The opinion
Filed 5/2/13
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Yolo)
----
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, C070272
v. (Super. Ct. No. CRF113234)
PATRICK LEE CONLEY,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Yolo County, Stephen L.
Mock, Judge. Affirmed.
Patrick Lee Conley, in pro. per.; and Carol Foster, under appointment by the Court
of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
No appearance for Respondent.
Michael S. Romano for Three Strikes Project, Stanford Law School, as Amicus
Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for
publication with the exception of part I.
1
Appointed counsel for defendant Patrick Lee Conley asked this court to review the
record to determine whether there are any arguable issues on appeal. (People v. Wende
(1979) 25 Cal.3d 436 (Wende).) Finding no arguable error that would result in a
disposition more favorable to defendant, we will affirm the judgment.
We partially publish this decision, however, to address issues raised in a petition
for rehearing that are likely to recur. On November 6, 2012, California voters approved
Proposition 36, which modifies the three strikes law. After we filed our decision in this
case, defendant filed a petition for rehearing seeking the benefit of the change in law. He
asked us to vacate his sentence under the three strikes law and remand the matter for a
new sentencing hearing.
We denied his petition for rehearing, concluding that he is not entitled to be
sentenced under amended Penal Code section 1170.12. We then granted rehearing on our
own motion to more fully explain our reasoning.
BACKGROUND
California Highway Patrol Officer Keerat Lal observed defendant, at about
5:20 p.m., picking up tools in the middle of County Road 27 in Yolo County.
Defendant‟s parked pickup truck and attached utility trailer partially blocked a lane of the
two-lane road.
Defendant appeared intoxicated. His eyes were red and watery and his gait was
unsteady as he moved to pick up the tools. Officer Lal estimated that defendant was
about six feet tall and weighed 210 pounds.
Officer Lal asked defendant to move to the side of the road, but had to ask three
times before defendant complied. Defendant said his tool box fell from the bed of his
truck. Officer Lal asked for defendant‟s driver‟s license, proof of insurance, and
registration. Defendant said his license was suspended and he did not have proof of
insurance or registration. Defendant‟s speech was slurred and Officer Lal could smell
alcohol on defendant‟s breath.
2
Defendant claimed his son was driving the truck and left to get gas when the truck
ran out of fuel. When Officer Lal pointed out that the truck was still running, defendant
admitted he was the driver. Defendant told the officer that he consumed three to four 8-
ounce cans of Four Loko malt liquor at his son‟s house, which was about 15 to 20
minutes away.
Defendant failed a series of field sobriety tests and also took two preliminary
alcohol screening tests. His breath samples revealed a blood-alcohol concentration
(BAC) of .167 percent and .171 percent. Officer Lal arrested defendant for driving under
the influence.
Defendant refused to submit to a chemical test after he was arrested. His blood
was drawn at a hospital at around 6:19 p.m., and his BAC at the time of the draw was
.19 percent.
An expert testified that a six foot tall, 210 pound person who consumed 3 to 4
Four Loko‟s and had his last drink at 4:45 p.m. would have a BAC of .10 percent. A
similar individual with a BAC of .19 percent at 6:19 p.m. would have a BAC well over
.08 percent between 5:15 p.m. and 5:20 p.m.
In a recorded call from his jail cell, defendant told his girlfriend that he did not
know whether the officer asked why his tools were in the middle of the road because
defendant “was drunk as fuck right there.”
The prosecutor and defense counsel stipulated that undated Department of Motor
Vehicle documents listed defendant‟s height as six foot three inches tall and his weight as
180 pounds. A toxicologist testifying for the defense opined that if a six foot three inch
tall and 180 pound person drank an entire 23.5 ounce Four Loko at 5:19 p.m. and had a
BAC of .19 percent at 6:19 p.m., then his BAC before drinking the Four Loko at
5:19 p.m. would be .08 percent with a margin of error.
Defendant pleaded no contest to driving with a suspended license with three prior
violations within the last five years (Veh. Code, § 14601.2, subd. (a)), failure to provide
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proof of insurance (Veh. Code, § 16028), and driving an unregistered vehicle (Veh. Code,
§ 4000, subd. (a)(1)). Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of driving under
the influence of alcohol (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (a)) and driving with a BAC of .08
percent or more (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (b)), with enhancements for refusing to take
the chemical test (Veh. Code, § 23578).
In a bifurcated proceeding, the jury sustained allegations that defendant had four
prior convictions for violating Vehicle Code section 23152 (Veh. Code, § 23550), three
prior prison terms (Pen. Code, § 667.5),1 and two prior strike convictions (§§ 667,
subds. (d) and (e), 1170.12). The trial court denied defendant‟s motion to dismiss one or
both strike allegations and sentenced defendant to 25 years to life plus three consecutive
one-year terms. The trial court also awarded 697 days of presentence credit (465 actual
and 232 conduct) and imposed various fines and fees.
Appointed counsel filed an opening brief setting forth the facts of the case and
asking this court to review the record and determine whether there are any arguable
issues on appeal. (Wende, supra, 25 Cal.3d 436.) Defendant was advised by counsel of
the right to file a supplemental brief within 30 days of the date of filing the opening brief.
Defendant filed a supplemental brief.
DISCUSSION
I*
In his supplemental brief, it appears defendant contends the following: (A) the
trial court erred in denying his suppression motion, (B) his trial counsel was ineffective,
and (C) there is insufficient evidence to support his convictions. We address each
contention in turn.
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
4
A
Defendant first contends the trial court erred in denying his suppression motion.
The magistrate denied defendant‟s suppression motion filed at the preliminary hearing.
Defendant renewed the issue in a section 995 motion seeking to set aside the charges, but
the trial court denied that motion, too. Defendant contends the trial court should have
granted his suppression motion because (1) he was illegally detained when Officer Lal
directed him to the side of the road, and (2) the probable cause to arrest is based on
inadmissible hearsay and the circumstances observed by Officer Lal did not support
probable cause to arrest defendant.
The following facts are taken from the preliminary hearing. Officer Lal saw
defendant picking up tools in the middle of the road, next to a truck partially obstructing
one lane. Officer Lal noticed that defendant had red, watery eyes and looked like other
intoxicated persons he had arrested. Smelling alcohol and noticing defendant‟s staggered
gait, Officer Lal asked defendant to move to the side of the road. Officer Lal then
commenced an investigation for driving under the influence. After defendant failed
various field sobriety tests and tested with a BAC of .167 and .171 percent, Officer Lal
arrested him.
1
Defendant argues he was illegally detained when Officer Lal directed him to the
side of the road. But “[t]he Fourth Amendment does not proscribe all state-initiated
searches and seizures; it merely proscribes those which are unreasonable. [Citation.]”
(Florida v. Jimeno (1991) 500 U.S. 248, 250 [114 L.Ed.2d 297, 302].) “To test the
detention against „the ultimate standard of reasonableness embodied in the Fourth
Amendment‟ [citation], we balance the extent of the intrusion against the government
interests justifying it, looking in the final and dispositive portion of the analysis to the
individualized and objective facts that made those interests applicable in the
circumstances of the particular detention.” (People v. Glaser (1995) 11 Cal.4th 354,
5
365.) In light of the brief intrusion on defendant‟s liberty and the clear threat to
defendant‟s and the public‟s safety posed by an apparently intoxicated man in the middle
of a public road, Officer Lal‟s directive was reasonable and therefore did not constitute
an illegal detention.
2
Defendant next argues that the probable cause to arrest is based on inadmissible
hearsay and the circumstances observed by Officer Lal did not support probable cause to
arrest defendant. Defendant‟s hearsay contention is based on Officer Lal‟s testimony that
he changed the arrest from a misdemeanor to a felony after receiving a report from
dispatch that defendant had four prior convictions for violating Vehicle Code section
23152. Defendant‟s argument is based on the rule that precludes the prosecution from
relying on hearsay information communicated to the arresting officer “that is not
sufficiently specific and fact based to be considered reliable.” (People v. Gomez (2004)
117 Cal.App.4th 531, 541.)
But the probable cause supporting the arrest was not based on the prior-conviction
information received by the arresting officer (information that was subsequently
confirmed when the People submitted certified copies of the prior Vehicle Code section
23152 convictions at the preliminary hearing). Rather, probable cause supporting the
arrest was based on defendant‟s red, watery eyes, slurred speech, staggered gait, smell of
alcohol, field sobriety test results, preliminary alcohol screening test results, his
admission that he drove his truck, and the fact that the vehicle was running and partially
obstructing the road.
B
Defendant claims his trial counsel was ineffective for stipulating to his weight
being 180 pounds when he in fact weighed 172 pounds within five days of his arrest. He
claims this prejudiced him because a lower body weight would have given him a lower
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blood-alcohol level according to the hypotheses presented by the prosecution and defense
experts.
“To establish entitlement to relief for ineffective assistance of counsel the burden
is on the defendant to show (1) trial counsel failed to act in the manner to be expected of
reasonably competent attorneys acting as diligent advocates and (2) it is reasonably
probable that a more favorable determination would have resulted in the absence of
counsel‟s failings. [Citations.]” (People v. Lewis (1990) 50 Cal.3d 262, 288.) Defendant
does not point to anything in either expert‟s testimony showing that a lower body weight
would result in a lower blood-alcohol level. Defendant has not carried his burden of
proving prejudice.
C
Defendant contends there is insufficient evidence to support his convictions
because no one saw him driving. But Officer Lal testified that defendant admitted
driving the truck, the vehicle was running and it was partially obstructing the road.
Nothing more is needed to establish that element of driving under the influence.
II
After we filed our decision in this case, defendant filed a petition for rehearing
seeking the benefit of the change in law enacted by Proposition 36. He asked us to vacate
his sentence under the three strikes law and remand the matter to the trial court for a new
sentencing hearing.
Defendant was sentenced to 25 years to life under the three strikes law for a crime
that was not a serious or violent felony. Proposition 36 limits three strikes sentences to
current convictions for serious or violent felonies, or a limited number of other felonies
not relevant here. (See §§ 1170.12, subd. (c), 667, subd. (c).) If defendant had been
sentenced today, he would not be subject to a 25 to life three strikes sentence.
7
A
In asking us to vacate his sentence and remand the matter, defendant relies on In
re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740 (Estrada).
In Estrada, the California Supreme Court stated: “When the Legislature amends a
statute so as to lessen the punishment it has obviously expressly determined that its
former penalty was too severe and that a lighter punishment is proper as punishment for
the commission of the prohibited act. It is an inevitable inference that the Legislature
must have intended that the new statute imposing the new lighter penalty now deemed to
be sufficient should apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply.”
(Estrada, 63 Cal.2d at p. 745.) This includes “acts committed before its passage provided
the judgment convicting the defendant of the act is not final.” (Ibid.) Accordingly, a
statute lessening punishment is presumed to apply to all cases not yet reduced to final
judgment on the statute‟s effective date, unless there is a “saving clause” providing for
prospective application. (Id. at pp. 744-745, 747-748.)
Section 1170.12 does not have an express saving clause. For example, it does not
state that the mitigated punishment shall only apply prospectively to those convicted or
sentenced on or after the effective date of the act. But this does not end the inquiry.
(People v. Nasalga (1996) 12 Cal.4th 784, 793.) The rule in Estrada does not apply
“where the Legislature clearly signals its intent to make the amendment prospective, by
the inclusion of either an express saving clause or its equivalent.” (People v. Nasalga,
supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 793, fn. omitted.) “ „[W]hat is required is that the Legislature
demonstrate its intention with sufficient clarity that a reviewing court can discern and
effectuate it.‟ ” (Ibid.)
In construing voter initiatives enacted into law, we use the same principles applied
to statutes enacted by the Legislature. (People v. Elliot (2005) 37 Cal.4th 453, 478.)
Statutes dealing with the same subject matter as the one being construed -- commonly
referred to as statutes in pari materia -- should be construed together. (People v. Honig
8
(1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 289, 327.) Application of this rule is most justified in cases where
statutes relating to the same subject matter were passed at the same time. (Stickel v.
Harris (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 575, 590.) Section 1170.126, a related statute added by
Proposition 36, defeats the presumption of retroactivity set forth in Estrada. It authorizes
limited application to prisoners serving three strikes sentences when the measure was
enacted, and establishes a specific procedure for defendant to follow in this case.
In particular, section 1170.126 provides for the resentencing of “persons presently
serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision
(e) of Section 667 or paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12, whose sentence
under this act would not have been an indeterminate life sentence.” (§ 1170.126,
subd. (a).) A person serving a three strikes sentence for a current conviction that is not a
serious or violent felony “may file a petition for a recall of sentence, within two years
after the effective date of the act that added this section or at a later date upon a showing
of good cause, before the trial court that entered the judgment of conviction in his or her
case, to request resentencing in accordance with” Proposition 36. (§ 1170.126, subd.
(b).) An inmate is eligible for resentencing unless he has prior convictions for certain
specified offenses. (Id. at subd. (e).) If the prisoner is eligible, then the trial court will
resentence defendant “unless the court, in its discretion, determines that resentencing the
petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.” (Id. at subd. (f).)
The factors governing the exercise of the trial court's discretion -- the prisoner‟s criminal
history, record in prison and any other relevant evidence -- are set forth in section
1170.126, subdivision (g).
Because Proposition 36 provides for limited application to prisoners serving three
strikes sentences when the measure was enacted, the presumption in Estrada does not
apply as to them; it applies only to those people not yet convicted or not yet sentenced.
Those already sentenced and serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment must
petition the trial court for a recall of sentence regardless of whether or not their judgment
9
is final. Nothing in section 1170.126 states that its reference to “persons presently
serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment . . . whose sentence under this act would
not have been an indeterminate life sentence” is meant to apply only to those serving a
term of imprisonment under a final judgment. (§ 1170.126, subd. (a).) We may not
insert such words because it is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that courts may
not add provisions to a statute. (Adoption of Kelsey S. (1992) 1 Cal.4th 816, 827; Code
Civ. Proc., § 1858.)
Defendant claims section 1170.126 cannot be construed as a saving clause because
the resentencing provisions are impracticable for defendants who have appealed and
whose judgments are not final. This is so, he maintains, because of the two-year time
limit in section 1170.126, subdivision (b), and the fact the trial court loses jurisdiction
once an appeal has been filed.
It is the general rule that the valid filing of an appeal vests jurisdiction of a cause
in the appellate court until determination of the appeal and issuance of the remittitur.
(People v. Sonoqui (1934) 1 Cal.2d 364; People v. Getty (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 101, 107.)
Ordinarily “ „the trial court loses jurisdiction during that period to do anything in
connection with the cause which may affect the judgment.‟ [Citations.]” (People v.
Getty, supra, 50 Cal.App.3d at p. 107.) However, “a trial court is not divested of its
limited jurisdiction under section 1170, subdivision (d) to recall a sentence for
modification within 120 days of the defendant‟s commitment by the filing of an appeal
notice.”2 (Portillo v. Superior Court (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1829, 1836.)
2 Section 1170 provides in relevant part: “(d)(1) When a defendant subject to this
section or subdivision (b) of Section 1168 has been sentenced to be imprisoned in the
state prison and has been committed to the custody of the secretary, the court may, within
120 days of the date of commitment on its own motion, . . . recall the sentence and
commitment previously ordered and resentence the defendant in the same manner as if he
or she had not previously been sentenced, provided the new sentence, if any, is no greater
than the initial sentence. The court resentencing under this subdivision shall apply the
10
Thus, at a minimum, those persons who have been sentenced recently may petition
the court to recall their sentence within 120 days of the effective date of Proposition 36,
even if they have filed a notice of appeal. (§§ 1170, subd. (d), 1170.126, subd. (b).)
Those who cannot meet the 120-day time limit can file a petition for recall of sentence in
the trial court after their appeal is resolved and their judgment is final. If their appeal
results in the reversal of their third strike conviction, resentencing will be unnecessary.
And if the appeal is not decided and the judgment does not become final until after the
two-year period in section 1170.126, subdivision (b) is exceeded, defendant may assert
“good cause” for filing a delayed petition for resentencing.
Defendant maintains that our construction of subdivision (a) of section 1170.126
as a saving clause is at odds with subdivision (k) of the statute, which states: “Nothing in
this section is intended to diminish or abrogate any rights or remedies otherwise available
to the defendant.” He argues this language can only be reasonably interpreted to avail
defendant, whose judgment is not yet final, his right to relief and remedy under the
Estrada rule. We disagree. Subdivision (k) simply confirms that the resentencing
provision is not intended to prevent defendants from pursuing other substantive or
procedural challenges to their three strike conviction, whether by direct appeal or petition
for writ of habeas corpus. For example, section 1170.126 does not prevent a defendant
from challenging on appeal the denial of a Romero motion to dismiss a prior strike
conviction (People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497), as an alternate
method of demonstrating he should not be subject to life imprisonment.
Defendant adds that our interpretation of subdivisions (a) and (k) of section
1170.126 is contrary to Section 7 of Proposition 36, which states: “This act is an exercise
of the public power of the people of the State of California for the protection of the
sentencing rules of the Judicial Council so as to eliminate disparity of sentences and to
promote uniformity of sentencing. Credit shall be given for time served.”
11
health, safety, and welfare of the people of the State of California, and shall be liberally
construed to effectuate those purposes.” He believes liberal construction requires that we
interpret the resentencing provisions as applying only to those persons who are serving a
prison term pursuant to a final judgment. Again we disagree.
Liberal construction does not mean interpreting the applicable statutes in a manner
contrary to the plain language used. The people of the State of California have decided to
mitigate punishment in all future three strike cases and, under the presumption in
Estrada, some non-final current three strike cases as long as sentence has not been
imposed. But they did not vote to immediately reduce the sentence for all persons
already serving a prison term under the older version of the law. Rather, they directed the
trial court to consider the defendant‟s behavior in prison, and any other evidence that a
new sentence would result in an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.
(§ 1170.126, subd. (g).) Thus, it appears that despite the amendment of section 1170.12,
the public does not want three strike prisoners‟ sentences reduced if their behavior in
prison establishes they are a danger to the public. This concern applies equally to those
defendants already serving a prison term pursuant to a judgment that is not yet final.
Defendant argues it is not clear that he is “presently serving an indeterminate
term” because the phrase is ambiguous. In his view, the ambiguity arises because his
judgment is not final. He maintains this ambiguity must be resolved in his favor under
the rule of lenity. But the rule of lenity only applies when there is such egregious
ambiguity and uncertainty that the court can do no more than guess what the legislative
body intended. (People v. Avery (2002) 27 Cal.4th 49, 58.) The rule is not applicable
“ „unless two reasonable interpretations of the same provision stand in relative equipoise,
i.e., that resolution of the statute‟s ambiguities in a convincing manner is
impracticable.‟ ” (Id. at p. 58, quoting People v. Jones (1988) 46 Cal.3d 585, 599.) No
such egregious ambiguity exists in the present case. Although defendant‟s judgment is
not yet final, he is nonetheless presently serving an indeterminate term in prison. The
12
possibility that his conviction could be reversed in the future does not render the phrase
ambiguous.
Here, defendant is a “person[] presently serving an indeterminate term of
imprisonment pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or paragraph
(2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12, whose sentence under this act would not have
been an indeterminate life sentence.” (§ 1170.126, subd. (a).) Accordingly, he is not
entitled to a remand for resentencing under amended section 1170.12; defendant‟s
recourse is to petition for a recall of sentence under section 1170.126.
B
In the alternative, defendant argues in his petition for rehearing that retroactive
application of Proposition 36 is compelled by equal protection. His argument lacks
merit. To the extent Proposition 36 applies prospectively, prospective application of a
statute that lessens punishment does not violate equal protection. (People v. Floyd (2003)
31 Cal.4th 179, 182, 191 (Floyd); People v. Lynch (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 353, 360–
361.)
As the California Supreme Court explained in Floyd, “ „the ability to elect to be
sentenced under a law enacted after the date of the commission of a crime is not a
constitutional right but a benefit conferred solely by statute. It is not unconstitutional for
the legislature to confer such benefit only prospectively, neither is it unconstitutional for
the legislature to specify “a classification between groups differently situated, so long as
a reasonable basis for the distinction exists.” [Citation.] In this instance, the legislature
distinguished between those defendants, on the one hand, who had not yet been accorded
any sentencing hearings prior to the cut-off date, and those, on the other hand, whose
sentences, already imposed, would require remandments for additional sentencing
hearings. We find this to be a reasonable basis for distinction and, therefore, no
constitutional denial of equal protection.‟ ” (Floyd, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 189-190,
quoting People v. Grant (Ill. 1978) 71 Ill.2d 551 [377 N.E.2d 4, 9].)
13
Here, all three strikes prisoners serving time for qualifying offenses are treated the
same in that they must seek relief under section 1170.126. But those persons who have
not yet been sentenced are entitled to the application of the mitigated punishment in
amended section 1170.12. This serves to promote judicial economy and does not deprive
defendant of any constitutional rights.
Having undertaken an examination of the entire record, we find no arguable error
that would result in a disposition more favorable to defendant.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
MAURO , J.
We concur:
RAYE , P. J.
MURRAY , J.
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