The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
WESTERN DIVISION
KATRINA FURR-HOFFMAN, CASE NO. 3:21 CV 1823
Plaintiff,
v. JUDGE JAMES R. KNEPP II
PRECISION SUPPORT SERVICES, et al.,
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND
Defendants. ORDER
INTRODUCTION
This case arises out of Plaintiff Katrina Furr-Hoffman’s claim that her former employer,
Precision Support Services, committed gender discrimination and retaliation against her in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000 et seq., and Ohio Revised
Code § 4112.01 et seq. Plaintiff also named as Defendants brothers Darren Lapinski and Michael
Lapinski. The matter now before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc.
16). Plaintiff opposed (Doc. 17), and Defendants replied (Doc. 18).
For the reasons set forth below, Defendants’ Motion (Doc. 16) is granted.
BACKGROUND
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the background of this case is as
follows:
Parties Involved:
Darren Lapinski is the owner of Precision Support Services (“Precision”). (Doc. 16-2, at
9). Darren’s brother, Michael Lapinski, was a supervisor for Precision at the time of the events
underlying this action. (Plaintiff Depo., at 30)1; (Doc. 16-4, at 11). Precision provides personnel
to automotive suppliers, most commonly at automotive plants. (Doc. 16-2, at 9). Precision provides
sorting and containment inspection services as well as quality representatives. Id. at 9-10. Precision
contracted to provide services at Dana Incorporated’s facility. Id. at 10-11. The initial contract was
relatively small in scale. Id. at 12. Another company, Benchmark, also provided services to Dana.
Id. at 11-12. Dana approached Precision to replace Benchmark, and Precision agreed. Id. at 14.
Prior to her employment with Precision, Plaintiff worked as an assistant supervisor for
Benchmark. (Plaintiff Depo., at 7-8). Plaintiff worked at the Dana plant while employed by
Benchmark. Id. Plaintiff ran the “whole floor” while employed by Benchmark. Id. Her job
responsibilities included the placement of employees, quality control, and production line
oversight. Id. Prior to her work for Benchmark, Plaintiff worked for Johnson Controls as a quality
technician. Id. at 9. She did not have a supervisory role in that position. Id. at 10-11.
Employment at Precision
Plaintiff and Michael were acquainted while she worked for Benchmark. Id. at 16-17.
Darren and either Michael or another Precision employee invited Plaintiff to dinner, where they
offered her a job with Precision. Id. at 17. Plaintiff accepted the offer from Precision and was hired
as a second-shift supervisor. Id. at 18, 28-29. She started at Precision in November 2019. Id. at 8.
In her role as supervisor, Plaintiff’s job responsibilities included: placing employees;
managing call-offs; ensuring employees were properly trained; ensuring employees had safety
uniforms; handling new work instructions; managing staff issues; ensuring employees were not on
drugs or hiding in the bathrooms; and ensuring employee paperwork was accurate. Id. at 23.
1. Plaintiff’s deposition in located at ECF Doc. 16-3.
Workplace Incidents
At the onset of the COVID pandemic, Precision ceased operations from March 18, 2020 to
May 20, 2020. (Doc. 16-4, at 62). Michael recalled that Plaintiff’s performance prior to COVID
was “fine”. Id. at 59. However, after the plant reopened, “she let [him] down about three or four
times.” Id. Sometime after the COVID shutdown, Plaintiff was disciplined when a “young lady
failed a part, [and] there was an escape[.]” (Plaintiff Depo., at 35-36). Michael testified that prior
to August 1, 2020, the line Plaintiff supervised “missed three hub nuts in one month” and that
corporate raised concerns to him about Plaintiff’s performance. (Doc. 16-4, at 63-64).
The workplace environment reached a boiling point on August 1, 2020. Id. at 64. An
employee under Plaintiff’s supervision, Albert Taylor, scheduled paid-time-off (“PTO”) for
August 1, 2020, which Plaintiff approved. (Plaintiff Depo., at 49, 54). Another employee, Antonio
Wilborn, called off. Id. Plaintiff assigned Ashan Chandler to work the line. Id. at 50. Precision had
recently instituted a new policy for PTO requests which required employees to request a date by
signing their name in a notebook, and if there was coverage on the line for that date, the request
would be approved by their supervisor. Id. at 52. Because Taylor was out on PTO and Wilborn
called off unexpectedly, there was a gap in coverage. Id. at 53.
Michael questioned why Chandler was on the line and expressed frustration that Plaintiff
allowed Taylor to schedule time off because he was off for three days the week prior. Id. at 50;
Doc. 16-4, at 64. What happened next is contested; Plaintiff contends Michael screamed in her
face in front of plant floor staff, and then, as she turned to walk away to retrieve the PTO notebook,
Michael grabbed her shoulder and continued to yell. (Plaintiff Depo., at 55, 60). Michael contends
he never put his hands on Plaintiff. (Doc. 16-4, at 63). He admits he yelled at her and that he “was
at level 12”. Id. at 65. Michael states he then said Taylor was fired. Id. at 66. Michael then made
Plaintiff work on the line for the rest of the shift. Id. Michael also testified he assigned a line
employee, who was normally Plaintiff’s subordinate, to watch Plaintiff for the rest of the shift and
ensure she worked on the line. Id. Michael states Plaintiff was upset because employees laughed
at her. Id. Michael apologized about a week later for “the level of [his] voice.” Id. at 67.
Plaintiff reported the incident to Darren and a Dana quality supervisor. (Plaintiff Depo., at
70). She told Darren that Michael does not like to work with women, is disrespectful, and that
something needed to be done. Id. at 76. At some point after the August 1, 2020, incident, Darren
for the first time notified Plaintiff he had concerns about her performance, specifically, her absence
during large parts of her shift. Id. at 85-86. Plaintiff refuted Darren’s characterization and told him
to check the cameras. Id. at 88.
On August 8, 2020, Plaintiff called in fifteen minutes before her shift began and informed
Michael she was tired, did not feel well, and would be fifteen minutes late. Id. at 99-100. Michael
told Plaintiff to take the day off. Id. at 99. Plaintiff decided to still go into work, and upon arrival,
Michael told her to go home. Id. at 100. After she left the Dana facility, Plaintiff encountered a
man who worked at the Dana plant that was having car troubles. Id. Plaintiff gave him a ride to
the Dana plant. Id. at 100-01. After she picked up the man, Michael pulled up next to her in his
vehicle. Id. at 100. Plaintiff believes she was driving a Jeep Wrangler rental car, and stated she
was playing loud music in the vehicle. Id. at 101. Darren fired Plaintiff the next day. (Doc. 16-3,
at 42). Adrian Weaver, a male, replaced Plaintiff as shift supervisor. (Doc. 16-4, at 70).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate where there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact”
and “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). When
considering a motion for summary judgment, the Court must draw all inferences from the record
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). The Court is not permitted to weigh the evidence or determine
the truth of any matter in dispute; rather, the Court determines only whether the case contains
sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably find for the nonmoving party. Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49 (1986). The moving party bears the burden of proof.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986).
This burden “may be discharged by ‘showing’ – that is, pointing out to the district court –
that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Id. The nonmoving
party must go beyond the pleadings and “present affirmative evidence in order to defeat a properly
supported motion for summary judgment.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 257. Further, the nonmoving
party has an affirmative duty to direct the Court’s attention to those specific portions of the record
upon which it seeks to rely to create a genuine issue of material fact. See Fed R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3)
(noting the court “need consider only the cited materials”).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff alleges Defendants committed gender discrimination and retaliation in violation
of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000 et seq., and Ohio Revised Code §
4112.01 et seq. For the reasons discussed below, the Court finds Defendants are entitled to
summary judgment on all claims.
Discrimination
In Counts I and II of her Complaint, Plaintiff brings claims of gender discrimination under
both Title VII and Ohio Revised Code § 4112, et seq. “Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
makes it ‘an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to discriminate against any
individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment,
because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.’” Harris v. Forklift Sys.,
Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)).
When a plaintiff does not put forth direct evidence of discrimination, this Court applies the
burden-shifting analysis established by McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973)
and later modified by Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 (1981).
This framework places the initial burden on Plaintiff to establish her prima facie case. Burdine,
450 U.S. at 252-53 (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802). To satisfy this burden, the
plaintiff must show “(1) [she] was a member of a protected class; (2) [she] suffered an adverse
employment action; (3) [she] was qualified for the position; and (4) [she] was replaced by someone
outside the protected class or was treated differently than similarly-situated, non-protected
employees.” Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc., 455 F.3d 702, 707 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal citations
and quotations omitted). If the plaintiff can establish a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the
defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the action. Burdine, 450 U.S. at
252-53 (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802). If the defendant articulates such a reason,
the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to demonstrate the proffered reason was a mere pretext for
discrimination. Id. at 253. “[F]ederal case law governing Title VII actions is generally applicable
to cases involving alleged violations of Chapter 4112.” Id. (citing Williams v. Ford Motor Co., 187
F.3d 533, 538 (6th Cir. 1999)). Thus, all of Plaintiff’s discrimination claims are properly analyzed
under the Title VII framework.
Because Plaintiff has not provided any direct evidence of discrimination, this case must be
analyzed under the burden-shifting analysis. See Doc. 17, at 6-7.
Prima Facie Case
Defendants contend Plaintiff is unable to meet the second or forth prong of her prima facie
case. (Doc. 16, at 16). Specifically, Defendants argue Plaintiff has not produced evidence she
suffered an adverse action or that she was treated differently than similarly situated employees
outside the protected class. Id.
Defendants concede Plaintiff is a member of a protected class and, for purposes of the
summary judgment motion, “[Precision] does not challenge Furr-Hoffman’s qualifications for the
position she held at PSS.” Id. However, in reply, Defendants argue Plaintiff failed to produce
sufficient evidence that she was qualified for the position. (Doc. 18, at 3). “It is well established .
. . that courts will not normally consider issues raised for the first time in Reply Briefs, as it
deprives the non-movant of a full and fair opportunity to respond.” Great Lakes Packers v. P.K.
Produce, 542 F. Supp. 3d 685, 702 (N.D. Ohio 2021). Defendants expressly disavowed any
challenge to this prong of Plaintiff’s prima facie case in their underlying motion. Accordingly, the
Court finds the qualification argument waived, and will not consider it herein.
Adverse Employment Action
Defendants argue neither instance of discipline identified by Plaintiff – a conversation
related to the “escape” or the August 1, 2020, incident wherein Michael yelled and grabbed
Plaintiff’s shoulder – constitutes an adverse employment action. (Doc. 16, at 16). Plaintiff responds
that her termination satisfies this prong. (Doc. 17, at 12-13).
“An adverse employment action is a materially adverse change in the terms of employment.
Termination, decrease in wage or salary, change in title, diminished material responsibilities, or a
material loss of benefits are all examples of a materially adverse change.” Lee v. Cleveland Clinic
Found., 676 F. App’x 488, 494 (6th Cir. 2017) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Plaintiff’s termination is not a matter of dispute. See Plaintiff Depo., at 54; Doc. 16-2 at
42. Because termination of employment constitutes an adverse employment action, this prong of
Plaintiff’s prima facie case is satisfied.
Non-Protected Employees
Defendants argue they are entitled to summary judgment because of the “lack of
comparators who were more favorably treated.” (Doc. 16, at 16). They contend “Plaintiff has
entirely failed to identify a single similarly situated male comparator, nor has she produced any
evidence that any male employee was treated differently under similar circumstances for the same
type of conduct.” (Doc. 18, at 2). Plaintiff states the record contains multiple examples where
Defendants treated her less favorably than her male coworkers and that she presented evidence
that shows she was replaced with a person outside of her protected class. (Doc. 17, at 13).
A plaintiff can satisfy the final prong of her prima facie case in one of two ways: by
showing she (1) was replaced by someone outside of the protected class; or (2) was treated
differently than similarly situated, non-protected employees. Wright, 455 F.3d at 707. In Shazor v.
Professional Transit Management, Inc., the Sixth Circuit explained the “replacement method
works especially well when a plaintiff is terminated and the employer hires a single replacement
to do the same job”, whereas the similarly situated method “is intended to provide plaintiffs with
an alternative way of establishing the final element of their prima facie case . . . [and] is especially
useful in cases where the plaintiff is not terminated, is not replaced, or is not replaced with a single
person”. 744 F.3d 948, 958-59 (6th Cir. 2014).
Michael testified Plaintiff was replaced by Adrian Weaver, a male. (Doc. 16-4, at 69-70).
That Plaintiff was replaced by someone outside of her protected class is sufficient to satisfy this
prong of her prima facie case, for purposes of summary judgment, under the replacement method.
Shazor, 744 F.3d at 959. Therefore, Plaintiff is not required to provide similarly situated
comparators who were treated more favorably.
Plaintiff has provided sufficient evidence to satisfy her prima facie case for purposes of
summary judgment.
Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reason
“If a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of gender discrimination, the burden of
production shifts to the defendant to provide a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions.”
Reed v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 286 F. App’x 251, 254 (6th Cir. 2008). “In
particular, the defendant must clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence,
reasons for its actions which, if believed by the trier of fact, would support a finding that unlawful
discrimination was not the cause of the employment action.” Gielda v. Bangor Twp. Schs, 505 F.
App’x 550, 555 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Defendants provide evidence that Plaintiff was terminated because she called off fifteen
minutes before her shift began, citing unwellness, only to be seen a short time later driving in a
convertible with loud music. (Doc. 18, at 3-4); (Plaintiff Depo., at 100-01). Defendants bolster this
reason with evidence Plaintiff was counseled to improve her performance and attendance issues
one week prior. (Plaintiff Depo., at 90-91).
Because Defendants articulated a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for Plaintiff’s
termination, the burden shifts back to Plaintiff to demonstrate the proffered reason was a mere
pretext for discrimination.
Pretext for Discrimination
“A plaintiff may demonstrate that an employer’s explanation is not credible by
demonstrating that the proffered reasons (1) had no basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate the
employer’s action, or (3) were insufficient to motivate the employer’s action.” Harris v. Metro.
Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 594 F.3d 476, 486 (6th Cir. 2010). “The plaintiff may also
demonstrate pretext by offering evidence which challenges the reasonableness of the employer’s
decision to the extent that such an inquiry sheds light on whether the employer’s proffered reason
for the employment action was its actual motivation.” White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d
381, 393 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). Additionally, “a reason cannot be proved
to be a pretext for discrimination unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that
discrimination was the real reason.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993)
(emphasis in original). “A court should grant summary judgment in discrimination cases when the
plaintiff ‘only created a weak issue of fact as to whether the defendant’s reason was untrue and
there is ample evidence to support the employer’s position.’” Gielda, 505 F. App’x at 556 (quoting
Abdulnour v. Campbell Soup Supply Co., LLC, 502 F.3d 496, 504 (6th Cir. 2007)).
Plaintiff argues Defendants’ proffered reason did not actually motivate the action and was
insufficient to motivate termination. (Doc. 17, at 15). Under the “did not motivate” prong,
“Plaintiff can establish pretext by showing that it ‘was more likely than not’ that Defendants
terminated Plaintiff based on an illegal motivation.” Abdulnour, 502 F.3d at 503. “Put another
way, Plaintiff must show that the sheer weight of the circumstantial evidence of discrimination
makes it more likely than not that the employer’s explanation is a pretext, or coverup.” Id. (internal
quotations omitted). “To succeed [under the insufficient to motivate prong], [Plaintiff] must
provide evidence that other employees, particularly employees outside the protected class, were
not disciplined even though they engaged in substantially identical conduct to that which
[Defendant] contends motivated its discipline of [Plaintiff].” Miles v. South Cent. Human Res.
Agency, Inc., 946 F.3d 883, 893 (6th Cir. 2020) (internal quotations omitted).
Plaintiff argues Defendants’ proffered nondiscriminatory reason was not the real
motivation behind her termination. (Doc. 17, at 15). Plaintiff takes issue with Darren’s
characterization that she “called off” fifteen minutes prior to her shift on August 8, 2020, when
she actually called to inform Michael she would be late, came in to cover at least part of her shift,
and was then instructed by Michael to go home. Id. Plaintiff also contends Defendants’ citation of
the encounter on the road (where Michael observed Plaintiff in her car with loud music playing a
short time after she left the Dana plant) is pretextual. Id. at 16. Plaintiff contends Defendants’
position that she lied about not feeling well “is simply non-sense” because a person who feels
unwell can listen to loud music. Id. Plaintiff also argues:
Accordingly, coupled with the temporal proximity of the August 1, 2020 incident
between M. Lapinski and Furr-Hoffman, it is more likely that the discrimination
Furr-Hoffman experienced at the hands of Defendants is the real reason for her
termination rather than Defendants’ purported reason. At the very least, there is a
genuine issue of fact that the traffic stop encounter was insufficient to warrant Furr-
Hoffman’s termination, as she was not terminated by the attendance issue itself, but
rather Defendants’ issue with Furr-Hoffman’s driving while listening to music.
Id. at 16-17.
Plaintiff’s argument falls short under St. Mary’s Honor Center, and in some ways is self-
defeating. Under St. Mary’s Honor Center, Plaintiff is required to show both that Defendant’s
purported reason was false and that the real reason was discrimination. 509 U.S. at 515. As an
initial matter, Plaintiff has not shown Defendants’ purported reason was false; Plaintiff admits she
called in fifteen minutes before her shift began to notify Michael she would be late. (Plaintiff
Depo., at 99-100). In light most favorable to Plaintiff, “[she] wasn’t that late” on August 8, 2020.
Id. at 100. However, Plaintiff has not shown the underlying basis – that is, her notifying Michael
shortly before the shift began that she felt unwell and would miss at least part of her shift – to be
false. Aside from temporal proximity to the August 1, 2020, workplace incident, Plaintiff offers
no circumstantial evidence which suggests pretext. Alexander v. Univ. of Memphis, 2021 U.S. App.
LEXIS 16949, *19 (6th Cir.) (“[T]emporal proximity alone cannot prove pretext.”). Moreover,
Plaintiff argues “Defendants’ issue with Furr-Hoffman’s driving while listening to music” was a
motivator of her termination; this argument does not show discrimination was the real reason for
her termination as required under St. Mary’s Honor Center.
Last, Plaintiff conclusorily contends the above-stated reasons are insufficient to warrant
her termination. (Doc. 17, at 16-17). However, Plaintiff does not provide any supporting evidence
as required under Miles, 946 F.3d at 893. Plaintiff has thus not provided this Court with sufficient
evidence to gauge whether the provided reasons were insufficient to motivate her termination.
Because Plaintiff has “only created a weak issue of fact as to whether the defendant[s’]
reason was untrue[,]” Gielda, 505 F. App’x at 556, she has not met her burden under McDonnell
Douglas, and Defendants are thereby entitled to judgment on the claims of discrimination.
Retaliation
Plaintiff alleges retaliation in Counts III and IV of her Complaint. (Doc. 1, at 11-12). These
claims are brought under Title VII and Ohio Revised Code § 4112.02(I). Id. Plaintiff argues
Defendants retaliated against her while she was engaged in the protected activity of opposing
gender discrimination. (Doc. 17, at 18). “Title VII discrimination and retaliation claims based upon
circumstantial evidence are analyzed in accordance with the burden-shifting framework of
[McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. 792.]” Jones v. McCarthy, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 729, *2
(6th Cir.).
“Under McDonnell Douglas, a plaintiff must present a prima facie case of retaliation; if the
plaintiff does that, the employer must identify a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the
adverse employment action; and if the employer does that, the plaintiff must prove that the
employer’s reason served as a pretext for retaliation.” Zarza v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of
Michigan, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 11114, *8 (6th Cir.) (internal quotations omitted). Plaintiff does
not provide direct evidence of retaliation, and therefore, she must utilize the McDonnell Douglas
burden shifting analysis. See Doc. 17, at 17.
Assuming without deciding that Plaintiff can support a prima facie case for retaliation, that
claim fails at the pretext stage. As discussed above, Defendants articulated a legitimate and lawful
reason for terminating Plaintiff’s employment; that being, Plaintiff called off fifteen minutes
before her shift began citing unwellness only to be seen a short time later driving in a convertible
with loud music. (Doc. 18, at 3-4); (Plaintiff Depo., at 100-01).
In her opposition brief, Plaintiff argues “the same pretext analysis described for Furr-
Hoffman’s discrimination claim applies to her retaliation claim” and relies on the same evidence
and arguments she presented to show pretext in relation to her discrimination claims. (Doc. 17, 22-
at 23).
Accordingly, Defendants are entitled to judgment on Plaintiff’s retaliation claims because
she failed to show Defendants’ proffered reason did not actually motivate the action or was
insufficient to motivate termination.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, good cause appearing, it is
ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 16) be, and the same
hereby is, GRANTED.
s/ James R. Knepp II
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE