State of Arizona v. Trent Christopher Benson

IN THE

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

THE STATE OF ARIZONA,

Appellee,

v.

TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON,

Appellant.

No. CR-11-0344-AP

Filed July 31, 2013

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County

The Honorable Susan M. Brnovich, Judge

No. CR2008-130121-001

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Thomas C. Horne, Arizona Attorney General, Jeffrey A. Zick, Chief

Counsel, Criminal Appeals/Capital Litigation, Kent E. Cattani, Former

Chief Counsel, Criminal Appeals/Capital Litigation, Jeffrey A. Sparks

(argued), Assistant Attorney General, Phoenix, for State of Arizona

Thomas A. Gorman (argued), Attorney at Law, Sedona, for Trent

Christopher Benson

JUSTICE TIMMER authored the opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF

JUSTICE BERCH, VICE CHIEF JUSTICE BALES, JUSTICE PELANDER,

and JUSTICE BRUTINEL joined.

JUSTICE TIMMER, opinion of the Court:

¶1 Trent Christopher Benson was sentenced to death and prison terms

after a jury found him guilty of two counts of first degree murder and

eight other felonies. We have jurisdiction over this automatic appeal

pursuant to Article 6, Section 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. §

13-4031.1

1 We cite the current versions of statutes unless material changes

have been made since Benson committed his offenses.

STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

BACKGROUND2

¶2 Benson committed his crimes against four women at different times

over a three-year period.

Alisa

¶3 In November 2004, Benson agreed to pay Alisa to have sex, and she

got into his car. By his own account, he “snapped” while Alisa was

performing a sexual act. He beat her about her face and head, strangled

her to death with a ligature, and severely sexually assaulted her while she

was dead or unconscious. Benson then left Alisa’s partially clad body in a

Mesa alley.

Yolanda

¶4 In August 2007, Benson kidnapped and assaulted Yolanda with the

help of an unidentified man. The men abducted Yolanda by approaching

her from behind, pulling her into a nearby white car, and rendering her

unconscious by placing a chemical-soaked cloth over her mouth and nose.

When Yolanda regained consciousness, Benson was sexually assaulting

her in a room as the other man watched. The two men then left, but

Benson soon returned alone and again sexually assaulted Yolanda. After

Benson left, she escaped. Yolanda identified Benson as her attacker in a

subsequent photo lineup and at trial.

Karen

¶5 In October 2007, Benson took Karen to his house after she agreed to

engage in sex for money. After becoming enraged, he hit Karen and

strangled her with a ligature. He later told police he sexually assaulted

Karen while she was unconscious. Benson dumped her body on a Mesa

street and then ran over her body with his car.

Melissa

¶6 Benson confessed to police that he assaulted Melissa in November

2007. As Melissa walked across a lot, she was choked from behind with a

cord. She saw a white car before she fell unconscious. While Melissa was

2 We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the

jury’s verdict. State v. Garcia, 224 Ariz. 1, 7 ¶ 2 n.1, 226 P.3d 370, 376 n.1

(2010).

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

unconscious, Benson severely sexually assaulted and hit her. When

Melissa regained consciousness, she was lying on the side of the road.

Arrest and prosecution

¶7 In spring 2008, a woman told Mesa police that an Asian man in a

white car had repeatedly attempted to solicit her. She said the man

frequented a local bar, and the police began watching him. After the man,

later identified as Benson, dropped a cigarette butt, the police retrieved it

and took a DNA sample, which revealed a profile that matched profiles

developed from swabs taken from all four victims.

¶8 The Mesa police arrested Benson, who confessed to killing Alisa

and Karen and to assaulting Melissa. He denied assaulting Yolanda,

however, and explained the presence of his DNA on her body by stating

he had solicited a “Hispanic chick” around that time who must have been

Yolanda.

¶9 The State indicted Benson on two counts of first degree murder,

four counts of kidnapping, and four counts of sexual assault. A jury

found him guilty on all charges except the sexual assault count concerning

Karen, on which it returned a verdict for attempted sexual assault.

¶10 During the aggravation phase, the jury found three aggravating

circumstances for each murder. At the penalty phase, the jury determined

that Benson should be sentenced to death for each murder. Consistent

with those verdicts, the trial court imposed death sentences for the

murders and consecutive sentences totaling 135.5 years’ imprisonment on

the non-capital counts.

DISCUSSION

I. PRETRIAL ISSUES

A. Motion to sever counts 4 and 5

¶11 Benson first argues that the trial court violated his rights to due

process and a fair trial by denying his motions to sever counts 4 and 5,

concerning the kidnapping and assault of Yolanda, from the counts

related to the other victims. We review these rulings for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Hausner, 230 Ariz. 60, 74 ¶ 43, 280 P.3d 604, 618 (2012).

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

¶12 The state can join charges having “the same or similar character,”

but the defendant is entitled to sever as a matter of right, “unless evidence

of the other offense . . . would be admissible under applicable rules of

evidence if the offenses were tried separately.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 13.3(a)(1),

13.4(b). The trial court ruled that Benson was not entitled to sever the

charges because evidence relating to counts 4 and 5 and the remaining

counts would be cross-admissible under Arizona Rule of Evidence

(“Rule”) 404(c).

¶13 Rule 404(c) permits “evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts” to

be admitted at trial if it shows the defendant “had a character trait giving

rise to an aberrant sexual propensity to commit the offense charged.” A

trial court can admit other-act evidence if, among other things, its

evidentiary value is not substantially outweighed by the dangers listed in

Rule 403. Rule 404(c)(1)(C)-(D); State v. Aguilar, 209 Ariz. 40, 49 ¶ 30, 97

P.3d 865, 874 (2004). Benson argues the trial court erred by making this

finding because the attack on Yolanda was dissimilar to and remote in

time from the other crimes. See Rule 404(c)(1)(C)(i)-(ii) (listing

dissimilarity and remoteness as factors to consider).

¶14 The trial court did not abuse its discretion. Although the attack on

Yolanda differed in some ways from the attacks on the other victims (for

example, it involved a second assailant and the use of a chemical to render

her unconscious), the attacks did not have to precisely align for the

evidence to be cross-admissible. See State v. Lehr (Lehr III), 227 Ariz. 140,

147 ¶ 21, 254 P.3d 379, 386 (2011) (holding that “[a]cts need not be

perfectly similar in order for evidence of them to be admitted under Rule

404”); see also Rule 404 cmt. to 1997 amendment (“[T]he rule does not

contemplate any bright line test of . . . similarity.”). Importantly, the

attack on Yolanda bore several similarities to the attacks on the other

victims. Benson picked up all victims from the street, rendered them

unconscious, placed his mouth on their breasts, and sexually assaulted

them while they were unconscious. These similarities provided a

reasonable basis for the court to infer that Benson’s aberrant sexual

propensities in each attack were probative on the charges involving all

victims. See Rule 404 cmt. to 1997 amendment (noting Rule 404(c) permits

the court “to admit evidence of remote or dissimilar other acts providing

there is a ‘reasonable’ basis . . . to . . . permit[] an inference that defendant

had an aberrant sexual propensity that makes it more probable that he or

she committed the sexual offense charged”).

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

¶15 Nor were the offenses so remote in time that evidence of each

would not have been cross-admissible due to the danger of unfair

prejudice. The attacks on Yolanda, Karen, and Melissa occurred within a

three-month period. Although the attack on Alisa occurred two years and

nine months before the attack on Yolanda, this time interval did not

require the trial court to find that the probative value of the evidence of

each attack was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice. Cf. State v. Arner, 195 Ariz. 394, 395 ¶ 1, 988 P.2d 1120, 1121

(App. 1999) (holding trial court did not err by permitting evidence that

defendant molested another child three years before the victim); Rule 404

cmt. to 1997 amendment (remoteness factor not subject to a “bright line

test”).

¶16 Benson also argues that the joinder unfairly prejudiced him because

his admissions to the other three attacks effectively reduced the State’s

burden to secure convictions on counts 4 and 5, which were then used as

aggravating circumstances in the murder counts. As a consequence,

Benson asserts, the State’s burden to prove that the death sentences were

warranted was also reduced. We disagree. Permitting the jury to

consider admissible evidence probative of the attack on Yolanda did not

reduce the State’s burden of proof.

¶17 The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Benson’s

motions to sever counts 4 and 5.

B. Denial of motion to suppress replicate DNA

test results

¶18 The Mesa Police Sex Crimes Division took vaginal, anal, and breast

swabs from Yolanda’s body. An analyst detected sperm cells on the anal

swab but could not establish a DNA profile. DNA taken from the breast

swab, however, matched Benson’s DNA profile. When the crime lab

retested the anal swab several months later using newer technology, the

analyst was able to match the profile taken from the swab to Benson’s

profile.

¶19 Benson moved to preclude evidence of the second test as

inconsistent with the first test. He presented expert testimony that no

scientifically validated explanation justified the different results and

argued that the analysts’ explanations were inadmissible under the

Frye/Logerquist standard. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014 (D.C. Cir.

1923); see also Logerquist v. McVey, 196 Ariz. 470, 489 ¶ 56, 1 P.3d 113, 132

(2000) (retaining the Frye rule in Arizona). The court denied Benson’s

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

motion without performing a Frye/Logerquist analysis. We review the

court’s ruling for an abuse of discretion. State v. Snelling, 225 Ariz. 182,

187 ¶ 18, 236 P.3d 409, 414 (2010).

¶20 Arizona courts used the Frye/Logerquist standard to determine the

admissibility of expert opinions that relied on “the application of novel

scientific principles, formulae, or procedures developed by others.”

Logerquist, 196 Ariz. at 490 ¶ 62, 1 P.3d at 133.3 The State’s analysts,

however, did not rely on “novel scientific theories or processes” in

conducting the second analysis for the anal swabs. Their conclusions,

therefore, were not subject to Frye but were governed instead by Rules

403, 702, and 703. Id. at 477-78 ¶ 23, 1 P.3d at 120-21. Whether the

analysts offered viable explanations for the different results obtained in

each test was properly for the jury to decide. Id. at 488 ¶ 52, 1 P.3d at 131.

C. Denial of motion to produce partially

matching profiles in DPS database

¶21 Benson argues that the trial court violated his rights to due process

and a fair trial by denying his motion to require the State to produce

partially matching DNA profiles within the Department of Public Safety

(“DPS”) database. We review a trial court’s discovery ruling for an abuse

of discretion. State v. Roque, 213 Ariz. 193, 205 ¶ 21, 141 P.3d 368, 380

(2006).

¶22 Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 15.1(g) provides that the court

may order disclosure of information not otherwise addressed in the rule if

the defendant shows a “substantial need” for the information and “the

defendant is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial

equivalent by other means.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 15.1(g). To support his

motion, Benson submitted transcripts from an evidentiary hearing

addressing an identical request in an unrelated case, State v. DeLuca,

Maricopa County Superior Court No. CR-2001-005011. In DeLuca, experts

for each side agreed that the “product rule” is the accepted model used to

3 In 2010, the legislature enacted A.R.S. § 12-2203, which replaced the

Frye standard for admitting expert testimony with the Daubert standard.

2010 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 302 (2d Reg. Sess.). See generally Daubert v.

Merrell Dow Pharm. Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). Before Benson’s trial,

however, our court of appeals declared the statute unconstitutional. Lear

v. Fields, 226 Ariz. 226, 233 ¶ 22, 245 P.3d 911, 918 (App. 2011). After

Benson’s trial, this Court amended Rule 702 to correspond to Federal Rule

of Evidence 702.

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

compute the probability and frequency of random DNA matches among a

general population. See State v. Davolt, 207 Ariz. 191, 209-10 ¶ 68, 84 P.3d

456, 474-75 (2004) (recognizing the validity of the product rule); cf. State v.

Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 582-83, 858 P.2d 1152, 1185-86 (1993) (providing an

example of product rule calculation). Defense expert Dr. Laurence

Mueller testified he needed the partial-match information from the DPS

offender database to test whether the product rule accurately predicts the

number of matches. The State’s expert, Dr. Ranajit Chakraborty,

countered that it would be inappropriate to use information from the DPS

offender database to challenge the accuracy of the product rule because

the database profiles are not sufficiently random.

¶23 Benson first argues that the trial court erred by hinging its ruling on

whether his discovery request was “overly burdensome” rather than

focusing on whether the requested information was relevant and

exculpatory. But the court did not focus solely on whether Benson’s

request would unduly burden DPS. Rather, the court denied the motion

for several reasons, including the unsuitability of the database for Dr.

Mueller’s tests, the novelty of his model, and the availability of other

information to inform his tests.

¶24 Benson next argues that the information was exculpatory, and the

State therefore was required to disclose it under Brady v. Maryland, 373

U.S. 83 (1963). “Under Brady, the State violates a defendant’s right to due

process if it withholds evidence that is favorable to the defense and

material to the defendant’s guilt or punishment.” Smith v. Cain, 132 S. Ct.

627, 630 (2012). Evidence is “material” for purposes of Brady “when there

is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result

of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. (citation omitted).

¶25 Benson has failed to demonstrate that the requested discovery is

exculpatory or material. Dr. Mueller was uncertain whether the results of

his research would verify the validity of the product rule or dispute it. Cf.

State v. Youngblood, 173 Ariz. 502, 506, 844 P.2d 1152, 1156 (1993) (finding

no Brady violation when “one could only say that the unpreserved

evidence could have been subjected to tests, the results of which might

have been exculpatory or inculpatory”). And Dr. Chakraborty testified it

would be inappropriate to challenge the validity of the product rule with

the DPS database because it contains an unknown number and type of

relatives, an unknown number of duplicate profiles, and no identifying

information about the offender’s ethnicity and race. Finally, even if Dr.

Mueller successfully challenged the “astronomical” probability of random

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

matches produced by applying the product rule, Benson acknowledged to

the court that the probability of a random match would remain extremely

remote, making a different trial result improbable. The State did not

violate Brady.

D. Use of restraints

¶26 Benson argues that the trial court violated his rights to due process

and to be free from cruel and unusual punishment by overruling his

objection to being restrained with a stun belt and leg brace during trial.

We review a trial court’s decision to permit restraint of a defendant during

trial for an abuse of discretion. Davolt, 207 Ariz. at 211 ¶¶ 84-85, 84 P.3d at

476.

¶27 Before trial, a court security supervisor from the Maricopa County

Sheriff’s Office testified he had created a security risk assessment for

Benson and, based on the violent nature of the charges, classified him a

“close-custody inmate,” which warranted the highest level of security in

the jail. Consequently, the supervisor recommended that a stun belt and

leg brace be placed under Benson’s clothing and that two uniformed

deputies stay in the courtroom. The trial court overruled Benson’s

objection to the security measures, reasoning that “[Benson’s] admission

of violent behavior and current charges raise a concern for safety . . . and

escape.” The court inspected both devices and found that “the use of the

stun belt and leg restraint is reasonable, necessary and not visible to the

jurors.”

¶28 Benson argues that restraints were unnecessary because the

evidence did not show he presented a security risk. He points to a lack of

complaints about his behavior while in pre-trial custody and contends the

court incorrectly acquiesced to jail policy rather than considering the

circumstances unique to his case.

¶29 Although a defendant generally has the right to be free from

restraints in the courtroom, the court may order their use if, in the court’s

discretion, the restraints are needed for courtroom security and safety.

State v. Cruz, 218 Ariz. 149, 168 ¶¶ 118-19, 181 P.3d 196, 215 (2008). But the

court “must have grounds for ordering restraints and should not simply

defer to the prosecutor’s request, a sheriff’s department’s policy, or

security personnel’s preference for the use of restraints.” Id. ¶ 119; cf. Deck

v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 633 (2005) (holding a state may use visible

restraints in the guilt or penalty phases only if a special need for them

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

exists). The type of restraints used should be proportionate to the security

risk presented. Cruz, 218 Ariz. at 168 ¶ 119, 181 P.3d at 215.

¶30 Contrary to Benson’s assertion, the trial court based its ruling on

case-specific concerns rather than jail policy. The court relied on the

security supervisor’s individualized security risk assessment of Benson,

the potential for imposition of the death penalty, the layout of the

particular courtroom and building, and Benson’s admissions to police that

he had strangled the victims with his hands after losing his temper. The

record supports those findings, and the court acted within its discretion

by permitting the use of non-visible restraints to ensure Benson would not

endanger others or try to escape.

¶31 Benson also urges us to follow Gonzalez v. Pliler, 341 F.3d 897, 901

(9th Cir. 2003), which held that a court must pursue less restrictive

alternatives before permitting use of a concealed stun belt during trial.

We have rejected this approach, ruling instead that “settled Arizona law . .

. leaves determinations regarding courtroom security to the trial judge’s

discretion.” Cruz, 218 Ariz. at 168 ¶¶ 120-21, 181 P.3d at 215. A court

should conduct a hearing regarding the necessity of using a stun belt and

should not permit its use if disproportionate to the risk presented; but the

court is not required to first pursue less restrictive alternatives. Id. ¶¶ 119,

122.

¶32 Finally, Benson contends that he was denied a fair trial by use of

the restraints. He relies on cases holding that visible restraints may be

used before a jury only as a “last resort” due to their prejudicial effect. See

Deck, 544 U.S. at 635 (stating visible shackles warranted only in the

“exceptional case”); Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 344 (1970) (“[N]o person

should be tried while shackled and gagged except as a last resort.”).

Those cases are distinguishable, however, because the record reflects that

the stun belt and leg brace were not visible to the jury. The trial court

acted within its discretion by permitting use of the restraints.

II. AGGRAVATION PHASE ISSUES

A. Gratuitous violence jury instruction

¶33 Benson argues that the trial court deprived him of his rights to due

process and a fair trial and his right to be free from cruel and unusual

punishment by instructing the jury that he engaged in gratuitous violence

sufficient to demonstrate the “especially heinous or depraved”

aggravating circumstance if he continued to inflict violence on a victim

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Opinion of the Court

“after [he] knew or should have known that the victim was dead.”

Because Benson failed to raise this issue to the trial court, we review only

for fundamental error. State v. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, 567 ¶ 19, 115 P.3d

601, 607 (2005).

¶34 Benson argues that the trial court erred by using the “should-have-

known” language in the jury instruction because it effectively lessened the

State’s burden to prove that Benson actually knew his victims were dead

when he continued to inflict violence upon them. But this Court has

repeatedly held that the state proves gratuitous violence by showing that

(1) the defendant inflicted “violence beyond that necessary to kill,” and (2)

“the defendant continued to inflict violence after he knew or should have

known that a fatal action had occurred.” State v. Bocharski (Bocharski II), 218

Ariz. 476, 494 ¶¶ 85, 87, 189 P.3d 403, 421 (2008) (emphasis modified from

original); see also State v. Wallace (Wallace IV), 229 Ariz. 155, 158 ¶ 10, 272

P.3d 1046, 1049 (2012) (to same effect). Benson acknowledges these

holdings but argues that this Court has not applied the objective standard

in practice. We rejected this argument in Wallace IV, and do so again here.

229 Ariz. at 158 ¶ 10 n.5, 272 P.3d at 1049 n.5.

¶35 Benson briefly argues that use of the should-have-known standard

fails to further the goal of adducing the defendant’s mental state, which is

the focus of the heinous or depraved aggravator. See id. at 158 ¶ 9, 272

P.3d at 1049. We have previously held, however, that “[a] showing that a

defendant continued to inflict violence after he knew or should have

known that a fatal action had occurred provides essential evidence of the

defendant’s intent to inflict gratuitous violence.” Bocharski II, 218 Ariz. at

494 ¶ 87, 189 P.3d at 421. Benson offers no reason to revisit this holding.

¶36 Benson next contends that use of the should-have-known standard

fails to genuinely narrow the class of persons eligible for the death

penalty, as constitutionally required for capital sentencing schemes. See

Arave v. Creech, 507 U.S. 463, 474 (1993). We have held that a trial court

sufficiently narrows application of the “heinous or depraved” part of the

(F)(6) aggravator by instructing the jury to consider five factors, including

gratuitous violence, as set forth in State v. Gretzler (Gretzler III), 135 Ariz.

42, 51-52, 659 P.2d 1, 10-11 (1983). See also State v. Barreras, 181 Ariz. 516,

522, 892 P.2d 852, 858 (1995). Benson does not explain how the should-

have-known standard conflicts with that holding or unconstitutionally

enlarges the class of death-eligible defendants. Under this standard, a

finding of gratuitous violence applies only to murders in which a

defendant continues to commit violence after the death or impending

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Opinion of the Court

death of the victim is apparent; it will not apply in every murder. Cf.

Arave, 507 U.S. at 474 (“If the sentencer fairly could conclude that an

aggravating circumstance applies to every defendant eligible for the death

penalty, the circumstance is constitutionally infirm.” (emphasis omitted)).

¶37 The trial court did not err in instructing the jury on gratuitous

violence.

B. “Especially cruel” jury instruction

¶38 Benson next argues that the trial court’s jury instruction on the

“especially cruel” aggravator was unconstitutionally vague, both facially

and as applied, because it failed to provide a means for determining

whether the cruelty inflicted on the victims was “especially cruel” or

merely the sort that accompanies all strangulations. We review jury

instructions de novo. State v. Tucker (Tucker II), 215 Ariz. 298, 310 ¶ 27, 160

P.3d 177, 189 (2007).

¶39 This Court has held that the especially cruel aggravator — while

facially vague — may be remedied with an instruction requiring the jury

to find “the victim was conscious during the mental anguish or physical

pain and also . . . the defendant knew or should have known that the

victim would suffer.” Id. at 310 ¶ 28, 310-11 ¶ 31, 160 P.3d at 189-90. The

court gave that instruction here, and further narrowing was not required.

C. Prosecutor’s closing argument

¶40 Benson argues that the trial court violated his rights to a fair trial,

due process, and to be free from cruel and unusual punishment by

overruling objections to the prosecutor’s misrepresentation of the

“especially cruel” prong of the § 13-751(F)(6) aggravating circumstance

during closing argument. We will reverse a conviction for prosecutorial

misconduct only if (1) the prosecutor committed misconduct and (2) a

reasonable likelihood exists that the prosecutor’s misconduct could have

affected the verdict. State v. Prince (Prince II), 226 Ariz. 516, 537 ¶ 84, 250

P.3d 1145, 1166 (2011).

¶41 The “especially cruel” prong of the (F)(6) aggravator focuses on the

victim’s mental state. Tucker II, 215 Ariz. at 321 ¶ 100, 160 P.3d at 200. A

murder is “especially cruel” if the victim suffered physical pain or mental

anguish while conscious during any portion of the attack and the

defendant knew or should have known of the suffering. State v. McCray,

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218 Ariz. 252, 259 ¶ 31, 183 P.3d 503, 510 (2008). The trial court instructed

the jury in accordance with these principles.

¶42 After Benson’s counsel argued in closing that the victims must have

suffered for “a relatively short period of time” for the jury to find especial

cruelty, the prosecutor argued in rebuttal that the State was “not required

to prove to you any length of time other than there was a period when she

suffered physically and/or emotionally,” that “[n]o time limit” existed,

and “all you need to find” is that the women suffered. Benson contends

the prosecutor misstated the law because a finding of especial cruelty

requires evidence that the victim suffered physical or mental pain for

some length of time.

¶43 This Court has held that “[t]he length of time during which a victim

contemplates her fate affects whether the victim’s mental anguish is

sufficient to bring a murder within that group of murders that is

especially cruel.” State v. Prince (Prince I), 206 Ariz. 24, 26-27 ¶ 8, 75 P.3d

114, 116-17 (2003). No particular period of time must pass to sustain a

finding of cruelty. See State v. Soto-Fong, 187 Ariz. 186, 204, 928 P.2d 610,

628 (1996). But “where shots, stabbings, or blows are inflicted in quick

succession, one of them leading rapidly to unconsciousness, a finding of

cruelty, without any additional supporting evidence, is not appropriate.”

Id. (emphasis omitted).

¶44 The prosecutor in this case did not misstate the law. He accurately

stated that although the State had to prove that the victims suffered, it was

not required to prove they suffered for any set length of time. Although

the prosecutor’s statement that the jury needed to find only that the victim

suffered mental or physical pain, in isolation, could suggest that a murder

can be especially cruel even if the victim is rendered unconscious quickly,

the statement’s context clarifies that the prosecutor was referring only to

the lack of a particular temporal requirement. Indeed, after making this

statement, the prosecutor accurately read the court’s instruction defining

cruelty. Taking his statement in context, the prosecutor communicated

the correct standard: there is no bright-line rule about the length of time

required to establish a victim’s suffering. See id.; cf. State v. Cropper

(Cropper II), 223 Ariz. 522, 526 ¶ 12, 527 ¶ 14, 225 P.3d 579, 583-84 (2010)

(holding there was no misconduct when prosecutor argued that period of

time required for suffering was a “subjective” standard “defined by ‘what

that means to [the jury]’”). Because the prosecutor did not misstate the

law in his closing argument, the trial court did not err by overruling

Benson’s objection.

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D. Sufficiency of evidence to support (F)(6)

aggravator

¶45 In special verdicts, the jury found that each murder was both

especially cruel and committed in an especially heinous or depraved

manner, thereby establishing the (F)(6) aggravating circumstance. Benson

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support these findings. To

decide whether the State met its burden of proving the (F)(6) aggravator

beyond a reasonable doubt, we must determine whether substantial

evidence supports either that Benson committed each murder in an

especially cruel or an especially heinous or depraved manner, viewing the

facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury’s verdict. State v.

Gunches, 225 Ariz. 22, 25 ¶¶ 14-15, 234 P.3d 590, 593 (2010).

i. Alisa

¶46 Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that Benson

murdered Alisa in an especially cruel manner. Dr. Alan Zhang, a

pathologist who performed an autopsy on Alisa’s body, identified three

marks on her neck, which indicated that the ligature had to be adjusted

during the strangulation, thereby increasing the time it took to strangle

her. According to Dr. Zhang, that adjustment, together with an abrasion

on Alisa’s chin and other injuries, suggested Alisa had struggled during

the strangulation and experienced pain and emotional trauma. Compare

State v. Stokley, 182 Ariz. 505, 517, 898 P.2d 454, 466 (1995) (holding

“repetitive gripping” of ligature and other indications of a struggle

evidenced especial cruelty), with Snelling, 225 Ariz. at 189 ¶¶ 31-32, 236

P.3d at 416 (finding no mental anguish when no evidence of a struggle,

and “only a single ligature mark”), and State v. Jimenez, 165 Ariz. 444, 454,

799 P.2d 785, 795 (1990) (finding no especial cruelty when victim strangled

“quickly and by surprise and she rapidly lost consciousness”).

¶47 In light of Dr. Zhang’s testimony, the jury could have reasonably

found that Alisa was conscious long enough to fight back, experience

pain, and suffer mental anguish about her fate. See State v. Morris, 215

Ariz. 324, 341 ¶ 79, 160 P.3d 203, 220 (2007) (upholding especial cruelty

when state offered evidence that victims suffered and struggled during

strangulation); State v. Sansing, 206 Ariz. 232, 236 ¶ 10, 77 P.3d 30, 34

(2003) (“[D]efensive wounds, . . . pleas for help, and [the victim’s]

attempts to resist” establish “mental anguish as she contemplated her

ultimate fate.”). Because Benson witnessed the injuries and Alisa’s

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

conscious struggles, he knew or should have known that she suffered

physical pain and mental anguish.

¶48 Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that Benson

murdered Alisa in an especially cruel manner. Given this conclusion, we

need not decide whether the evidence also suffices to support the jury’s

finding that Benson killed Alisa in an especially heinous or depraved

manner.

ii. Karen

¶49 Sufficient evidence supports a finding that Benson murdered Karen

in an especially heinous or depraved manner by inflicting gratuitous

violence. As previously explained, gratuitous violence can be found if the

defendant “use[d] violence beyond that necessary to kill,” and “continued

to inflict violence after he knew or should have known that a fatal action

had occurred.” Bocharski II, 218 Ariz. at 494 ¶¶ 85, 87, 189 P.3d at 421

(emphasis omitted). Benson does not dispute that he committed more

violence than necessary to kill Karen. Rather, he argues that insufficient

evidence exists that he knew or should have known that Karen was dead

when he inflicted that violence. But the State only had to demonstrate

that Benson knew or should have known that a fatal action had occurred

when he continued to inflict violence – not that Karen had died. See

Wallace IV, 229 Ariz. at 160 ¶ 21, 272 P.3d at 1051 (“[T]he inquiry is not

whether the victim was dead before further injury was inflicted, but rather

whether more injury was inflicted than necessary to kill.”).

¶50 Ample evidence supports the jury’s finding that Benson inflicted

gratuitous violence on Karen after he knew or should have known he had

inflicted fatal action. According to Benson, after realizing that Karen was

dead because her “body was getting cold,” he dragged her to the backseat

of his car, drove somewhere, stopped, pushed her out of the car, and then

ran over her. He later admitted to police that he might have run over

Karen but “didn’t think anything else would hurt her.”

¶51 Because the (F)(6) aggravator is supported by a finding that Benson

inflicted gratuitous violence on Karen, thereby murdering her in an

especially heinous or depraved manner, we need not decide whether the

evidence sufficiently supports the jury’s finding that the murder was

especially cruel.

III. PENALTY PHASE ISSUES

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

A. Parole eligibility

¶52 Benson argues that the trial court violated his rights to due process

and to be free from cruel and unusual punishment by refusing to accept

his pre-trial waiver of parole eligibility and to later instruct the jury that

he would not be paroled if given a life sentence. We review the trial

court’s refusal to inform the jury of Benson’s willingness to waive parole

eligibility for an abuse of discretion. State v. Dann (Dann II), 220 Ariz. 351,

372-73 ¶ 122, 207 P.3d 604, 625-26 (2009).

¶53 At the time of Benson’s trial, A.R.S. § 13-751(A) (2011) provided

that a defendant convicted of first degree murder shall be sentenced to

death, natural life, or life without possibility for release until the

completion of twenty-five years’ imprisonment if the victim was fifteen or

more years of age.4 Benson moved to waive his right to a parole-eligible

sentence and asked the court to instruct the jury that he would be

ineligible for parole if given a life sentence. The court denied the motion

and instructed the jury that if it did not impose the death penalty, “the

Judge will sentence [Benson] to either life imprisonment without the

possibility of release from prison or life imprisonment with the possibility

of release from prison after 25 years.”

¶54 Benson contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion

because § 13-751(A) creates a “right” to parole eligibility, which he can

waive as long as his waiver is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. We

have previously rejected this argument in Dann II, 220 Ariz. at 372-73 ¶¶

122-24, 207 P.3d at 625-26, and do so again here. Section 13-751(A) does

not confer a “right” to parole eligibility on defendants. Indeed, the

statute’s plain language leaves the eligibility decision squarely within the

trial court’s discretion. Although the legislature could have authorized a

defendant to waive parole eligibility, it did not do so.

¶55 Benson also argues that the trial court deprived him of his rights to

“individualized consideration” and to present mitigating evidence that he

did not pose a future danger if confined for life in prison. He contends

that the court’s instruction on parole eligibility invited the jury to

speculate whether he would be released eventually if given a life sentence,

thereby undermining mitigation evidence that he posed no threat while

confined.

4 In 2012, the legislature amended § 13-751 to eliminate a capital

defendant’s eligibility for a sentence of life imprisonment with the

possibility of release. 2012 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 207, § 2 (2d Reg. Sess.).

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

¶56 Benson mistakenly relies on Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154

(1994), which held that “where the defendant’s future dangerousness is at

issue, and state law prohibits the defendant’s release on parole, due

process requires that the sentencing jury be informed that the defendant is

parole ineligible.” 512 U.S. at 156. As explained, Arizona law does not

make Benson ineligible for parole. A.R.S. § 13-751(A). Consequently, the

trial court did not err by refusing to instruct the jury in accordance with

Simmons. See State v. Hardy, 230 Ariz. 281, 293 ¶ 58, 283 P.3d 12, 24 (2012),

cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 935 (2013) (“Simmons instructions are not required

when ‘[n]o state law . . . prohibit[s the defendant’s] release on parole.’”

(alterations in original)); Cruz, 218 Ariz. at 160 ¶ 42, 181 P.3d at 207

(holding defendant not entitled to Simmons instruction because “[n]o state

law would have prohibited Cruz’s release on parole after serving twenty-

five years, had he been given a life sentence.”); see also State v. Hargrave,

225 Ariz. 1, 14-15 ¶ 53, 234 P.3d 569, 582-83 (2010) (noting a Simmons

instruction is not required even when a defendant is not likely to be

released if given a life sentence).

¶57 The trial court correctly instructed the jury on the three potential

sentences provided by A.R.S. § 13-751(A).

B. Evidence of potential for release

¶58 In a related argument, Benson contends that the trial court violated

his rights to due process and to be free from cruel and unusual

punishment by denying his motion to admit evidence of his potential for

release if given a life sentence. Specifically, he argues that the court

should have admitted evidence that (1) no mechanism exists for an inmate

sentenced to life to apply for parole, (2) Benson’s release would be

unlikely in light of the number of inmates actually paroled after serving

twenty-five years of a life sentence, and (3) a presumption exists that

Benson’s sentences would run consecutively under A.R.S. § 13-711(A),

which would ensure he would never be released. He asserts that this

evidence constituted relevant mitigation because it militated against any

concern jurors might have had that he would pose a future threat to

society outside prison. We review an evidentiary ruling for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Chappell, 225 Ariz. 229, 238 ¶ 28, 236 P.3d 1176, 1185

(2010).

¶59 The trial court acted within its discretion in denying Benson’s

motion based on the inadmissibility of the proposed evidence concerning

the mechanism for obtaining parole and past parole decisions. Cf. Lockett

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 n.12 (1978) (“Nothing in this opinion limits the

traditional authority of a court to exclude, as irrelevant, evidence not

bearing on the defendant’s character, prior record, or the circumstances of

his offense.”). Essentially, Benson sought to introduce evidence of the

current mechanism for obtaining parole and past actions by the Board of

Executive Clemency as a means of predicting what might happen with

him in twenty-five years. This Court rejected a similar attempt in Cruz,

holding that “testimony on what the Board [of Executive Clemency] might

do in a hypothetical future case would have been too speculative to assist

the jury.” 218 Ariz. at 160 ¶ 45, 181 P.3d at 207.

¶60 The court also properly refused to admit evidence that it would

presumptively impose consecutive sentences pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-

711(A). That statute provides that sentences will run consecutively unless

otherwise specified by the court. We recently stated that § 13-711(A)

“creates no presumption in favor of consecutive sentences.” State v. Cota,

229 Ariz. 136, 151 ¶ 78, 272 P.3d 1027, 1042 (2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct.

107 (2012).

¶61 The trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to admit

evidence of Benson’s potential for release if given a life sentence.

C. Victim impact statements

¶62 Benson contends that the trial court violated his rights to due

process and to be free from cruel and unusual punishment by denying his

motion to limit or exclude victim impact evidence and permitting the jury

to consider emotional victim impact statements from Karen’s mother and

daughter. We review a trial court’s admission of victim impact evidence

for an abuse of discretion. State v. Garza, 216 Ariz. 56, 69 ¶ 60, 163 P.3d

1006, 1019 (2007).

¶63 Benson first argues that A.R.S. § 13-752(R) and Arizona Rule of

Criminal Procedure 19.1(d)(3), which permit victims to describe the

murder victim and inform the jury of the impact of a murder, violate the

Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments by “infusing irrelevant emotional

sympathies.” We have previously rejected this argument, and Benson

offers nothing new to prompt reconsideration. See State v. Rose, 231 Ariz.

500, 510 ¶ 42, 297 P.3d 906, 916 (2013).

¶64 Benson also argues that the victims’ statements were “emotionally

charged,” unduly prejudicial, and might have influenced the sentence.

Victim impact evidence “is generally admissible at sentencing unless it is

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

‘so unduly prejudicial that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair.’”

Rose, 231 Ariz. at 510 ¶ 45, 297 P.3d at 916 (quoting Dann II, 220 Ariz. at

369 ¶ 98, 207 P.3d at 622). The statements here, although emotional, were

not unduly prejudicial. Karen’s mother described her daughter’s life and

her grief, specifically her feelings upon receiving a letter from Karen two

days after the murder. Karen’s daughter described her relationship with

Karen and expressed her deep grief. Neither victim recommended a

particular sentence, and the trial court instructed the jury that the victim

statements could not be considered as an aggravating circumstance. The

court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the victim impact

evidence.

IV. ABUSE OF DISCRETION REVIEW

¶65 Because Benson committed the murders after August 1, 2002, we

review the jury’s imposition of the death sentences for an abuse of

discretion. A.R.S. § 13-756(A). The jury did not abuse its discretion if

reasonable evidence supports the finding of aggravating circumstances

and imposition of the death penalty. Cota, 229 Ariz. at 154 ¶ 90, 272 P.3d

at 1044. Evidence is sufficient to support the finding of an aggravating

circumstance if reasonable persons could conclude it establishes the

circumstance beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Gallardo, 225 Ariz.

560, 565 ¶ 15, 242 P.3d 159, 164 (2010). We must uphold a jury’s decision

that death is appropriate if any “reasonable juror could conclude that the

mitigation presented was not sufficiently substantial to call for leniency.”

Id. at 570 ¶ 52, 242 P.3d at 169.

A. Proper standard of review and

constitutionality of A.R.S. § 13-756(A)

¶66 Benson argues that the above-articulated abuse-of-discretion

standard is “more deferential” and yields a different result than the abuse-

of-discretion standard outlined in a footnote in State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz.

281, 297 n.18, 660 P.2d 1208, 1224 n.18 (1983). We rejected this argument

in Cota, 229 Ariz. at 153 ¶ 91, 272 P.3d at 1044 (“[T]he standard . . . is now

mandated by § 13–756(A), which was enacted after Chapple.”).

¶67 Benson also contends that the abuse-of-discretion standard under §

13-756(A) violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments because it fails

to provide for “meaningful independent review” as required by Gregg v.

Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976). We have repeatedly rejected this argument.

See Rose, 231 Ariz. at 515 ¶ 71, 297 P.3d at 921; Hausner, 230 Ariz. at 80 ¶

84, 280 P.3d at 624; Cota, 229 Ariz. at 153 ¶ 92, 272 P.3d at 1044.

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

B. Aggravating Circumstances

¶68 The jury unanimously found the following three aggravating

circumstances for each murder beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Benson

previously was convicted of another offense “for which under Arizona

law a sentence of life imprisonment or death was imposable,” A.R.S. § 13-

751(F)(1); (2) he previously was convicted of another serious offense, § 13-

751(F)(2); and (3) he committed the murders in an “especially heinous,

cruel or depraved manner,” § 13-751(F)(6).

¶69 Benson does not contest the jury’s finding that the (F)(1) aggravator

applies, and it is sufficiently supported by the evidence. The (F)(1)

aggravator was established for Karen’s murder through Benson’s

conviction for Alisa’s murder, and vice versa. Lehr III, 227 Ariz. at 155 ¶

76, 254 P.3d at 394; see also Tucker II, 215 Ariz. at 320 ¶ 98, 160 P.3d at 199

(“As long as the prior conviction is entered before the sentencing hearing,

the conviction may support the (F)(1) aggravator even if it is committed

before, contemporaneous with, or after the capital homicide.”).

¶70 Nor does Benson contest the jury’s finding that the (F)(2)

aggravator applies, and it is supported by the evidence. Benson’s

convictions for kidnapping and sexual assault of Alisa, Yolanda, and

Melissa, and the kidnapping and attempted sexual assault of Karen

established this aggravating circumstance.

¶71 Finally, as previously explained, see supra ¶¶ 46-50, the (F)(6)

aggravator is sufficiently supported by the evidence with respect to each

murder.

C. Propriety of death sentences

¶72 Benson proffered one statutory mitigating circumstance: A.R.S. §

13-751(G)(1), which requires the jury to consider whether “[t]he

defendant’s capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to

conform his conduct to the requirements of law was significantly

impaired, but not so impaired as to constitute a defense to prosecution.”

He also offered several non-statutory mitigating factors relating to his

difficult early childhood, lack of a criminal record, and good relationships

with family, friends, and the community.

¶73 Benson’s mitigation evidence primarily concerns his difficult early

childhood in South Korea, where he was found wandering on the streets

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STATE v. TRENT CHRISTOPHER BENSON

Opinion of the Court

before being placed in an orphanage, and evidence of post-traumatic

stress disorder. A reasonable juror, however, could have given little

mitigating weight to such evidence, particularly as Benson did not show

how his disorder related to his mental state when he committed the

murders, and his own experts conceded he knew right from wrong. Cf.

State v. Boggs, 218 Ariz. 325, 344 ¶¶ 94-95, 185 P.3d 111, 130 (2008)

(affording, in context of independent review, little mitigating weight to

mental illness as a mitigating factor when “no expert testified that

[defendant] did not know right from wrong, and none could establish his

mental state at the time of the crime”).

¶74 The jury did not abuse its discretion in imposing the death penalty

for each murder.

D. Other Constitutional Claims

¶75 Benson lists twenty-seven other constitutional claims that he

acknowledges this Court has previously rejected but he seeks to preserve

for federal review. We decline to revisit these claims.

CONCLUSION

¶76 We affirm Benson’s convictions and sentences.

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