The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
MATHEW MIKU, ) CASE NO. 5:19CV1625
)
Petitioner, ) SENIOR JUDGE
) CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
vs. )
)
DAVID GRAY, Warden ) OPINION AND ORDER
)
Respondent. )
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO, SR. J.:
This matter comes before the Court on Petitioner Mathew Miku’s Petition under
28 U.S.C. § 2254 for Writ of Habeas Corpus. Doc. 1. For the following reasons, the Court
accepts and adopts the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation and DISMISSES the
Petition.
BACKGROUND1
A. Factual History
In the late morning of March 4, 2016, paramedics from the Canton Health Department
arrived at Petitioner’s residence and discovered the body of Petitioner’s three-year-old daughter,
Hailey Miku, on a mattress in the living room. Petitioner told a paramedic that he brought
Hailey downstairs when he discovered her unresponsive. Petitioner said one week prior, she had
1 The following background is adapted from Petitioner’s direct appeal to Ohio’s Fifth District Court of Appeals,
Ohio v. Miku, 111 N.E.3d 558 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018) (“Miku I”).
tripped and fallen down the flight of carpeted stairs. When Sergeant Robert Smith of the Canton
Police Department arrived, Petitioner said to him, “I’m going to jail, ain’t I?” Tr. at 267.
At Canton Police headquarters, Petitioner signed a written waiver of his Miranda rights.
Tr. at 455. In an interview with Detective Joseph Mongold, Petitioner initially insisted that
Hailey fell down the stairs but as the questioning continued, Petitioner mentioned that Hailey had
also fallen off the toilet. Petitioner eventually conceded that he had “severe anger issues,” he
took his frustration out on Hailey and “once he started showing his anger towards Hailey,” he
“just couldn’t stop.” Tr. at 465. Ultimately, Petitioner confessed that he had gone too far and
killed Hailey. He said, “I tell myself to stop, but there’s voices in my head that says no just keep
doing it . . . I killed my daughter, I cannot believe this.” Ex. 24, Doc. 10-1, PageID 342. At the
end of the interview, unsolicitedly, Petitioner asked Detective Mongold to tell the prosecutors, “I
know what I did was wrong.” Tr. at 470.
At trial in January 2017, Dr. Renee Robinson, a forensic pathologist, noted that the
bruising and contusions on Hailey’s legs were results of blunt trauma, rather than a fall. Tr. at
534-46. Based on the status of Hailey’s internal organs, Dr. Robinson believed that Hailey
suffered from longstanding inflammation requiring hospital care. Foam around Hailey’s mouth
indicated a “slower death” and perimortem abrasions on Hailey’s torso indicated injuries
sustained while she was dying. Tr. at 542-57. Dr. Robinson concluded that Hailey’s death was a
homicide caused by the “combined effects of acute and chronic trauma and neglect.” Tr. at 558-
59.
Petitioner offered evidence outside the trial record to attest to his mental health. 2 In an
affidavit, Petitioner said he informed counsel six months before trial that he “still heard these
voices” in his head and he needed to be evaluated because of “what [the voices] were telling
[him] to do.” Ex. 24, Doc. 10-1, PageID 306. Petitioner also offered medical records from a
visit to Phoenix Health five months before the offense. The records diagnosed Petitioner with
attention deficit disorder, an unspecified mood disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and major
depressive disorder. Id. at PageID 321. Counsel told him an insanity defense would not work
because a jury would never believe he was insane at the time of the offense. Id. at PageID 306.
B. Procedural History
At trial, the jury found Petitioner guilty of murder and child endangerment. Ex. 1, Doc.
10-1, PageID 72-3. The trial court sentenced Petitioner to twenty-three years to life. Ex. 13,
Doc. 10-1, PageID 139. Petitioner’s § 2254 Petition for Habeas Relief stems from this
conviction.
On direct appeal, Petitioner raised seven assignments of error, including ineffective
assistance of trial counsel.3 Ex. 14, Doc. 10-1, PageID 141; Ex. 15, Doc. 10-1, PageID 143-44.
On April 20, 2018, Ohio’s Fifth District Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s judgment.
Miku I, 111 N.E.3d 558, 574 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018). Petitioner did not appeal to the Ohio
Supreme Court.
In June 2018, Petitioner filed a pro se motion under Ohio Appellate Rule 26(B) to re-
open his appeal, arguing ineffective appellate counsel. Ex. 18, Doc. 10-1, PageID 179. The
2 Petitioner submitted the evidence with his pro se Petition for Post-Conviction Relief.
3 Petitioner argued counsel was ineffective for failing to inquire or present evidence at the suppression hearing that
Petitioner was suffering from intoxication or drug use, failing to object to the admission of autopsy photos, and
failing to file a motion in limine regarding prior bad acts testimony. See Ex. 15, Doc. 10-1, PageID 168.
appellate court denied Petitioner’s Motion. Ex. 19, Doc. 10-1, PageID 197; State v. Miku, No.
2017CA00057 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2018) (“Miku II”). Petitioner appealed to the Ohio
Supreme Court, which, in January 2019, declined to hear the case. Ex. 20, Doc. 10-1, PageID
266; Ex. 23, Doc. 10-1, PageID 292.
While his direct appeal was pending, Petitioner filed a pro se Petition for Post-Conviction
Relief in State court, raising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. But unlike his direct
appeal, Petitioner based the claim on counsel’s failure to investigate a possible Not Guilty by
Reason of Insanity (“NGRI”) defense. Ex. 24, Doc. 10-1, PageID 294. Petitioner included an
affidavit and medical records as evidence of his mental illness. Ex. 24, Doc. 10-1, PageID 306-
13. On June 27, 2018, the trial court denied the Petition for Post-Conviction Relief. Petitioner
appealed, setting forth two assignments of error: 1) that the trial court abused its discretion by
unreasonably applying Strickland v. Washington and 2) ineffective assistance of trial counsel for
failing to investigate an NGRI defense. Ex. 29, Doc. 10-1, PageID 385; Ex. 31, Doc. 10-1
PageID 398. The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s ruling in October 2018. Ex. 34, Doc.
10-1, PageID 502; State v. Miku, No. 2018CA00094, 2018 WL 5733725 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 29,
2018) (“Miku III”). Petitioner appealed to the Ohio Supreme Court, raising a single proposition
of law in his Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction:
1. Whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate into
the mental health history of Mathew Miku so that she could make
an informed decision as to whether she should move the court for a
mental health expert/and or assert a N.G.R.I. defense?
Ex. 36, Doc. 10-1, PageID 518. The Ohio Supreme Court declined to accept jurisdiction on
February 20, 2019.
Five months later, Petitioner filed his Petition for Habeas Relief, asserting three grounds,
the second of which is most relevant for this Court:
GROUND TWO: Ineffective assistance of counsel.
Supporting facts: Trial counsel did not meet her constitutional burden
of investigating and presenting a NGRI defense,
which violated Petitioner[’s] 6th and 14th
Amendment rights to the United States Supreme
Court. Counsel also failed to investigate into the
mental health history of Petitioner, so that she could
make a reasonable decision into whether Petitioner
needed a mental health expert.
Doc. 1, PageID 7 (capitalization altered). The Warden filed his Return of Writ on November 25,
2019, arguing for a dismissal of all Petitioner’s claims. Doc. 10, PageID 50. Petitioner filed his
Traverse on December 12, 2019.
The Magistrate Judge issued his Report & Recommendation on September 11, 2020,
recommending a dismissal of Ground One, a denial of Ground Three and a dismissal in part and
denial in part of Ground Two for procedural default and lack of merit. Doc. 14, Page ID 1180,
1184, 1191, 1195. Petitioner filed his Objection on February 1, 2021, only objecting to the
recommendation on Ground Two. Petitioner’s Objection centers on the Magistrate Judge’s
denial for lack of merit under the Strickland standard. Petitioner did not object to the findings
regarding procedural default.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In a federal habeas proceeding, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 dictates a “highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings, which demands
that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Bell v. Cone, 543 U.S. 447, 455
(2005) (internal citation omitted). The state court’s determinations shall not be disturbed unless
the adjudication of the claim resulted in a decision that was:
(1) contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) based on an unreasonable determination of facts in light of the evidence
presented at the State court proceedings.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Thus, a federal court may issue a habeas corpus writ only when the state
court 1) arrived at a conclusion on a question of law opposite to that reached by the U.S.
Supreme Court, 2) decided a case with materially indistinguishable facts differently than the U.S.
Supreme Court, or 3) misapplied the correct governing legal principle. Williams v. Taylor, 529
U.S. 362, 413 (2000).
Lastly, a federal judge “shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report
or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which an objection is made. A judge may
accept, reject, modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the
magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
ANALYSIS
Because Petitioner only objected to the Report & Recommendation on Ground Two,4 the
Court adopts and accepts the Magistrate Judge’s recommendations on Grounds One and Three.
The analysis below reviews Ground Two, the ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Ohio has a “dual-track system” for ineffective assistance of counsel claims as set out in
McGuire v. Warden, 738 F.3d 741 (6th Cir. 2013). Claims based on evidence wholly within the
4 In his Objection, Petitioner labels this as “Ground 1.” See Doc 17, PageID 1202.
trial record must be brought on direct appeal and claims based on evidence outside the trial
record must be raised in a petition for state post-conviction relief. McGuire, 738 F.3d at 751
(emphasis added). The Magistrate Judge found to the extent that Ground Two was based on
evidence inside the trial record, it was procedurally defaulted; and to the extent that Ground Two
was based on evidence outside the trial record, it lacked merit. Doc. 14, PageID 1181.
A. Evidence Within the Trial Record
On direct appeal, Petitioner offered supporting facts for his ineffective assistance of
counsel claim that differ from the supporting facts in his Petition for Habeas Relief.5 Doc. 1,
PageID 7. And because he did not “assert both the legal and factual basis” of Ground Two on
direct appeal, Petitioner did not “fairly present [his] claim to a state court.” Williams v.
Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir. 2006) (emphasis omitted). Therefore, Petitioner failed to
exhaust State remedies before petitioning for habeas relief in federal court as required by 28
U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A).
Additionally, “[i]f, at the time of the federal habeas petition, state law no longer allows
the petitioner to raise the claim, the claim is procedurally defaulted.” Id. Under Ohio law, res
judicata bars petitioners from litigating claims that either could have been or were fully litigated
at trial or on direct appeal. Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 555 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing State v.
Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d (1967)).
The Magistrate Judge concluded that the portion of Ground Two supported by evidence
in the record was procedurally defaulted because Ohio’s res judicata doctrine is “an ‘adequate
5 On direct appeal, Petitioner’s ineffectiveness claim was based on trial counsel’s failure to 1) inquire about or
present evidence at the suppression hearing that Petitioner was suffering from intoxication or drug use, 2) object to
the admission of autopsy photos, and 3) file a motion in limine regarding prior bad acts testimony. Ex. 15, Doc. 10-
1, PageID 168.
and independent’ ground for justifying default.” Carter v. Mitchell, 443 F.3d 517, 538 (6th Cir.
2006). Petitioner did not object to this portion of the Magistrate Judge’s analysis. Accordingly,
the Court accepts and adopts the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation and finds that the portion
of Ground Two supported by evidence in the record is procedurally defaulted.
B. Evidence Outside the Trial Record
The State court evaluated the evidence offered by Petitioner outside the record under the
two-prong test laid out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) and held that
Petitioner’s counsel was not ineffective. The Magistrate Judge found that the State court
reasonably applied Strickland and recommended this Court deny Ground Two on its merits.
Doc. 14, PageID 1191.
Petitioner argues that the Strickland standard was incorrectly applied. But as discussed
below, Petitioner is mistaken and the Court accepts and adopts the Magistrate Judge’s
recommendation.
i. The Strickland standard
Under the Strickland test for ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must first
demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient; and second, that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense thereby rendering the trial unfair and the result unreliable.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (emphasis added).
Counsel’s performance is deficient if a petitioner shows that counsel’s representation
“fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. The reviewing court’s scrutiny
of counsel’s performance is “highly deferential” and “the court should recognize that counsel is
strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Id. at 689-90. Rather than inquiring whether
counsel’s actions were reasonable, the question is “whether there is any reasonable argument that
counsel satisfied the deferential Strickland standard.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105
(2011).
To show prejudice, a petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. And “where the alleged error of counsel is a failure to advise a
defendant of a potential affirmative defense to the crime charged, the resolution of the
‘prejudice’ inquiry will depend largely on whether the affirmative defense likely would have
succeeded at trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985). Under Strickland and § 2254(d), a
federal habeas review of an ineffective assistance claim is “doubly deferential.” Knowles v.
Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009).
ii. Trial counsel’s performance was not deficient.
The State court found that Petitioner’s counsel was not deficient. The Magistrate Judge
found the State court reasonably applied the Strickland standard. The Court agrees because
based on the evidence, counsel exercised reasonable professional judgement in deciding to not
pursue an NGRI defense.
In his Objection, Petitioner insists counsel’s failure to investigate his mental health falls
“outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance,” amounting to deficiency. Doc.
17, PageID 1205. Petitioner cites two cases from the Ninth Circuit where the failure to
investigate a defense based on mental impairment may have constituted deficient performance of
counsel. See U.S. v. Burrows, 872 F.2d 915 (9th Cir. 1989); Evans v. Lewis, 855 F.2d 631 (9th
Cir. 1988). Petitioner’s reliance on these cases is misplaced.
In Burrows, a federal prisoner appealed the district court’s denial of an evidentiary
hearing under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, arguing ineffective assistance of counsel. The Ninth Circuit
reversed the district court because “a mental state defense may have been a plausible defense for
Burrows.” Burrows, 872 F.2d at 918. The court cited evidence showing the defendant was a
diagnosed “chronic paranoid schizophrenic,” who “suffered a relapse” and “could not carry on a
logical conversation.” Id. at 916-18. It found nothing in the record explaining why counsel
failed to investigate a possible mental state defense and therefore held that the district court
should have held an evidentiary hearing to determine whether counsel was effective. Id.
In Evans, an Arizona state prisoner who was sentenced to death filed a habeas corpus
petition alleging ineffective assistance when counsel failed to present defendant’s impaired
mental state as mitigating evidence at the sentencing hearing. Before the hearing, counsel had
access to prior conviction records, which included a statement filed by a trial judge declaring that
“defendant is in need of psychiatric treatment” and a pre-sentence report, which contained
information about the prisoner’s suicide attempt while incarcerated in a California mental
facility. Evans, 855 F.2d at 636. Under Arizona law, an impaired mental state qualified as a
mitigating factor at sentencing when the defendant was “significantly impaired, but not so
impaired as to constitute a defense to prosecution.” Id. The Ninth Circuit reversed the district
court and held that counsel’s failure to present any of the available evidence constituted deficient
performance. Id. at 637.
Burrows and Evans are distinct from Petitioner’s case for three reasons. First,
Petitioner’s ineffectiveness claim arises under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. As discussed above, this
Court’s review is “doubly deferential” to counsel’s decision and to the State court’s
determination of counsel’s decision. The State appellate court wrote, under Ohio law, “a trial
counsel’s failure to seek a competency evaluation or to pursue an insanity defense is not, per se,
ineffective assistance of counsel.” Miku III at *5 (citing State v. Decker, 28 Ohio St.3d 137
(1986)). Thus, Petitioner cannot establish an ineffectiveness claim merely because counsel chose
to not have Petitioner evaluated or pursue an insanity defense.
Second, the quality of the evidence Petitioner presented is less persuasive and the severity
of Petitioner’s mental illness is less significant than in Burrows and Evans. The Burrows
defendant could not carry on a logical conversation. Petitioner spoke with a paramedic, a police
officer and Detective Mongold; none of whom suggested that Petitioner had difficulty
conversing. Petitioner offers a “list of mental problems6 suffered by [Petitioner] at the time of
the murder against his daughter” in the medical records from Phoenix Rising. But those records
were dated months before the murder and do not carry the same weight as the statement from the
trial judge and the pre-sentence report in Evans.
Third, Petitioner’s trial counsel considered an insanity defense. This fact is supported by
Petitioner’s own self-serving affidavit. Ultimately, counsel told Petitioner an insanity defense
would not work.7
The State appellate court reviewed Petitioner’s evidence of his mental health and that he
heard voices. But the appellate court ultimately found that the facts at trial showed that
Petitioner tried to conceal his criminal conduct and that he knew what he did was wrong.
6 Attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder, unspecified mood disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and major
depressive disorder. See Ex. 24, Doc. 10-1, PageID 321.
7 There was a preliminary hearing on a motion to suppress where counsel reviewed the all the statements that
Petitioner made in his interviews with Detective Mongold. Petitioner cites some of his statements from those
interviews in his Objection. But counsel’s decision to not proceed with an NGRI defense based on the interviews is
not deficient simply because Petitioner draws a different conclusion from his statements. Also, this evidence would
be within the record, subject to direct appeal and, for purposes of this Court’s review, procedurally defaulted.
Therefore, the State court reasonably concluded that Petitioner failed to prove “that he suffered
from a mental defect or disease that prevented him from understanding the wrongfulness of his
criminal conduct” at the time of the offense. Miku III at *5. Petitioner would not have been able
to establish a prima facie case of insanity under Ohio law. Hence, the State court reasonably
applied Strickland in finding Petitioner’s counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to present
an NGRI defense that was not likely to succeed.
Petitioner presents no new, clear and convincing evidence to the contrary in his
Objection. The Court adopts and accepts the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation and agrees
that Petitioner’s trial counsel was not deficient.
iii. Petitioner was not prejudiced.
The State court also found that counsel’s decision to not present an NGRI defense did not
prejudice Petitioner at trial. The Magistrate Judge found that the State court reasonably applied
Strickland in reaching this conclusion. The Court agrees because Petitioner has not provided
clear and convincing evidence to prove an NGRI defense would succeed under Ohio law.
Petitioner argues a “complete and accurate presentation of [Petitioner’s] mental health
condition could have resulted in a verdict of NGRI.” Doc. 17, Page ID 1208. He claims that to
prove prejudice under Strickland, he is “not required to show that he had a winning defense or
that he was insane at the time of the crime” but instead “must show that he had a substantial
defense,” citing Cipriano v. Birkett, 42 Fed.Appx. 680 (6th Cir. 2002). Id. at PageID 1211.
Petitioner’s argument directly contradicts Ohio law8 and misapplies the Cipriano court’s
reasoning.
In Cipriano, the defendant claimed ineffective assistance when his counsel did not object
to an erroneous jury instruction regarding the legal definition of sanity. The Sixth Circuit
explained that even if the defendant met the deficiency prong of Strickland, he failed to prove
prejudice. The court held that based on the “totality of the evidence before the judge or jury,”
there was no “reasonable probability” that the result of the proceeding would have been any
different if counsel had objected to the jury instruction. Cipriano, 42 Fed.Appx. at 685.
Petitioner claims the evidence of his chronic and “severe mental illness” is
“uncontested.” Doc. 17, PageID 1211 (emphasis in original). The State court’s findings of fact
suggest otherwise. The trial court determined the evidence Petitioner offered outside the record
failed to establish a prima facie case of insanity under Ohio law and therefore, an NGRI defense
would likely not succeed at trial. Therefore, applying the Cipriano court’s reasoning, even if
Petitioner’s counsel performed deficiently, he did not suffer prejudice because there was no
reasonable probability that the result of his trial would have been any different if counsel had
presented an NGRI defense.
In his Objection, Petitioner argues that if the evidence from his Petition for Post-
Conviction Relief, which the State courts reviewed and found insufficient, were presented at
trial, “there is an overwhelming probability that knowledge of [Petitioner’s] history of severe
mental illness would have shed a different light for the jury.” Id. But Petitioner does not offer
8 Ohio requires a person putting forth an NGRI defense to prove that “at the time of the commission of the offense,
the person did not know, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, the wrongfulness of [their] acts.” Ohio
Rev. Code Ann. § 2901.01(A)(14) (Westlaw through File 100 of 134th Gen. Assemb.) (emphasis added).
any new, clear and convincing evidence to rebut the State court findings. Given the facts found
at trial, the State courts did not misapply the Strickland standard in concluding there was no
reasonable probability that Petitioner’s trial was unreliable or fundamentally unfair.
Considering the totality of the evidence, and the deference given to the State court’s
findings in a federal habeas proceeding, the Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge that
Petitioner was not prejudiced.
C. Evidentiary Hearing
Petitioner argues the Court must hold an evidentiary hearing. But an evidentiary hearing
is not warranted.
If a prisoner has “failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court
proceedings,” a federal habeas court may not grant an evidentiary hearing unless the claim relies
on “a new rule of constitutional law” or “a factual predicate that could not have been previously
discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). If a federal habeas
court holds an evidentiary hearing, “it may not consider that evidence on the merits of a
negligent prisoner’s defaulted claim unless the exceptions in § 2254(e)(2) are satisfied.” Shinn v.
Ramirez, No. 20-1009, 2022 WL 1611786 at *12 (U.S. May 23, 2022). The facts underlying the
claim need to establish “by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no
reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.”
§ 2254(e)(2)(B).
Here, Petitioner’s ineffectiveness claim is partially procedurally defaulted and under
Shinn, the Court may not consider additional evidence beyond the State court’s record because
Petitioner does not satisfy either exception to § 2254(e)(2). Petitioner’s claim is not based on a
new rule of law. The factual predicate of Petitioner’s claim is the same that was reviewed by the
State appellate court and the Magistrate Judge; both found the evidence outside the record in
support of the underlying facts of Petitioner’s claim did not meet the clear and convincing
standard. The Court denies an evidentiary hearing.
CONCLUSION
Petitioner failed to raise sufficient evidence or a sound argument as to why the Court
should modify the Magistrate Judge’s initial recommendation on Ground Two of his Petition for
Habeas Relief.
Petitioner’s Objection does not provide new, clear and convincing proof to overturn the
State court’s findings of fact or application of Strickland. Petitioner has not proven he was
insane as defined by Ohio law. He has neither demonstrated that his counsel performed
deficiently nor that he suffered prejudice due to counsel’s alleged deficiency. Thus, the Court
accepts and adopts the Magistrate Judge’s Report & Recommendation and denies the Objection.
The Court finds an appeal from this decision could not be taken in good faith. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(a)(3). Because Petitioner has not made a substantial showing of a denial of a
constitutional right directly related to his conviction or custody, the Court declines to issue a
certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Fed. R. App. P. 22(b); Rule 11 of Rules
Governing § 2254 Cases.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Christopher A. Boyko
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
Senior United States District Judge
Dated: June 7, 2022