The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
DENNIS WONDRAK, ) CASE NO.: 1:18CV01977
)
Plaintiff, ) JUDGE CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
)
vs. )
)
CLEVELAND METROPOLITAN ) OPINION AND ORDER
SCHOOL DISTRICT, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO, J.:
This matter comes before the Court upon the Motion to Dismiss of Defendants, Cleveland
Metropolitan School District, Rhodes College and Career Academy, Consuela Townsend, Lorenzo
Russell, Alyssa Starinsky, Michelle Allen, Lareesa Rice, Natalie Santoro, Nanette Reilly, Hilda Velez,
Wayne J. Belock and Joseph J. Jerse. (Doc. 14.) For the following reasons, the Motion is granted, in
part, and denied in part.
A. Background
i. Factual History
Plaintiff, a 46-year-old white male, was hired by the Cleveland Metropolitan School District
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(“CMSD”) as a teacher in the “Emotional Disturbed” unit at Rhodes College and Career Academy
(“RCCA”) during the 2017-2018 academic year. (Am. Compl. ¶¶6-7.) Plaintiff worked in his own
classroom with support staff paraprofessional Michelle Allen. (Id. ¶¶14, 22.) Hilda Velez, a bilingual
paraprofessional, worked in Plaintiff’s classroom beginning in November 2017. (Id. ¶¶11, 22.)
Paraprofessionals were responsible for providing administrative backup and support to Plaintiff. (Id.
¶22.)
Plaintiff and Allen maintained a professional and productive classroom in August and
September 2017. (Id. ¶29.) According to Plaintiff, in October 2017 Allen became disruptive and
interfered with the classroom by arriving late, failing to attend to students’ needs and failing to assist
in lesson plans. (Id. ¶30.) Allen continued to exhibit disruptive behavior despite several attempts by
Plaintiff to resolve the issues in the classroom. (Id. ¶33.)
On October 6, 2017 Plaintiff filed a complaint regarding Allen’s disruptive behavior with
RCCA Principal Alyssa Starinsky. (Id. ¶ 36.) A number of meetings took place in an attempt to
resolve Plaintiff’s concerns over Allen’s disruptive behavior. (Id., Ex. B.) According to Plaintiff, the
structure of these meetings placed him “on the defensive and... in a bad light.” (Id. ¶38.) In a private
discussion after one of these meetings, Plaintiff was told by Starinsky that his complaints would be
taken seriously if he “‘was situated as Defendant Allen’, i.e. a female African American.” (Id. ¶39.)
According to Plaintiff, in an effort to retaliate against him, Starinsky attempted to change Plaintiff’s
schedule in December of 2017. (Id. ¶46.) Starinsky canceled the schedule change after Plaintiff
contacted the Union to protest it. (Id. ¶47.) The next month, Plaintiff’s schedule was again changed
when a teacher at RCCA reported that she was “uncomfortable” with Plaintiff continuing to assist in
her classroom. (Id. ¶¶47-48.)
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Plaintiff alleges that Consuela Townsend, Plaintiff’s evaluator, submitted performance
reviews that contained falsities and contradictions in an effort to harass and retaliate against Plaintiff.
(Id. ¶¶50-53.) Plaintiff also alleges that Townsend falsely reported Plaintiff for disciplinary charges
regarding falsifying time records. (Id. ¶56.) Plaintiff later won on appeal regarding the time records.
(Id.) In the same time period, Plaintiff received the HEART award for teaching excellence and
customer service. (Id. ¶61.)
Plaintiff filed a complaint of hostile environment with CMSD’s Legal Department in
January 2018. (Id. ¶65.) Plaintiff met with Joseph Jerse, an attorney in the Legal Department, to
discuss Plaintiff’s complaints on February 14, 2018. The following day, several of Plaintiff’s
colleagues at RCCA filed witness statements complaining about Plaintiff. (Id. ¶67; Ex. B.)
On May 11, 2018, Plaintiff received a non-renewal notice based on complaints made by
RCCA staff. (Id. ¶68.) Plaintiff’s non-renewal hearing was held on May 14, 2018. (Id.) Following
the hearing CMSD decided to renew Plaintiff’s contract but to transfer him to a different school. (Id.
¶69-70.)
ii. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed a charge of discrimination based on sex and retaliation with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) on May 25, 2018. On May 30, 2018, the
Commission issued a Dismissal and Notice of Rights stating: “Based upon its investigation, the
EEOC is unable to conclude that the information obtained establishes violations of the statutes... No
finding is made as to any other issues that might be construed as having been raised by this charge.”
On August 28, 2018, Plaintiff commenced this civil action against Defendants, alleging claims
of retaliation and gender discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
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U.S.C. §§ 2000e, et seq. (“Title VII”), as well as supplemental Ohio state law contract and tort claims.
(Compl., Doc. 1.) On April 10, 2019, Plaintiff filed his first Amended Complaint. (Doc. 13.) On
April 24, 2019 Defendants filed their Motion to Dismiss all eight Counts of the Complaint. (Doc.
14.) On May 7, 2019 Plaintiff filed a Brief in Opposition to Defendants Motion to Dismiss. (Doc.
15.) On May 21, 2019 Defendants filed their Reply in Support of their Motion to Dismiss.
B. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
i. 12(b)1- Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
Standard of Review: When a Defendant challenges standing on a motion to dismiss, it is
plaintiff’s burden to prove the existence of subject matter jurisdiction. Rogers v. Stratton Indus., 798
F.2d 913, 915 (6th Cir. 1986). Such challenges are brought by two different methods: (1) facial
attacks and (2) factual attacks. See, e.g., United States v. Ritchie, 15 F.3d 592, 598 (6th Cir. 1994).
“A facial attack is a challenge to the sufficiency of the pleading itself. On such a
motion, the court must take the material allegations of the petition as true and construed in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Walters v. Leavitt, 376 F. Supp.2d 746, 752
(E.D. Mich. 2005) (citing Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 235-37 (1974)). “A factual attack,
on the other hand, is not a challenge to the sufficiency of the pleading’s allegations, but a
challenge to the factual existence of subject matter jurisdiction. On such a motion, no
presumptive truthfulness applies to the factual allegations... and the court is free to weigh the
evidence and satisfy itself as to the existence of its power to hear the case.” Walters, 376
F. Supp.2d at 752.
According to Defendants, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Counts Four
(Breach of Contract) and Five (Breach of Good Faith and Fair Dealing) because Plaintiff is bound by
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the Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”). The CBA requires parties to resolve disputes through
the CBA’s grievance procedures, namely, binding arbitration. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff’s
allegations involving unfair representation would be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the State
Employment Relations Board (“SERB”). (Doc. 14 at 7.) Plaintiff concedes that “a CBA serves as the
ground rules and resolution procedure, at least initially.” (Doc. 15 at 10.) Plaintiff’s position is that
under certain circumstances a party is entitled to remedies outside of a CBA. Interestingly, Plaintiff
recognizes that “a party can seek redress of CBA claims in court after exhausting administrative
remedies,” yet fails to ever mention SERB in the Brief in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion. (Doc.
15 at 11.)
Counts Four and Five of Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint only allude to claims involving
Plaintiff’s lack of adequate representation. Under Ohio law, it is an unfair labor practice to “fail to
fairly represent all public employees in a bargaining unit.” R.C. 4117.11(B)(6). Additionally, the
Sixth Circuit has held “acts which constitute unfair labor practices under [R.C.] 4117 are subject to
the exclusive jurisdiction of the State Employment Relations Board ("SERB"), the courts cannot
review such claims on primary jurisdiction.” Zafirau v. Cleveland Mun. Sch. Dist., 448 F. App'x 531,
536 (6th Cir. 2011). Furthermore, “[a]n appellant may only seek relief from the courts after he or she
has exhausted the administrative remedy provided through SERB." Id. (citing Shamrock v. Trumbull
Cnty. Comm'rs, 71 Ohio App. 3d 54, 57, 593 N.E.2d 28, 31 (1990)).
Here, Plaintiff states “a party can seek redress of CBA claims in court after exhausting
administrative remedies,” but Plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies for both
Counts Four and Five. Article 6 of the CBA provides an extensive framework for problem resolution
and grievance procedures. (Doc. 14-2 at 15-19.) Plaintiff alleges his grievances were not fully
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addressed under the CBA because he lacked fair representation. (Doc. 15 at 13.) The CBA explicitly
states: “Nothing shall preclude the Union or an individual from the right to file an Unfair Labor
Practice in accordance with O.R.C. 4117.” (Doc. 14-2 at 15.) Plaintiff failed to pursue a remedy
through SERB for his alleged unfair representation as required under R.C. 4117 and Ohio case law.
Therefore, Counts Four and Five are dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
ii. 12(b)6- Failure to State a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted
Standard of Review: “In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we construe the complaint in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff, accept its allegations as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in
favor of the plaintiff.” Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir. 2007). Factual allegations
contained in a complaint must “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Twombly does not “require heightened fact pleading of
specifics, but only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570.
Dismissal is warranted if the complaint lacks an allegation as to a necessary element of the claim
raised. Craighead v. E.F. Hutton & Co., 899 F.2d 485 (6th Cir. 1990). The United States Supreme
Court, in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009), discussed Twombly and provided additional
analysis of the motion to dismiss standard: “In keeping with these principles a court considering a
motion to dismiss can choose to begin by identifying pleadings that, because they are no more than
conclusion, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.”
While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by
factual allegations. When there are well-plead factual allegations, a court should assume their
veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Id. at 664.
When a court is presented with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, it may consider the complaint and any
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exhibits attached thereto, public records, items appearing in the record of the case and exhibits
attached to defendant’s motion to dismiss so long as they are referred to in the complaint and are
central to the claims contained therein. See Amini v. Oberlin Coll., 259 F.3d 493, 502 (6th Cir. 2001).
a. Administrative Exhaustion- Counts One and Three
In order to recover for illegal discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e et seq., a plaintiff must first file a charge with the EEOC. Amini, 259 F.3d at
498. “As a general rule, a Title VII plaintiff cannot bring claims in a lawsuit that were not included in
[the plaintiff’s] EEOC charge. Younis v. Pinnacle Airlines, Inc., 610 F.3d 359, 361 (6th Cir. 2010)
(citing Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 47 (1974)). The exhaustion requirement
limits judicial review “to the scope of the EEOC investigation reasonably expected to grow out of the
charge of discrimination.” Ang v. Proctor & Gamble Co. , 932 F.2d 540, 545 (6th Cir. 1991) (internal
quotation omitted). When an EEOC charge is filed by an individual without counsel a “broader
reading of the charge...is compelled.” Duggins v. Steak 'N Shake, Inc., 195 F.3d 828, 832 (6th Cir.
1999).
According to Defendants, Plaintiff’s claims for hostile work environment based on gender and
race as well as his state law hostile work environment claim must be dismissed for failure to exhaust
administrative remedies. First, Defendants argue that the race-based discrimination aspects of Counts
One and Three are outside the scope of the EEOC complaint and do not reasonably relate to it. (Doc.
14-1 at 10.) The basis for this argument is that Plaintiff’s EEOC Charge Document only checks the
boxes indicating discrimination based on sex and retaliation. (Doc. 14-3 at 1.) Plaintiff contends,
accompanied with an affidavit by a non-party, that Plaintiff reported material details to the EEOC
intake officer, including claims of race, age and gender discrimination, which the EEOC employee
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left out of the EEOC charge document. (Doc. 15 at 15-16.)
Here, the EEOC charge does not give any indication of discrimination based on race. The race
box is not checked nor is there any mention of race in the written narrative. Therefore, Counts One
and Three are dismissed to the extent they allege discrimination based on race.
Next, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to exhaust administrative remedies with
respect to his claims for hostile work environment (Counts One and Three). (Doc. 14-1 at 12.)
Defendant’s rely heavily on Jones v. City of Franklin, 309 F. App’x 938 (6th Cir. 2009), where
Plaintiffs’ EEOC complaints focused on discrete acts of discrimination as opposed to a hostile work
environment. For example, the plaintiff in Jones alleged discrimination in reference to two specific
instances: First, failure to receive a promotion and second, a manager giving false information to a
newspaper. EEOC Complaint, Jones v. City of Franklin, No. 3:08-cv-01134 (M.D. Tenn. Nov 25,
2008), Doc. 29-1. Defendants also point to a similiar situation in Brown v. City of Cleveland where
the Plaintiff’s EEOC charge was limited to two specific instances failure to promote and denial of a
disabled parking space. Brown v. City of Cleveland , 294 F. App’x 226, 234 (6th Cir. 2008). Lastly,
Defendants point to Scott v. Eastman Chem. Co., in which the plaintiff alleged a hostile environment
from 1976 to 2005, but the court found that the events described in the EEOC complaint were beyond
the statute of limitations. Scott v. Eastman Chem. Co., 275 F. App’x 466, 475 (6th Cir. 2008).
Plaintiff admits “there is no direct reference to alleged racial discrimination and hostile work
environment claims contained in the Plaintiff’s [EEOC] charge”. (Doc. 15 at 15). The EEOC charge
document is devoid of any specific ongoing behaviors, but recites: “I complained and had several
meetings with my supervisor...in regards to the behavior of my female coworker” and “I complained
to [the school’s legal department] in regards to the behavior of my coworker and the difference in
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treatment because of my gender from my supervisor after I complained.” (Doc. 14-3 at 2.) Unlike the
cases presented by Defendants, Plaintiff in this case recited in his EEOC complaint both discrete acts
of discrimination (changed work schedule, discipline actions and contract non-renewal), as well as a
numerous complaints about a coworker’s behavior. These complaints were not only to his direct
supervisor but Plaintiff also escalated these complaints to CMSD’s Legal Counsel. For these hostile
work environment claims to be considered in the scope of the charge, the plaintiff must allege facts
which would prompt the EEOC to investigate uncharged claims. Young v. Daimler Chrysler Corp.,
52 F. App’x. 637, 640 (6th Cir. 2002). The EEOC complaint provides enough detail to prompt the
EEOC to investigate the plausibility of a hostile environment claim. Accordingly, Defendant’s
Motion to Dismiss Counts One and Three for failure to exhaust administrative remedies in relation to
a hostile work environment is denied.
b. Failure to State a Claim of Hostile Work Environment
Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not asserted sufficient facts to state a claim of hostile work
environment under either Title VII or Ohio law. (Doc. 14-1 at 13.) Specifically, Defendants argue
that Plaintiff “alleges no facts connecting Defendants’ alleged harassment of Plaintiff to his race or
sex.” (Doc. 14-1 at 13.) Defendants also list the elements necessary to establish a hostile work
environment claim and provide an illustrative example of an individual who was unable to satisfy the
elements despite being physically attacked multiple times by coworkers. Plaintiff argues that the
comments and actions against him created a toxic environment sufficient to state a claim of hostile
work environment. (Doc. 15 at 17.) At this stage in the litigation the standard is that the Complaint
must state a plausible claim for relief. Plaintiff’s claims may go forward even if “actual proof of [the]
facts is improbable” or “a recovery is very remote and unlikely.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556. The
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Court finds that there are enough facts “to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal
evidence” of the necessary elements of Plaintiff’s claims. Id.
Defendants also argue an alternative basis to dismiss Counts One, Three and Six indicating
Plaintiff has failed to state a claim because he has not identified (1) any adverse employment action or
(2) a similarly situated employee who was treated more favorably. Defendants argue, unpersuasively,
that Plaintiff’s claim of being transferred to a lesser position with lesser pay need not be taken as true.
(Doc 14-1 at 15). Defendants do not claim that a lesser position with lesser pay would fail to indicate
an adverse employment action, merely that Plaintiff is required to provide evidence to support these
allegations. (Id.) The Morgan case which Defendants cite makes it clear that when reviewing a
12(b)(6) motion, “[t]he complaint must be construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, and its
well-pleaded facts must be accepted as true.” Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12
(6th Cir. 1987). Here, Plaintiff’s allegation that he was transferred to a lesser position with lesser pay
is well-pleaded and not an “unwarranted factual inference”. Id.
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, Plaintiff must show that he “was treated
differently from similarly situated members of the unprotected class.” Michael v. Caterpillar Fin.
Servs. Corp., 496 F.3d 584, 593 (6th Cir. 2007). Defendant cites Mitchell, expressing that a plaintiff
must show that he and his comparators were similarly situated in "all respects." Mitchell v. Toledo
Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir. 1992). The Sixth Circuit “explained in Mitchell that when the
plaintiff lacks direct evidence of discrimination, “the plaintiff must show that the 'comparables' are
similarly-situated in all respects,” absent other circumstantial or statistical evidence supporting an
inference of discrimination.” Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th
Cir. 1998) (citing Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577). Here, Plaintiff alleges several instances
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indicating discrimination, including his supervisor making it clear he was being treated differently.
(Am. Compl. ¶¶39,41.)
Furthermore, since the decision in Mitchell, the Sixth Circuit has repeatedly clarified its
position, stating, “[c]ourts should not define “similarly situated” in such a narrow and restricted
fashion that it makes it "virtually impossible for [a] plaintiff to make a prima facie showing."
Eichbauer v. Henry Ford Health Sys., No. 16-cv-11404, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95204, at *6 (E.D.
Mich. June 21, 2017) (citing Martin v. Toledo Cardiology Consultants, Inc., 548 F.3d 405, 412 (6th
Cir. 2008)). In this case, Plaintiff should be given the opportunity in discovery to establish a prima
facie case of discrimination and to articulate a comparable employee similar in “all of
the relevant aspects.” Ercegovich at 352.
c. Failure to State a Claim of Retaliation- Counts Two, Seven and Eight
The Parties agree that to establish a prima facie case for retaliation a plaintiff must establish:
(1) he engaged in protected activity known by the employer; (2) he suffered adverse employment
actions; and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse
employment action. Greer-Burger v. Temesi, 879 N.E.2d 174, 180 (Ohio 2007). “Protected activity”
is defined in part as asserting a claim of discrimination, such as a violation of Title VII, the ADEA,
the ADA, or R.C. 4112.02. See Metzenbaum v. John Carroll Univ., 987 F. Supp. 610, 617 (N.D.
Ohio 1997). The parties disagree as to whether Plaintiff engaged in a protected activity during the
time the Complaint covers. (Doc. 14 at 18; Doc. 15 at 20).
Prior to the EEOC Complaint, there is no indication in the record that Plaintiff asserted a
claim of discrimination. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint and his documentation related to filing
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complaints with CMSD give no indication that any of his internal complaints related to a protected
characteristic. The Sixth Circuit has held:
a vague charge of discrimination in an internal letter or memorandum is
insufficient to constitute opposition to an unlawful employment practice. An
employee may not invoke the protections of the Act by making a vague
charge of discrimination. Otherwise, every adverse employment decision by
an employer would be subject to challenge under either state or federal civil
rights legislation simply by an employee inserting a charge of discrimination.
Fox v. Eagle Distrib. Co., 510 F.3d 587, 591-92 (6th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
The first indication of a discrimination claim in the record is the EEOC complaint filed on
May 25, 2018. The right to sue letter was mailed on May 30, 2018 and received by CMSD on June 4,
2019. (Doc. 14-3.) Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint does not allege any retaliation after June 4, 2019,
which is the first time CMSD would have been aware Plaintiff was engaging in a protected activity.
Also, Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss provides no argument to the
contrary. Plaintiff’s Brief merely states, “[t]he more [Plaintiff] pushed back against the treatment he
experienced, the more hostile the environment became.” (Doc. 15 at 21.) In no way does this advance
Plaintiff’s claims of retaliation. For the above reasons, Counts Two, Seven and Eight are dismissed.
d. Claims Against Individual Defendants
Defendants next argue that Title VII does not impose liability for discrimination on
Defendants in their individual capacities. (Doc. 14 at 19.) Defendants cite to a controlling Sixth
Circuit case finding that “Congress did not intend to provide for individual employee/supervisor
liability under Title VII.” Wathen v. Gen. Elec. Co., 115 F.3d 400, 405 (6th Cir. 1997). Plaintiff does
not provide any argument backed by precedent to allow individual liability for Title VII claims,
instead arguing that under Ohio Law, in certain circumstances, individuals may be held liable.
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s remaining Title VII claims against the Individual Defendants are dismissed.
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Defendants then argue that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for discrimination under R.C.
4112 against the Individual Defendants. The overarching issue is how Ohio courts have interpreted
the definition of "employer" found in Ohio R.C. 4112.02. Specifically, whether that definition
includes individual managers or supervisors and therefore authorizes plaintiffs to bring state
discrimination lawsuits against them in their individual capacities.
The opposing parties cite the two Ohio Supreme Court cases that shed light on this issue:
Genaro v. Cent. Transport, Inc., 84 Ohio St.3d 293, 1999- Ohio 353, 703 N.E.2d 782 (1999) and
Hauser v. City of Dayton Police Dep't, 140 Ohio St. 3d 268, 2014-Ohio-3636, 17 N.E.3d 554 (2014).
In Genaro, the Ohio Supreme Court held that, for purposes of R.C. 4112, a supervisor or manager
may be held jointly and/or severally liable with an employer for discriminatory conduct. Genaro, 84
Ohio St.3d at 300. In Hauser, the Ohio Supreme Court held that R.C. 4112 does not “expressly
impose” civil liability on political subdivision employees so as to trigger the immunity exception in
R.C. 2744.03(A)(6). Hauser, 140 Ohio St.3d at 273. Thus, employees of political subdivisions,
according to the Ohio Supreme Court in Hauser, cannot be held individually liable for discrimination
because they are immune under R.C. 2744.03.
The Hauser majority distinguished Genaro by stating that Genaro “involved private-sector
supervisors and managers and it asked only whether such persons may be jointly and severally liable
with an employer for conduct ‘in violation of R.C. Chapter 4112.’” Id. The immunity provision
applies because CMSD is considered a "political subdivision" as that term is defined in R.C.
2744.01(F). Accordingly, Counts Six and Seven are dismissed as to the individual Defendants.
C. Conclusion
For these reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
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(Doc. 14) Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint. Counts Four and Five are dismissed in their entirety for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Counts Two, Seven and Eight are dismissed in their entirety for
failure to state a claim. Counts One and Three are dismissed to the extent they assert race
discrimination under Title VII. Counts One, Three and Six are dismissed as to the individual
Defendants. Defendants’ Motion to dismiss Counts One and Three with respect to Plaintiff’s claims
for hostile work environment are denied. Defendants’ Motion to dismiss Counts One, Three and Six
for failure to state a claim are denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ Christopher A. Boyko
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
United States District Judge
Dated: December 6, 2019
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