and out-of-circuit decisions to argue that state pleading standards apply on a motion to remand, Doc. 18 at 6–7, such
argument is inconsistent with The Court applies the binding standard.
24 , 610 F. Supp. 3d 983, 985 (E.D. Mich. 2022) (citing ,
443 F. App’x 946, 954 & n.7 (6th Cir. 2011)).
25 , 871 F.3d at 442 (quoting , 496 F.3d 579, 581 (6th Cir. 2007)).
26 , 747 F.3d 378, 383 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting , 604 F.3d 272, 275–76
(6th Cir. 2010)) (describing the Rule 12(b)(6) standard).
27 Doc. 1 at ¶ 2.
28 , 154 F.R.D. 164, 169 (W.D. Mich. 1994);
, 766 F.2d 1297, 1298–99 (9th Cir. 1985)(collecting cases).
29 Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 7, 11.
30 Doc. 15 at 7.
Theater should be aligned as a plaintiff because Surgical Theater stands to benefit if Plaintiffs
succeed on their derivative claims.32
Realigning Defendant Surgical Theater would put all the U.S. citizens on one side33
and leave all the foreign citizens on the other side.34 This would satisfy 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(a)(2) and therefore give this Court subject matter jurisdiction.35
B. Surgical Theater’s Party Alignment
As explained above, the remand motion turns on whether Surgical Theater is properly
aligned as a plaintiff or as a defendant.
In a shareholder derivative suit, the underlying company’s alignment depends on
whether the company, acting through its board of directors, is antagonistic to the claims that
shareholders attempt to make on the company’s behalf.36 Antagonism is separate from the
merits and does not require any showing of wrongdoing by the company’s directors.37 As
long as the company is opposed to bringing the derivative claims, even if opposition is based
on the directors’ independent and sincere business judgments, the company is antagonistic
for party alignment purposes.38
Determining antagonism is “a practical not a mechanical” exercise that requires courts
to consider “the face of the pleadings and [] the nature of the controversy.”39 Specifically,
courts look for the “principal purpose of the suit” and the “primary and controlling matter in
32 Doc. 15 at 8.
33 Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 5–7, 11.
34 at ¶¶ 8–10.
35 , 551 F.3d 420, 422–24 (6th Cir. 2008). There is no dispute over the amount in
controversy, nor is there any reason to believe that the amount in controversy is less than required by the diversity statute.
So, the Court does not further address the amount in controversy.
36 , 354 U.S. 91, 95–98 (1957).
37 at 95.
38 at 97.
dispute” when deciding alignment.40 This means “that parties [must] be aligned in
accordance with the dispute in the controversy, even where a different, legitimate
dispute between the parties supports the original alignment.”41
Antagonism can exist when a derivative suit accuses the company’s board of
misconduct, when board members have a close relationship with the target of the derivative
suit, or when the board has an honest belief that it took the best course of action.42 But these
are just examples, and antagonism is not limited to these circumstances. Courts determine
antagonism on a case-by-case basis by assessing the unique circumstances involved.43
In this case, the complaint does not show that Surgical Theater is antagonistic to
Plaintiffs’ claims.
Currently, Surgical Theater’s board has seven directors, including Plaintiff Avisar and
Defendant Chen.44 Two of Surgical Theater’s directors were appointed by HTC affiliates,
allegedly at Chen’s direction.45 The remaining three directors are either Surgical Theater
employees or shareholders with no clear connection to Chen other than their shared service
as Surgical Theater directors.46 Each director has one vote except for Avisar, who has two
votes.47
Setting aside Defendants HTC and BVI, which are outside parties, Plaintiffs have sued
only one Surgical Theater director: Defendant Chen. This action does not directly implicate
the other six Surgical Theater directors.
40 , 314 U.S. 63, 69 (1941) (citations omitted).
41 , 955 F.2d 1085, 1089 (6th Cir. 1992) (emphasis added) (interpreting
and collecting cases).
42 , 354 U.S. at 96.
43
44 Doc. 1-2 at ¶ 52.
45
46 at ¶¶ 52, 118–26.
This action does not indirectly implicate the other six Surgical Theater directors either.
The complaint largely avoids questioning the Surgical Theater board’s decisions. Rather, the
complaint primarily alleges that Chen took unilateral actions to lower Surgical Theater’s
value, such as by personally withholding funds or by using his individual influence over HTC
to sabotage Surgical Theater’s distribution agreement.48 There is also no suggestion that the
Surgical Theater board ever ratified Chen’s unilateral actions.
That said, some of Plaintiffs’ claims arguably challenge decisions that the Surgical
Theater board approved. Namely, Plaintiffs allege that the Surgical Theater board should not
have forced Plaintiff Avisar out as CEO and should not have approved the convertible loan
agreement offered by Chen.49 Some of the Surgical Theater directors also opposed
investigating Chen’s connection with the Taiwan microchip company that allegedly
manufactured chips compromised by Chinese government spyware.50
However, the crux of Plaintiffs’ claims focuses on Chen’s individual actions, not the
Surgical Theater board’s actions. This case’s primary dispute centers on what Chen did on
his own or through his influence over HTC. So, while there may be some issues surrounding
the Surgical Theater board’s decision-making, the nature of this case is not one that the board
seems antagonistic to.51
Recognizing this, Plaintiffs attempt to impute Chen’s personal antagonism to all of
Surgical Theater. To do so, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant Chen has effective control over
48 Doc. 1-2 at ¶¶ 43, 59.
49 at ¶¶ 74–78, 80–84.
50 at ¶¶ 114, 117, 123, 126.
Surgical Theater by virtue of his equity interests in Surgical Theater and the convertible loan
agreement that he entered with Surgical Theater.52 But this theory is flawed.
For one, the complaint never identifies how much Surgical Theater equity Chen owns,
and the complaint does not identify Chen’s voting share in Surgical Theater.
Likewise, while Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Chen received warrants to purchase
Surgical Theater stock through a convertible loan agreement,53 Plaintiffs never say how many
warrants Chen received. Plaintiffs also do not allege that Chen ever exercised those warrants.
The allegations that Chen owns a large but unspecified amount of Surgical Theater
stock, and that Chen holds a large but unspecified number of Surgical Theater warrants, do
not support an inference that Chen controls Surgical Theater, even under the plaintiff-
deferential standard for remand motions.
Nor does it help Plaintiffs to allege that the combination of all the warrants and stock
held by Chen, HTC, and HTC affiliates represents a majority of Surgical Theater’s stock.54
Although Chen is an HTC director,55 Plaintiffs do not allege facts showing that Chen so fully
controls HTC and HTC’s affiliates that he can wield HTC’s ownership of Surgical Theater
stock as if it were his own. Plaintiffs make only conclusory allegations about Chen’s control
over HTC56 that are insufficient.
For similar reasons, Chen’s Surgical Theater creditor status does not establish that
Chen controls Surgical Theater. Chen is only one of multiple creditors who signed on to
52 Doc. 12-1 at 11; Doc. 18 at 7.
53 Doc. 1-2 at ¶ 80.
54 at ¶ 85.
55 at ¶ 11.
Surgical Theater’s convertible loan agreement. The other creditors are HTC-affiliated entities
that Plaintiffs have not sufficiently alleged are under Chen’s control.
Finally, Plaintiffs say that Surgical Theater is antagonistic because at least a majority
of the individual Surgical Theater directors are antagonistic due to Chen’s influence over
them. Chen himself is clearly opposed to these claims. Assuming that the two HTC-
appointed directors are opposed as well,57 three votes out of eight are antagonistic.
Therefore, two more antagonistic votes would be needed to create a majority.
But none of the remaining Surgical Theater directors are antagonistic. Avisar
obviously supports these derivative claims since he is a plaintiff in this lawsuit. And Avisar
enjoys two board votes. As for the last three Surgical Theater directors, Plaintiffs argue that
they are beholden to Chen because Chen can hold the directors’ investments and Surgical
Theater employment hostage through Chen’s Surgical Theater stock and debt.58
The problems with this argument are familiar. Plaintiffs have not alleged that Chen
himself controls a majority of Surgical Theater’s shares. And there is also nothing in the
complaint showing that Surgical Theater is fully dependent on Chen. The complaint never
suggests that there are no other viable options, other than acquiescing to all of Chen’s
demands, that would allow Surgical Theater to survive.
For these reasons, the Court finds that Surgical Theater is not antagonistic to Plaintiffs’
claims. Because Surgical Theater stands to benefit if Plaintiffs prevail, the Court aligns
Surgical Theater as a plaintiff for diversity purposes59 and finds that there is diversity
jurisdiction.
57 Doc. 1-2 at ¶¶ 114–17.
58 at ¶¶ 120, 122, 125.
C. Attorneys’ Fees
Absent “unusual circumstances,” courts can award attorneys’ fees in connection with
a remand motion only when “the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for
seeking removal.”60 Because the Court finds that removal was appropriate and there are no
unusual circumstances here, the Court DENIES attorneys’ fees.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Court REALIGNS Surgical Theater as a plaintiff, DENIES Plaintiffs’ motion to
remand, and DENIES Plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: February 2, 2024
JAMES S. GWIN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE