The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
________________________________________
KAREN MACE,
Plaintiff,
v. No. 5:22-cv-1153
(TJM/ATB)
CROUSE HEALTH HOSPITAL, INC.,
Defendants.
_________________________________________
THOMAS J. McAVOY,
Senior United States District Judge
DECISION & ORDER
Before the Court is Defendant Crouse Health Hospital, Inc.’s motion to dismiss
Plaintiff’s Complaint. See dkt. # 8. The parties have briefed the issues, and the Court will
decide the matter without oral argument.
I. Background
Plaintiff Karen Mace alleges that Defendant Crouse Health Hospital, Inc. (“Crouse”),
discriminated against her on the basis of her religion when Defendant fired her for refusing
to vaccinate against COVID-19. Plaintiff’s religious beliefs prevent her from becoming
vaccinated. Plaintiff brings claims pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., and the New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”), N.Y.
Exec. Law § 290 et seq.
At the times relevant to this action, Plaintiff was a Crouse employee. Complaint
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(“Complt’), dkt. # 1, at 2. Crouse, Plaintiffs employer, had more than 500 employees at
the relevant time. Id. at 93. Plaintiff was hired by Crouse Hospital on July 21, 2008. Id. at
4/12. She worked as a Certified Surgical Technician, “a health care professional who
provides surgeons and patients with support before, during, and after surgery.” Id. at J 13.
Plaintiff's duties in the operating room included preparing the room for surgery by sterilizing
and setting up instruments, “disinfecting surgical sites and preparing patients for surgery,”
giving surgeons instruments during procedures, “dressing surgical incisions,” and making
sure the surgical environment was “sterile.” Id. at 14. Plaintiff was qualified for the job
and performed in a satisfactory way. Id. at J 15.
Plaintiff alleges that on August 12, 2021, Crouse announced that all employees must
be vaccinated by September 13, 2021 or face weekly COVID-19 tests. Id. 716. The
tests would be done “on a rotating basis” and performed using a “saliva swab test.” Id.
Employees could work will awaiting results. Id. at 717. The policy also mandated that
employees with medical or religious exemptions undergo weekly testing as would other
unvaccinated employees. Id. at J 18.
Crouse emailed employees on August 25, 2021 that “the New York State
Department of Health (DOH) is now mandating that ALL healthcare workers . .. must be
fully vaccinated, with first dose received by September 27.” Id. at 719. The notice
informed employees that medical and religious exemptions to the policy would exist. Id.
Crouse urged employees who felt they were entitled to such exemptions to submit “the
appropriate form” as quickly as possible. Id. Plaintiff submitted a request for a religious
exemption. Id. at J 20. That request used “the prescribed forms and follow[ed] the
prescribed procedures.” Id. Plaintiff explained that her religious beliefs did not permit her to
receive the vaccine. ld. at J{] 21-23.
Crouse emailed employees on August 27, 2021 that the New York State Department
of Health had “issued an update’ to its Covid-19 vaccination rule.” Id. at | 24. That update
removed the religious exemption from the original vaccine mandate but maintained the
medical exemption. Id. The email referred to an emergency regulation issued by the
Department of Health on August 26, 2021. Id. That mandate required that employees be
fully vaccinated and have had their first dose by September 27, 2021. Id. at J 25. A court
in the Northern District of New York temporarily stayed the mandate on September 14.
2021. Id. at J] 26. The court issued a preliminary injunction on October 12, 2021. Id.
Plaintiff received notice on September 23, 2021 from Crouse’s director of Human
Resources, John Bergemann, that her religious exemption had been “conditionally
approved.” Id. at | 27. Bergemann’s correspondence explained that the approval came
under a temporary order from the District Court. Id. at | 28. Bergemann further explained
that the order had been appealed by the State of New York. Id. The letter warned that
“[djepending on the outcome of the court proceedings, religious exemptions may not be
allowed under the State Public Health Law emergency regulations[.]” Id. If such exemptions
are no longer allowed, Bergemann warned, Plaintiff's “exemption may be revoked at a
future time.” Id. As such, Plaintiff's “approval is temporary until the final decision is
rendered in the court proceedings. Crouse must follow whatever guidelines are established
at that time.” Id.
Crouse did not alter Plaintiff's regular job duties in any way when approving her
religious exemption. Id. at | 29. The approval required that Plaintiff “undergo weekly
COVID-19 testing[.]” Id. at | 30. Plaintiff complied with that requirement, and tested
negative every time. Id. Crouse did not question the sincerity of her religious objections to
the vaccine, nor did Crouse claim that the exemption provided Plaintiff would cause
Defendant any undue hardship. Id. at 32-33. Defendant did not assert that the cost of
providing weekly COVID-19 testing would be more than a “‘de minimus” expense of the
hospital. Id. at | 34. Crouse did not assert that Plaintiff's unvaccinated status “would pose
any danger to the health and safety of patients or staff.” Id. at | 35. Defendant had
implemented measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 on March 20, 2020, including
temperature checks for those entering the facility, masking, and “social distancing where
feasible.” Id. at | 36. _ Plaintiff alleges that “[t]hese precautions were deemed adequate to
mitigate the risk of spreading or catching COVID-19.” Id. Plaintiff observed these
“precautions” “[a]t all times.” Id. at J 37.
The Second Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the preliminary injunction preventing
enforcement of the vaccine mandate for workers like Plaintiff on November 4, 2021, and
Clarified that ruling on November 12, 2021. Id. at | 38. On November 16, 2021, John
Bergemann emailed Crouse employees who had religious exemptions to inform them that
on November 15, 2021, the New York State Department of Health had issued notice that
“the COVID vaccine mandate implementation date is Monday, November 22,” and that
religious exemptions previously granted had been “eliminate[d][.]” Id. at 39. Such
exemptions, Bergemann stated, “will no longer be allowed per NYS DOH beginning
Monday, November 22.” Id. Thus, Bergemann explained, “[a]s a result of this DOH
mandate, you must receive your first COVID vaccination by Monday, November 22 or you
will be deemed a voluntary resignation from your position.” Id.
Plaintiff alleges that the only reason that Crouse revoked her religious exemption to
the vaccine mandate was that “it ‘will no longer be allowed’ by the New York State
Department of Health.” Id. at | 40. Crouse did not dispute Plaintiff's good-faith religious
objection to the COVID-19 vaccine, and did not assert that allowing her to be exempt from
the vaccine requirement would cause Crouse an undue hardship. Id. at 41. Plaintiff also
alleges that Crouse did not state “that continuing the exemption would pose any danger to
the health or safety of patients and staff.” Id. Plaintiff further contends that Defendant did
not allege any undue hardship or patient danger from Plaintiff's unvaccinated status before
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), instead explaining that Plaintiff
“was not entitled to religious exemption under the Emergency Regulations [DOH Mandate]
and she therefore was separated. Responsibility for this decision rests with New York
State, not with the Hospital.” Id. at J 42.
Defendant terminated Plaintiff's employment on November 22, 2021. Id. at J 43.
Plaintiff had “continued to abide by her good faith religious objections to the COVID-19
vaccination policy.” Id. Defendant alleges that her termination came from “not meeting the
state mandate of receiving a COVID-19 vaccine.” Id. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s
“understanding and implementation of the DOH Mandate was legally erroneous and
violated Mace’s federal and state law rights.” Id. at | 44. Plaintiff offers an interpretation of
the regulations that would permit an entity to grant a religious exemption to the vaccine
mandate. Id. at 9] 45-60. Plaintiff also asserts that permitting her to work without
vaccination would not have posed an undue risk to patients or staff. Id. at {]] 61-75.
Plaintiff's Complaint contains two counts. Count One alleges that Defendant's
revocation of Plaintiff's religious exemption and termination of her employment amounted to
discrimination on the basis of Plaintiff’s religion. Such conduct, Plaintiff claims, violated
Title VII. Count Two alleges that Defendant’s conduct also violated the New York State
Human Rights Law.
After being served with the Complaint, the Defendant filed the instant motion to
dismiss. The parties briefed the issues and supplemented their briefing in light of more
recent court decisions.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Defendant seeks dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). A
defendant moving for dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) argues that the plaintiff has not
stated a claim upon which relief could be granted, even if all factual allegations in the
complaint were proved true. In addressing such motions, the Court must accept “all factual
allegations in the complaint as true, and draw[] all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s
favor.” Holmes v. Grubman, 568 F.3d 329, 335 (2d Cir. 2009). This tenet does not apply to
legal conclusions. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “Threadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”
Id. at 678. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. (quoting
Bell Atl. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
III. Analysis
As a general matter, Defendant argues that the Court should dismiss the Complaint
because, at the relevant time, New York law required that hospital employees like Plaintiff
be vaccinated against COVID-19. No exemption for people who objected to the vaccines
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on religious grounds existed in New York. At the time she filed her suit, other workers had
challenged the lack of a religious exemption to the vaccine and lost at the trial and appellate
level. Courts had agreed that allowing a religious objector to work without being vaccinated
amounted to an undue burden for an employer and could not be a violation of Title VII or
the NYSHRL. Defendant’s motion argues that Plaintiff’s Complaint is an attempt to relitigate
this settled law, and should be dismissed.
Plaintiff disagrees. She also argues that subsequent decisions by state courts have
revived the issue of whether New York law prevents an employer covered by the regulation
in question from accommodating an employee’s religious beliefs regarding vaccination.
The Court will first explain New York’s vaccine regulations. The Court will then
address Defendant’s claims regarding the regulation in question, and finally turn to the more
recent court decisions.
A. Vaccine Mandate
New York regulations require that “[c]overed entities shall continuously require
personnel to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19, absent receipt of an exemption as
allowed below.” 10 NYCRR § 2.61(c). A “covered entity” includes “(i) any facility or
institution included in the definition of hospital in section 2801 of the Public Health Law,
including but not limited to general hospitals, nursing homes, and diagnostic and treatment
centers[.]” Id. at § 2.61(a)(1)(i). The regulation defines “[p]ersonnel, for the purposes of this
section,” to “mean all persons employed or affiliated with a covered entity, whether paid or
unpaid, including but not limited to employees, members of the medical and nursing staff,
contract staff, students, and volunteers, who engage in activities such that if they were
infected with COVID-19, they could potentially expose other covered personnel, patients or
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residents to the disease.” Id. at § 2.61(a)(2). The regulation requires “[c]overed entities” to
“continuously require personnel to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19, absent receipt of
an exemption as allowed below.” Id. at § 2.61(c).
The regulation provides for a “medical exemption.” See 10 NYCRR § 2.61(d)(1).
Under that regulation, “[i]f any licensed physician, physician assistant, or certified nurse
practitioner certifies that immunization with a COVID-19 vaccine is detrimental to the health
of a member of a covered entity’s personnel, based upon a pre-existing health condition,
the requirements of this section relating to COVID-19 immunization shall be inapplicable
only until such immunization is found no longer to be detrimental to such personnel
member’s health.” Id. The regulation further requires that the employee’s personnel record
contain “[t]he nature and duration of the medical exemption.” Id. Any exemption must meet
“generally accepted medical standards . . . and any reasonable accommodation may be
granted and likewise be documented in such record.” Id. The regulation gave “covered
entities” that were “general hospitals and nursing homes” until September 27, 2021 to
“document medical exemptions in personnel records or other appropriate records[.]” Id. at §
2.61(d)(1)(i).
This mandate became the subject of litigation, and district courts in the Second
Circuit came to different conclusions about whether the lack of a religious exemption in the
regulation amounted to discrimination under Title VII or the United States Constitution.
See, e.g., Dr. A. v. Hochul, 567 F.Supp.3d 362, 373 (N.D.N.Y. 2022) (finding it likely that
Plaintiffs would succeed on a Title VII claim for religious discrimination because the
regulation fails to provide a religious objection and granting preliminary injunction); We the
Patriots USA, Inc. v. Hochul, No. 21-cv-4954, 2021 WL 4048670 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2021)
(denying preliminary injunction)).'
The Second Circuit Court of Appeals issued two opinions in November, 2021 that
addressed the regulation in question, finding that the regulation could be enforced
consistent with the Constitution and Title VIl’s protections against religious discrimination.
In We the Patriots USA, Inc. v. Hochul, 17 F.4th 266 (2d Cir. 2021), issued on November 4,
2021, the Court found that “[t]he State issued the Rule in response to rapidly increasing
infection rates related to the Delta variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a virus that has caused
widespread suffering in the State, country, and world since early 2020.” Id. at 272. That
regulation, the court explained, “establishes a medical exemption to the vaccination
requirement, but—consistent with New York’s prior vaccination requirements for healthcare
workers—does not include an exemption based on religious belief.” Id. The Court
concluded that plaintiffs were not likely to succeed on their claim that the regulation violated
Title VII's provision “mak[ing] it unlawful for employers ‘to discharge . . . or otherwise to
discriminate against any individual’ in his or her employment ‘because of such individual's . .
. religion.” Id. at 291 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)).
Title VII prohibits religious discrimination “unless an employer demonstrates that he
is unable to reasonably accommodate . . . an employee’s religious observance or practice
without undue hardship on . . . the employer’s business.” Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 200e(j)).
Plaintiffs in Dr. A. had argued “that the absence of a religious exemption in Section 2.61
‘Electronic databases do not provide a written opinion from the Eastern District of
New York in We the Patriots. The district court’s opinion denying the motion for a
preliminary injunction may have been issued from the bench. In any case, the Court of
Appeals addressed both Dr. A. and We the Patriots in later opinions that resolved the
conflict between the two district-court opinions.
prohibits them from seeking reasonable accommodations from their employers under Title
VII for sincerely held religious beliefs.” Id. at 291-92. The Court rejected this argument
because “Section 2.61, on its face, does not bar an employer from providing an employee
with a reasonable accommodation that removes the individual from the scope of the Rule.”
Id. at 292. Employers are forced by Section 2.61 to violate Title VII's mandate to seek out
accommodations for people with sincere religious beliefs “because, although it bars an
employer from granting a religious exemption from the vaccination requirement, it does not
prevent employees from seeking a religious accommodation allowing them to continue
working consistent with the Rule, while avoiding the vaccination requirement.” Id. Further,
the Court found, the Rule did not violate Title □□ simply because the rule did not provide an
accommodation which would allow plaintiffs to work their preferred jobs unvaccinated, since
an employer “‘need not offer the accommodation the employee prefers.” Id. (quoting
Cosme v. Henderson, 287 F.3d 152, 158 (2d Cir. 2002)). “Instead, an employer must offer
a reasonable accommodation that does not cause the employer an undue hardship. Once
‘any reasonable accommodation is provided, the statutory inquiry ends.” Id. (quoting
Cosme, 287 F.3d at 158). Thus, since “Section 2.61's text does not foreclose all
opportunity for Plaintiffs to secure a reasonable accommodation under Title VII, the Rule
does not conflict with federal law.” Id.
The Court of Appeals “clarified” its opinion on November 12, 2021. See 17 F.4th
368. The Court noted that the district court in Dr. A. had dissolved the preliminary injunction
previously in place on the case, noting that the Dr. A. plaintiffs “‘no longer need’ a
preliminary injunction because Section 2.61 ‘does not prevent employees from seeking a
religious accommodation allowing them to continue working consistent with the Rule, while
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avoiding the vaccination requirement.” 17 F.4th at 370. The Court found that “[a] reader
might erroneously conclude from this text that, consistent with our opinion, employers may
grant religious accommodations that allow employees to continue working, unvaccinated, at
positions in which they ‘engage in activities such that if they were infected with COVID-19,
they could potentially expose other covered personnel, patients, or residents to the
disease.’” Id. (quoting 10 NYCRR § 2.61 (“definition of ‘personnel’”)). The Court explained
that, an accommodation that “removes the individual from the scope of the Rule” meant that
“it may be possible under the Rule for an employer to accommodate–not
exempt–employees with religious exemptions, by employing them in a manner that removes
them from the Rule’s definition of ‘personnel.’” Id. (emphasis in original). “Such an
accommodation would have the effect under the Rule of permitting such employees to
remain unvaccinated while employed.” Id. The Court reiterated that “Title VII does not
require covered entities to provide the accommodation the Plaintiffs prefer–in this case, a
blanket religious exemption allowing them to continue working at their current positions
unvaccinated.” Id. The Court emphasized that “if a medically eligible employee’s work
assignments mean that she qualifies as ‘personnel,’ she is covered by the Rule and her
employer must ‘continuously require’ that she is vaccinated against COVID-19.” Id, (quoting
10 NYCRR § 2.61).
B. Effect of Section 2.61 and We the Patriots
Plaintiff alleges discrimination on the basis of religion pursuant to Title VII. Under
that statute, “it is ‘an unlawful employment practice . . . for an employer not to make
reasonable accommodations, short of undue hardship, for the religious practices of his
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employees and prospective employees.” Baker v. Home Depot, 445 F.3d 541, 546 (2d Cir.
2006) (quoting Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, 432 U.S. 63, 74 (1977)). Plaintiffs
asserting such a claim must make out a prima facie case that: “‘(1) they held a bona fide
religious belief conflicting with an employment requirement; (2) they informed their
employers of this belief; and (3) they were disciplined for failure to comply with the
conflicting employment requirement.” Id. (quoting Knight v. Conn. Dep't of Pub. Health, 275
F.3d 156, 167 (2d Cir. 2001)). If the plaintiff makes out a prima facie case, then “the
employer ‘must offer [him or her] a reasonable accommodation, unless doing so would
cause the employer to suffer an undue hardship.” Id. (quoting Cosme, 287 F.3d at 158).
“An accommodation is said to cause an undue hardship whenever it results in ‘more than a
de minimis cost’ to the employer.” Id. at 548 (quoting Trans World Airlines, 432 U.S. at
84).?
Defendant argues that Section 2.61's language, which Defendant contends does not
permit a religious exemption to the vaccine requirement for a covered employee, makes
providing such an exemption an undue hardship for Crouse. Defendant insists that the lack
of exemption forecloses any Title VIl or NYSHRL claim of discrimination on the basis of
religion. Defendant further contends that the We the Patriots decisions described above
firmly establish that rule. Defendant points to other cases from district courts in this Circuit
“We typically treat Title VII and NYHRL claims as analytically identical, applying
the same standard of proof to both claims.” Lenzi v. Systemax, Inc., 944 F.3d 97, 107 n.7
(2d Cir. 2019) (quoting Salaman v. Our Lady of Victory Hosp., 514 F.3d 217, 225 n.9 (2d
Cir. 2008)). The Court notes below that Plaintiff offers a distinction between the standards
under both laws. As the Court explains, even a more restrictive approach under the
NYSHRL would not rescue Plaintiff's claims.
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that have reached the same conclusion. The cases that Defendant cites point out that “We
the Patriots expressly rejected the notion that Title VII entitles employees to a blanket
religious exemption to the Mandate that would allow them to continue in their positions
unvaccinated. This is exactly the type of accommodation Plaintiff requested–permission to
remain in her position without being vaccinated . . . The only accommodation Plaintiff
requested was found to be unreasonable as an undue hardship in We the Patriots[.]”
Defendant’s Brief, dkt. # 8-3, at 9 (quoting Marte v. Montefiore Medical Center, No. 22-cv-
3491, 2022 WL 759182, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. October 12, 2022); see also Does 1-2 v. Hochul,
No. 21-cv-5067, 2022 WL 4637843, *15 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2022) (finding that “[t]he sole
‘accommodation’ the plaintiffs seek–a religious exemption from the vaccine
requirement–would impose an undue hardship on [the defendants] because it would require
them to violate state law.”)).
In response, Plaintiff describes her claim as one that does not attempt to challenge
the vaccine requirement stated in Section 2.61. Instead, she contends that Defendant
failed reasonably to accommodate her sincerely held religious belief that she could not be
vaccinated and wrongly revoked a religious exemption previously provided her. She claims
that she “is asserting her individual right to a reasonable accommodation to the policy,
which is guaranteed by federal and state law.” Plaintiff would like to “be exempted from the
COVID-19 vaccination requirement . . . and to be allowed to continue her regular
employment while following” the testing, masking, and other safety protocols used before
New York removed the possibility of a religious exemption for covered employees. She
contends that “this issue has not been the subject of any controlling case law.”
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Plaintiff agrees that requiring an employer to violate state law to provide an
exemption would represent an undue hardship, but argues that “this is an erroneous
understanding of the DOH rule and that religious exemptions to the mandate remain
available under federal and state law.” Plaintiff’s Response in Opposition, dkt. # 12, at 8
(emphasis in original). She argues that this is the only issue before the Court. She asserts
that Section 2.61 neither provides for a religious exemption nor expressly prohibits one. No
language in that regulation, she claims, claims to override rights and protections available to
employees under Title VII. “On the contrary,” Plaintiff claims, “federal and state anti-
discrimination laws remain fully applicable under” Section 2.61. Id. at 9. She points to a
November 15, 2021 letter from the New York State Department of Health that told
administrators that “[f]acilities should have a process in place to consider reasonable
accommodation requests from covered personnel based on sincerely held religious beliefs
consistent with applicable Federal and State laws, including . . Title VII[.]” Id. Plaintiff
contends that this letter indicates that the Department of Health considered that reasonable
accommodations could be available under Section 2.61 that would permit her to continue
working in her position. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges, DOH has not sanctioned health-care
facilities who employ unvaccinated workers who have religious exemptions “to work onsite
and/or engage in direct patient care activities.” Id. at 11. She asserts that “actual practice”
demonstrates that allowing Plaintiff to work unvaccinated with a religious accommodation
would not violate New York law. Plaintiff also argues that We the Patriots addressed
preemption in its Title VII holding, and not whether a religious accommodation claim could
exist under Title VII. The language in the opinion which seemed to foreclose a religious
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exemption, Plaintiff contends, was simply dictum.
Defendant responds by pointing out that the second We the Patriots decision
expressly found that hospitals may not grant “religious accommodations to allow employees
to continue working, unvaccinated, at positions in which they ‘engage in activities such that
if they were infected with COVID-19, they could potentially expose other covered personnel,
patients, or residents to the disease.’” Defendant’s Reply Brief, dkt. # 13, at 2. Defendant
points out that the Court of Appeals issued its second decision in We the Patriots to clarify
that religious accommodations that avoided vaccination could not be granted to covered
employees under the regulation in question. Defendant further argues that the letter cited
by the Plaintiff in no way suggests that an employee could receive a religious exemption
that would permit a covered employee to continue working in such a position. Consistent
with the opinion of the Second Circuit, Defendant claims, the letter cited by the Plaintiff
merely indicates that accommodations could be made to an employee with a religious
objection to vaccination that would permit that employee to continue working in a position
that was not covered by the vaccine requirement. Moreover, the letter that Plaintiff cites
refers the reader to other information from the Department of Health that reinforces the idea
that covered employees–like the Plaintiff–must be vaccinated, even if they seek a religious
accommodation.
Since the initial decisions cited by the Defendant, numerous courts in this Circuit
have also concluded that a plaintiff who seeks a religious accommodation that entitles them
to work in direct patient care without vaccination seeks an accommodation that represents
an undue burden to the employer. See, e.g., D’Cunha v. Northwell Health Sys., No.
15
1:22cv0988, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33343, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2023) (any claim that a
covered employee is entitled to a religious exemption is foreclosed as an undue burden by
We the Patriots); Cagle v. Weill Cornell Med., No. 22cv6951, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
113687, at *11-12 (S.D.N.Y. June 30, 2023) (dismissing Title VII claim based on religious
discrimination because providing a religious exemption to a covered employee violates state
law and represents an undue burden); Dennison v. Bon Secours Charity Health Sys. Med.
Grp., P.C., No. 22cv2929, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84888 at *15 (S.D.N.Y. May 15, 2023)
(“By granting Plaintiffs’ request–to exempt them from the vaccination requirement and allow
them to continue their positions as patient-facing nurses–Defendants would be violating the
State Mandate, thus suffering an undue hardship.”); Shahid-Ikhlas v. New York, No. 22-cv-
10643, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79099, at *14-15 (S.D.N.Y. May 5, 2023) (dismissing Title VII
claim because an accommodation for the nurse-plaintiff’s religious beliefs would be an
undue burden; even accommodating her to remove her from her position as a covered
employee would be a burden for the employer); Corrales v .Montefiore Med. Ctr., No. 22-
CV-3219, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55620, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2023) (Defendant “could
not have granted [Plaintiff’s] requested exemption without undue hardship because granting
the exemption would have required [Defendant] to violate binding law.”).
The Court agrees with these and other courts which have concluded that requiring
that an employer provide an accommodation to an employee whose work involves “activities
such that if they were infected with COVID-19, they could potentially expose other covered
personnel, patients or residents to the disease” represents an undue burden to the
employer. 10 NYCRR § 2.61(a)(2). The Court finds that providing the accommodation that
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Plaintiff seeks–permission to work unvaccinated in settings where unvaccinated persons
who do not have a medical exemption are not permitted to work by New York law–presents
more than a de minimus burden on the employer. Plaintiff cannot make out a Title VII claim
under those circumstances. The Court in this sense applies Title VII to the regulation in
question and finds that the regulation does not violate federal anti-discrimination law.
Likewise, the Court is not persuaded by the letter cited by the Plaintiff or that the Second
Circuit’s opinions in the We the Patriots cases permit a finding that an unvaccinated
employee can work in a covered position. The Court finds the Second Circuit’s
interpretation of the regulation is clear: Title VII requires that employees be provided
available reasonable accommodations that shift an unvaccinated worker to a position that is
not longer covered by the regulation, but does not require that an employee who works in a
covered position be permitted an accommodation that allows them to stay in a position that
requires vaccination. Plaintiff cannot state a claim in this respect.
C. Supplemental Briefing on Medical Professionals for Informed Consent v.
Bassett
While Defendant’s motion to dismiss was pending, the Supreme Court of Onondaga
County, New York issued an opinion that touched on the matters at issue in this case. At
the Plaintiff’s request, the Court permitted the parties to provide supplemental briefing on
the issues raised by that opinion. See dkt. #s 14-18. The parties also briefed issues
related to the NYSHRL.
The case in question, Medical Professionals for Informed Consent v. Bassett, 78
Misc.3d 482 (Onondaga Cty. Sup. Ct. 2023), addressed whether New York law permitted
the Department of Health to enforce Section 2.61. The petitioners in that case sought an
17
order from the court enjoining enforcement of Section 2.61. Id. at 483. The court related
that Section 2.61 “has its origin in the beginning stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.” Id. at
284. At that time, the New York State legislature had “ceded powers” to the governor “on
an emergency basis.” Id. On June 24, 2021, the governor “rescinded his previous
emergency orders related to the COVID-19 Pandemic[.]” Id. “Despite the end of the
emergency,” the court noted, “on June 22, 2022, the Commissioner adopted the Mandate
as a permanent regulation.” Id. The Court examined New York law related to vaccination
and concluded that the Department of Health exceeded its power by requiring vaccination
for COVID-19 as stated in Section 2.61: “[rlespondents are clearly prohibited from
mandating any vaccination outside of those specifically authorized by the Legislature.” Id.
at 490. The Court found that “10 NYCRR § 2.61, is beyond the scope of Respondents’
authority and is therefore null, void, and of no effect, and Respondents, their agents,
officers, and employers are prohibited from implementing or enforcing the” regulation. Id. at
491.
As another district court in this Circuit has explained, “[t]his ruling was appealed and
on February 27, 2023, the Appellate Division, Fourth Department, stayed the enforcement
of the Bassett court’s decision during the pendency of the appeal.” Algarin v. NYC Heath +
Hosps. Corp., No. 1:22cv8340, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108666, at *9-10 (S.D.N.Y. June 23,
2023). Courts have also reported that the New York State Department of Health on May
24, 2023 stated that the Department is considering repeal of Section 2.61, “and therefore,
‘effective immediately, the Department will cease citing providers for failing to comply with’
Section 2.61 while repeal is being considered.” Id. at *10 (citing letter from the Department
18
of Health, May 24, 2023).
The Court in Alagrin addressed Plaintiff’s claim here that the Bassett decision and
DOH declarations regarding future enforcement of Section 6.01 allow her to state a claim
that Defendant violated Title VII and the NYSHRL by firing her for refusing vaccination.
That court stated:
Plaintiff’s reliance on Bassett, a New York Supreme Court decision that found that
DOH exceeded its authority in promulgating Section 2.61, is misplaced. Bassett, 185
N.Y.S.3d at 585. First, that decision was not issued until January 13, 2023 and
therefore [defendant] was obliged to follow Section 2.61 at the time that employment
actions were taken with respect to Plaintiff in 2021. Second, the Bassett decision
was immediately appealed and enforcement of the lower court Bassett decision has
been stayed by the Fourth Department pending appeal. Therefore, the Bassett
decision currently does not render Section 2.61 unenforceable. Third, the May 24,
2023 letter from the DOH stating that, effectively immediately, the DOH will not
enforce Section 2.61 prospectively while repeal is being contemplated does not
change the fact that Section 2.61 was in force and effect in 2021 at the time of the
employment actions with respect to Plaintiff. Indeed, the DOH expressly states that
its decision to refrain from further enforcement of the rule does not impact the DOH’s
treatment of “previously cited violations.”
Algarin, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108666 at *26.
The facts in this case are largely the same. Plaintiff received a religious exemption
before the Department of Health promulgated the version of Section 2.61 at issue here.
After that version appeared, the Defendant concluded that the law no longer permitted
religious exemptions and revoked Plaintiff’s exemption. Bassett came long after these
decisions and has no bearing on whether Defendant violated Plaintiff’s rights by following
the law as it then existed. The Court rejects Plaintiff’s arguments here for the same reasons
as the Algarin court.
Plaintiff also argues in her supplemental briefing that the NYSHRL’s protections
against religious discrimination uses a definition of “undue hardship” stricter than the
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definition used in Title VII. She argues that, by alleging that Defendant had granted her a
religious exemption before the Section 2.61 appeared, she has plausibly alleged that the
burden on Defendant from accommodating Plaintiff’s religious objections to vaccination was
not significant. Defendant had, after all, established procedures to protect patients and
other workers and permitted Plaintiff to work without vaccination.
The problem with Plaintiff’s argument here is that it ignores the facts that she has
alleged in her Complaint. Plaintiff alleges that she received an exemption for her religious
beliefs before the State of New York established regulations that did not permit such an
exemption. Whether the Defendant had been able to find mitigation measures protect
patients and coworkers from any dangers that Plaintiff’s unvaccinated status might pose,
the situation for the Defendant–and the burden Defendant faced to accommodate Plaintiff’s
religious belief–changed after the State of New York set out new rules on vaccination for
employees like Plaintiff. Plaintiff’s Complaint acknowledges that the mandate that Plaintiff
get vaccinated despite her religious objections came after the State set out new rules.
Those new rules altered the burden that Defendant faced from accommodating Plaintiff’s
religious objections. Being exposed to legal consequences for violating New York
regulations represents a serious burden. Plaintiff has not cited to any cases to the contrary.
The Court is not persuaded by this argument.
Plaintiff also largely repeats an argument made in her initial briefing that Section 2.61
was not enforceable because the Department of Health did not have the authority to
“override the Human Rights Law and eliminate religious exemptions otherwise required by
the statute.” Preventing employees from seeking religious exemptions to regulations like
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Section 2.61 exceeded the authority of the Department of Health “and it was unreasonable
for Defendant to believe that the agency had such power.” Plaintiff argues that “Defendant
violated [Plaintiff’s] rights under the Human Rights Law by denying her religious
exemption–which they had previously granted–for no reason other than the Department of
Health’s say-so. Defendant was not free to disregard its independent statutory obligations
under the Human Rights Law with respect to reasonable religious–not just
medical–accommodations.”
The Court is not persuaded by this argument either. Plaintiff argues that the
regulation in question clearly violated New York law, and should have not been enforceable.
This argument ignores the fact that, at the time that Defendant made the employment
decision here at issue, the regulation had been enacted and not declared invalid by any
Court. Plaintiff contends that Defendant violated her NYSHRL rights by failing to conclude,
independently of any court ruling, that the regulation was invalid and should be ignored. No
such ruling appeared until Bassett, long after the employment decision in question, and
Bassett’s injunction was subsequently stayed. Plaintiff does not plausibly allege that
Defendant violated her rights under the NYSRHL by following the law as established.
As such, the Court will grant the Defendant’s motion and dismiss the case. As
Plaintiff has admitted facts which make winning her case impossible, the Court will dismiss
the action with prejudice and without leave to replead.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, Defendant’s motion to dismiss, dkt. # 8, is hereby
GRANTED with prejudice and without leave to replead. The Clerk of Court is directed to
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CLOSE the case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Thomas J. MgAvoy
Senior, U.S. District Judge
Dated: August 8, 2023
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