The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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ANNETTE MORALES,
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiff, 22-CV-6452 (RPK) (LB)
v.
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY,
Defendant.
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RACHEL P. KOVNER, United States District Judge:
Pro se plaintiff Annette Morales brings this action against New York University (“NYU”),
alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et
seq. Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint, and plaintiff has sought leave to file an
amended complaint containing additional allegations. As explained below, neither plaintiff’s
original complaint nor her proposed amended complaint states a claim under the ADA.
Accordingly, defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted, and leave to amend is denied.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual Allegations
The operative complaint consists of handwritten answers to questions on a form complaint
for employment discrimination, along with attached exhibits. See Compl. (Dkt. #1).1 The factual
allegations in the complaint are assumed true for the purposes of this order.
Plaintiff has been employed by NYU since 2002. Her current title is Faculty Affairs
Coordinator. Id. at 12. Beginning in November 2021, plaintiff took disability leave and leave
1 Citations to the complaint follow the ECF pagination. All other citations to documents in the record follow internal
pagination, unless otherwise noted.
under the Family and Medical Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., after being diagnosed with
thyroid cancer. Ibid.
Plaintiff claims that on November 10, 2021, during an appointment with her primary care
physician—who plaintiff suspects is friends with Tracy Figueroa, one of her former supervisors at
NYU—plaintiff “came to the realization” that NYU was “falsifying [her] medical records in an
effort to discredit and delay a metastatic cancer diagnosis, resulting in congestive heart failure
symptoms.” Ibid. The complaint does not specify how plaintiff came to that realization, or
whether the appointment occurred before or after her disability and medical leave commenced.
Plaintiff also alleges that during her leave, she experienced difficulties communicating with
NYU’s human resources department and Lincoln Financial, ibid., which defendant identifies as
NYU’s third-party employee-benefits administrator, see Mem. of Law in Support 2 (Dkt. #14-4).
NYU’s human resources department “failed to provide [plaintiff] with any information relating to
paid leave policies, timelines nor the status of when [her] medical benefits would lapse,” Compl.
12, and NYU “[r]estricted [her] to speaking with third party benefits agencies,” presumably
Lincoln Financial, id. at 7. Lincoln Financial, for its part, “made it impossible for [plaintiff] to
connect with a case manager” and plaintiff’s email inquiries regarding the leave process “only
caused [plaintiff] more confusion.” Id. at 12. On February 23, 2022, plaintiff “received an
email”—presumably from Lincoln Financial—“stating [that] if [plaintiff didn’t] provide them with
medical documentation for an extension”—presumably an extension of leave—“by end of day,
then it [would] be determined that [she had] abandoned [her] job.” Ibid. Plaintiff does not state
how or whether she responded to Lincoln Financial’s February 23 email.
Although plaintiff claims that NYU would not communicate with her during her leave, the
complaint simultaneously alleges that during that period, plaintiff was contacted numerous times
by NYU’s Office of Equal Opportunity (“OEO”). In March 2022, an OEO intern contacted
plaintiff, inviting her “to participate in the ADA accommodation process specifically for ‘job
protection’” and requesting plaintiff’s “confidential medical documentation.” Id. at 13. Plaintiff
does not state whether or how she responded to that communication. “Several days later,”
however, plaintiff was admitted to the hospital “due to cardiac concerns.” Ibid. While in the
hospital (and also during “many other medical appointments”), plaintiff “was made to feel unsafe,”
though plaintiff does not indicate how or by whom. Ibid. Two weeks after plaintiff was released
from the hospital, “NYU reached out to [plaintiff’s] father insisting that [she] complete the ADA
accommodation process.” Ibid. Plaintiff eventually met with the Director of the OEO, who
“insist[ed] that [plaintiff] tell her what [plaintiff’s] medical diagnos[es] are” and “verbally attacked
[her] . . . during [the] ADA accommodation process.” Id. at 7, 13. To date, plaintiff has not been
informed of the status of any ADA accommodation. Plaintiff believes NYU wanted her to
participate in the ADA accommodation process “to cover up how they are hurting [her] through
medical neglect” and “to cover up retaliation tactics, such as restriction of medical coverage [and]
benefits.” Ibid.
More generally, plaintiff asserts that she suffered “mental [and] physical abuse,” that she
was “verbally abused in [a] hostile work environment,” and that she was “stripped of work
responsibilities [and] frozen out,” though the complaint does not specify when those actions
occurred. Id. at 7. Plaintiff states that she was harassed and retaliated against “by medical affiliates
at NYU Langone and other medical institutions.” Ibid. And she contends that “NYU and other
medical affiliates are restricting [her] medical and preventive care . . . in retaliation for the
employment complaint [she] filed against them for discrimination and hostile workplace abuse
since [her] disability was disclosed to [her] department.” Id. at 12–13. The complaint does not
indicate when plaintiff filed such a complaint.
II. Procedural History
On July 21, 2022, plaintiff filed a charge of discrimination with the New York State
Division of Human Rights (“NYSDHR”) and the United States Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”). Ibid. On July 27, 2022, the EEOC issued a right-to-sue notice. Id. at 10.
Plaintiff then brought this action in federal court. The complaint asserts, in pertinent part,2
that NYU retaliated against plaintiff and discriminated against her in the terms and conditions of
her employment based on plaintiff’s cancer diagnosis, in violation of the ADA. Id. at 3, 6, 7.
Plaintiff seeks damages for medical expenses and other harms. Id. at 8.
NYU now moves to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted. See Mot. to Dismiss (Dkt. #14); Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In addition to opposing the
motion to dismiss, see Resp. in Opp’n (Dkt. #19), plaintiff moves to amend her complaint to add
more factual allegations, see Mot. to Amend (Dkt. #21). A previous order denied the motion for
leave to amend as futile to the extent it seeks to add claims against certain additional defendants.
See 2/13/2024 Order. To the extent plaintiff seeks to supplement her existing claims against NYU
with additional factual allegations, the Court directed NYU to file a response, ibid., and NYU filed
an opposition to plaintiff’s motion to amend, see Ltr. in Resp. (Dkt. #22).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a court to dismiss a complaint that “fail[s]
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint
2 Plaintiff’s complaint also included additional claims against NYU and claims against various individual defendants,
which were dismissed in a previous order. See Morales v. New York Univ., No. 22-CV-6452 (RPK) (LB), 2023 WL
1785546 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2023).
must “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The facial “plausibility
standard is not akin to a probability requirement,” but it requires a plaintiff to allege sufficient facts
to allow “the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Ibid. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57) (quotation marks omitted). In contrast, a
complaint fails to state a plausible claim when, as a matter of law, “the allegations in a complaint,
however true, could not raise a claim of entitlement to relief,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 558, or when,
as a matter of fact, “the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere
possibility of misconduct,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. Though the court must accept all facts alleged
in the complaint as true, it need not adopt “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of
action” that are “supported by mere conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
When a plaintiff proceeds pro se, her complaint must be “liberally construed,” and
“however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted
by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
Pro se status, however, “does not exempt a party from compliance with relevant rules of procedural
and substantive law.” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 477 (2d Cir. 2006)
(quoting Traguth v. Zuck, 710 F.2d 90, 95 (2d Cir. 1983)).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff’s lawsuit is dismissed because plaintiff fails to plausibly allege employment
discrimination or retaliation under the ADA. Plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend is denied
because plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint, even construed liberally, would not state a valid
claim.
I. Discrimination Claim
Plaintiff claims that NYU discriminated against her in violation of the ADA by subjecting
her to “unequal terms and conditions of [her] employment” on the basis of plaintiff’s disability or
perceived disability of cancer. Compl. 6–7. To establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment
discrimination under the ADA, “a plaintiff must show: (1) her employer is subject to the ADA; (2)
she is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (3) she is otherwise qualified to perform the
essential functions of her job; and (4) she suffered an adverse employment action because of her
disability.” Alexander v. DiDomenico, 324 F. App’x 93, 95 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Jacques v.
DiMarzio, Inc., 386 F.3d 192, 198 (2d Cir. 2004)).
Even assuming plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded the first three elements of her prima facie
case, plaintiff has failed to “allege facts which plausibly suggest . . . that she suffered an adverse
employment action because of her disability.” Giambattista v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 584 F. App’x
23, 25 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Giordano v. City of New York, 274 F.3d 740, 747 (2d Cir. 2001))
(quotation marks and alterations omitted). “An adverse employment action in [the disparate-
treatment] context is ‘a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment.’”
Einsohn v. New York City Dep’t of Educ., No. 19-CV-2660 (RPK) (RER), 2022 WL 955110, at
*6 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2022) (quoting Vale v. Great Neck Water Poll. Control Dist., 80 F. Supp.
3d 426, 434 (E.D.N.Y. 2015)).3 The disability and medical leave that plaintiff took following her
cancer diagnosis is not an adverse employment action, as plaintiff has not alleged that NYU caused
her to take the leave. Nor do plaintiff’s allegations that the NYU OEO invited her to participate
in the ADA accommodation process and requested medical documentation suggest any adverse
3 While the Supreme Court is currently considering the precise contours of the “adverse employment action” standard
in a related context, see Muldrow v. City of St. Louis, 143 S. Ct. 2686 (2023) (granting a petition for writ of certiorari),
plaintiff has not plausibly alleged an adverse employment action under even a liberal reading of the term.
employment action. The only allegations included in the complaint that could arguably pertain to
an adverse action taken by NYU are plaintiff’s vague and conclusory statements that she was
“stripped of responsibilities,” “frozen out,” and “verbally abused in [a] hostile work environment.”
Id. at 7. But “[a]llegations” like these “that are so conclusory that they fail to give notice of the
basic events and circumstances of which plaintiff complains are insufficient as a matter of law.”
Josie v. City of New York, No. 21-CV-2486 (ARR) (RER), 2023 WL 3765063, at *3 (E.D.N.Y.
June 1, 2023) (citing Martin v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Mental Hygiene, 588 F.2d 371, 372 (2d Cir.
1978)). Plaintiff’s “concern[] that [her] employer wants to force [her] back to work or try to
terminate [her] employment,” Compl. 13, is even more speculative and insufficient to support a
claim of past or ongoing discrimination.
Plaintiff’s brief in opposition to the motion to dismiss includes some more specific
allegations, but still none that support a discrimination claim under the ADA. Plaintiff alleges that
one of her superiors, Rodney Benson, “made negative/deflecting remarks in [her] performance
evaluation for AY 2021.” Resp. in Opp’n 4. “However, ‘a negative performance review, without
any showing of a negative ramification, cannot constitute an adverse employment action,’” Smith
v. New York City Dep’t of Educ., No. 18-CV-8545 (PGG), 2019 WL 6307471, at *8 (S.D.N.Y.
Nov. 25, 2019) (quoting Natofsky v. City of New York, 921 F.3d 337, 352 (2d Cir. 2019)), and
plaintiff does not allege that any adverse consequences resulted from the negative evaluation.
Plaintiff’s brief also alleges that in January 2021, Benson reallocated her “[l]eadership work
responsibilities,” such that she “would receive less than a handful of emails per day usually without
an action item.” Resp. in Opp’n 4. Further, in February and March 2021, plaintiff allegedly had
“[h]ostile supervision meetings with superiors Rodney Benson and Tracy Figueroa,” during which
Benson “verbal[ly] attack[ed]” her character. Id. at 3. Even assuming any of those alleged
incidents could constitute an adverse action, though, plaintiff does not claim that they occurred
because of her cancer diagnosis or any other disability.
Therefore, plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that NYU discriminated against her because of
a disability in violation of the ADA.
II. Retaliation Claim
Plaintiff additionally claims that NYU retaliated against her in violation of the ADA. To
establish a prima facie case of retaliation under the ADA, a plaintiff must establish that “(1) [she]
engaged in an activity protected by the ADA; (2) the employer was aware of this activity; (3) the
employer took adverse employment action against [her]; and (4) a causal connection exists
between the alleged adverse action and the protected activity.” Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313
F.3d 713, 719 (2d Cir. 2002).
As with her discrimination claim, even assuming plaintiff has sufficiently pled the other
elements of her prima facie case, plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege an adverse employment
action. “Adverse employment actions are defined more broadly for purposes of an ADA retaliation
claim than a disparate-treatment claim.” Einsohn v. New York City Dep’t of Educ., No. 19-CV-
2660 (RPK) (RER), 2022 WL 955110, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2022). “[A] plaintiff need only
show ‘that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse,
which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.’” Ibid. (quoting Sherman v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 71 F. Supp.
3d 332, 353 (E.D.N.Y. 2014)). Still, plaintiff’s allegations fall well short of the mark. The
complaint states that plaintiff’s “medical care has been taken away from [her] in retaliation” for a
“complaint [she] filed,” Compl 12., but it does not specify when, how, or by whom her medical
care was taken away. The complaint also references “retaliation tactics, such as restriction of
medical coverage + benefits,” id. at 7, but again without providing any pertinent details. Those
vague and conclusory allegations of retaliation fail to plausibly suggest that NYU took any adverse
employment action against plaintiff in retaliation for a protected activity.
Therefore, plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that NYU retaliated against her in violation of
the ADA.
III. Motion to Amend
Plaintiff moves for leave to amend her complaint to add more factual allegations to support
her ADA claims against NYU. A pro se plaintiff should generally be granted leave to amend a
complaint at least once “when a liberal reading of the complaint gives any indication that a valid
claim might be stated.” Nielsen v. Rabin, 746 F.3d 58, 62 (2d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).
However, “leave to amend need not be granted when amendment would be futile.” Terry v. Inc.
Vill. of Patchogue, 826 F.3d 631, 633 (2d Cir. 2016). Where “[t]he new allegations plaintiff
wishe[s] to assert . . . are merely conclusory,” a district court “ha[s] no reason to permit
amendment.” Ibid.
Here, amendment would be futile because even under a liberal reading, plaintiff’s proposed
amended complaint fails to plausibly allege an ADA claim against NYU. The proposed amended
complaint alleges generally that plaintiff suffered “employment discrimination, following the
disclosure of [her] cancer diagnosis to [her] former superiors” Tracy Figueroa and Professor
Rodney Benson in December 2019, Mot. to Am. 3, and it includes a timeline of alleged events.
However, plaintiff still does not make any concrete allegations sufficient to state an employment
discrimination or retaliation claim.
First, plaintiff alleges that during a weekly meeting with Figueroa in April 2020, plaintiff
complained to Figueroa of experiencing “backhanded bias issues from ‘that clique’ ‘the mean
girls.’” Id. at 21. Specifically, plaintiff raised “concerns of how Professor Natasha Schull was
passive aggressively creating administrative problems for [plaintiff],” such as “questioning
[plaintiff’s] handling of administrative leadership management of the VaP search.” Id. at 21.
However, plaintiff does not claim that she experienced those issues with coworkers because of her
disability. To the contrary, plaintiff states that “[i]t was clear Natasha Schull’s microaggressions
(bias) towards [her] involved the fact that she’d prefer working directly with Rebecca Brown on
the VaP search, despite it being [plaintiff’s] primary job responsibility.” Ibid. The alleged “bias
issues” with “mean girls” therefore cannot form the basis of an ADA claim because, by plaintiff’s
own admission, they were not attributable to plaintiff’s cancer diagnosis. See, e.g., White v.
Roosevelt Union Free Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., No. 15-CV-1035 (JS) (SIL), 2016 WL 4705674, at
*9 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 8, 2016) (concluding “the Complaint fails to casually connect his disability
with an adverse employment action, stating only that he had been forced to move classrooms
because he would not sign a false statement”), report and recommendation adopted, No. 15-CV-
1035 (JS) (SIL), 2016 WL 4703661 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2016).
Next, echoing some of the allegations included in plaintiff’s original complaint and brief
in opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss, the proposed amended complaint alleges that in
January 2021, Benson “reevaluated [plaintiff’s] work responsibilities—essentially, stripped [her]
of [her] leadership role ([though] not the title),” and “[plaintiff] was gradually frozen out, with
Figueroa’s doing.” Id. at 23. Plaintiff still fails to plausibly allege that any loss in responsibilities
occurred because of a disability. While the proposed amended complaint alleges that plaintiff
experienced discrimination after disclosing her cancer diagnosis to Figueroa and Benson in
December 2019, id. at 3, it offers no basis for concluding that the disclosure is what caused
Figueroa and Benson to reevaluate plaintiff’s responsibilities over a year later. If anything,
plaintiff’s timeline undercuts any potential causal link between the disclosure and her eventual loss
of responsibilities: she alleges that in May 2020, six months after she disclosed her diagnosis,
“[she] was recognized with a Dean’s award from NYU Steinhardt” and received a staff-wide email
from Benson praising her work. Id. at 4; accord Brady v. Hous. Indep. Sch. Dist., 113 F.3d 1419,
1424 (5th Cir. 1997) (holding in the First Amendment retaliation context that the fact plaintiff’s
supervisors gave her “positive evaluations” and “recommended that she be promoted” after
plaintiff made protected statements undermined any causal link between the statements and
plaintiff’s eventual loss of job responsibilities). Nor does plaintiff otherwise “point to any
statements or actions by [NYU] employees that would give rise to a plausible inference that the
defendant was motivated by discriminatory animus” in diminishing her job responsibilities. Segal
v. City Univ. of New York, No. 18-CV-4444 (AMD) (LB), 2019 WL 2372979, at *3 (E.D.N.Y.
June 4, 2019). Therefore, plaintiff fails to state an ADA claim based on her alleged loss of
responsibilities.
Finally, the proposed amended complaint alleges that in July 2021, when the “admin
director position” within plaintiff’s department became available, plaintiff “was intentionally
never considered and overlooked for the position due to the attack on [her] career and character,
even though [she] had the most experience doing the job.” Mot. to Am. 18–19. Instead, Benson
and another Professor “back-handedly and intentionally promoted another administrator who was
favored by the ‘mean-girls’ in the department.” Id. at 19. To the extent plaintiff seeks to raise a
claim for failure to promote under the ADA, she has failed to exhaust her administrative remedies
for such a claim. “A plaintiff must file charges with the EEOC before bringing Title VII or ADA
claims in federal court,” though “claims not raised in an EEOC complaint may be brought in
federal court if they are reasonably related to the claim filed with the agency.” Gomez v. New York
City Police Dep’t, 191 F. Supp. 3d 293, 299 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (internal citations, quotation marks,
and alterations omitted). In determining whether claims are reasonably related, “the focus should
be on the factual allegations made in the EEOC charge itself, describing the discriminatory conduct
about which a plaintiff is grieving,” and “[t]he central question is whether the complaint filed with
the EEOC gave that agency adequate notice to investigate discrimination on both bases.” Williams
v. New York City Hous. Auth., 458 F.3d 67, 70 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal citations, quotation marks,
and alterations omitted). Here, plaintiff’s EEOC complaint neither raised a failure-to-promote
claim nor alleged facts reasonably related to a failure-to-promote claim. See, e.g., Franklin v. New
York City Transit Auth.-Metro. Trans. Auth., No. 18-CV-6436 (JGK), 2021 WL 4710762, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2021) (plaintiff failed to exhaust failure-to-promote claim because “there were
no facts in the plaintiff’s description of her alleged discrimination that would indicate that she had
been denied a promotion”); Bernard v. Care Design N.Y., No. 20-CV-1527 (LJL), 2022 WL
4484556, at *8–9 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2022) (termination and hostile work environment claims
were not reasonably related to a failure-to-promote claim). Therefore, plaintiff cannot now amend
her complaint to raise a claim for failure to promote for the first time in federal court.
In sum, because plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint fails to state a claim against NYU,
leave to amend is denied as futile.
CONCLUSION
Defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted and the complaint is dismissed for failure to state
a claim upon which relief may be granted. The complaint is dismissed with prejudice and
plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend is denied because a liberal reading of plaintiff’s proposed
amended complaint does not give any indication that it states a valid claim. The Clerk of Court is
respectfully directed to enter judgment and mail a copy of this order to plaintiff. The Court certifies
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from this order would not be taken in good
faith and therefore in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of an appeal. Coppedge v.
United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444–45 (1962).
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Rachel Kovner
RACHEL P. KOVNER
United States District Judge
Dated: March 25, 2024
Brooklyn, New York