The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
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KARIEM BROXTON, :
:
Petitioner, :
:
-against- : MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
: ADOPTING REPORT
WILLIAM LEE, : AND RECOMMENDATIONS
: 09-cv-05373 (DLI) (LB)
Respondent. :
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DORA L. IRIZARRY, United States District Judge:
On March 12, 2020, the Honorable Lois Bloom, United States Magistrate Judge, issued a
Report and Recommendations (“R&R”) recommending that this Court deny Kariem Broxton’s
(“Petitioner”) pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See, R&R,
Dkt. Entry No. 45. The parties did not object to the R&R and, upon review and due consideration
of the R&R, the Court adopted it in its entirety by Electronic Order issued March 31, 2021.
Between April 1, 2020 and April 17, 2020, Petitioner filed requests to submit objections to the
R&R, citing late receipt of the R&R and delays related to the COVID-19 pandemic. See, Dkt.
Nos. 47-49. On May 12, 2020, Petitioner filed his objections to the R&R. Pet.’s Objs. to the R&R
(“Pet. Objs.”), Dkt. Entry No. 50. In light of Petitioner’s pro se status and delays in mailings
caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Court granted Petitioner’s requests to file objections and
deemed his submissions timely. Electronic Order dated October 22, 2020. Respondent opposed
Petitioner’s objections. Resp.’s Opp’n to Pet.’s Objs. to the R&R (“Resp. Opp’n”), Dkt. Entry No.
53. For the reasons set forth below, Petitioner’s objections are overruled, and the R&R is adopted
in its entirety.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When a party objects to an R&R, a district judge must make a de novo determination as to
those portions of the R&R to which a party objects. See, Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); United States
v. Male Juvenile, 121 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir. 1997). Pursuant to the standard often articulated by the
district courts of this Circuit, “[i]f a party . . . simply relitigates his original arguments, the Court
reviews the Report and Recommendation only for clear error.” Antrobus v. N.Y. City Dep’t of
Sanitation, 2016 WL 5390120, at * 1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2016) (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted); See also, Rolle v. Educ. Bus Transp., Inc., 2014 WL 4662267, at *1 (E.D.N.Y.
Sept. 17, 2014) (“[A] rehashing of the same arguments set forth in the original papers . . . would
reduce the magistrate’s work to something akin to a meaningless dress rehearsal.”) (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted).
On the other hand, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has suggested that a clear
error review may not be appropriate “where arguably ‘the only way for [a party] to raise . . .
arguments [is] to reiterate them.’” Moss v. Colvin, 845 F.3d 516, 519 n.2 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting
Watson v. Geithner, 2013 WL 5441748, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2013)). Nonetheless, a court
will not “ordinarily . . . consider arguments, case law and/or evidentiary material which could have
been, but [were] not, presented to the magistrate judge in the first instance.” Santiago v. City of
N.Y., 2016 WL 5395837, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2016) (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted).
After its review, the district court may then “accept, reject, or modify the recommended
disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with
instructions.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3); See also, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
In reviewing Petitioner’s objections, the Court is mindful that, “[a] document filed pro se
is to be liberally construed and a pro se [pleading], however inartfully pleaded, must be held to
less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S.
89, 94 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, the Court interprets
the Petitioner’s submissions “to raise the strongest arguments that they suggest.” Triestman v.
Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks, emphasis,
and citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
The Court presumes the parties’ familiarity with the R&R and Petitioner’s underlying state
court proceedings. As set forth below, Petitioner’s objections are an attempt to relitigate his
underlying petition and arguments raised on appeal in the state court. Moreover, the magistrate
judge reviewed the entire state court trial and appellate records, which contained “all of Petitioner’s
claims, including those raised in Petitioner’s second motion to vacate the conviction” pursuant to
New York Criminal Procedure Law (“CPL”) § 440.10. See, R&R at 13, 30. Thus, the Court will
apply a clear error standard of review.
First, Petitioner objects that the magistrate judge did not address the New York State
Supreme Court’s and Appellate Court’s denial of his motion for an evidentiary hearing in
conjunction with his motion to vacate his conviction pursuant to § 440.10. See, Pet. Objs. at 1-2.
However, the magistrate judge did address the underlying merits of Petitioner’s § 440.10 motion
and the quality of the evidence proffered by Petitioner, ultimately rejecting Petitioner’s underlying
claim of actual innocence based on newly discovered evidence. See, R&R at 17-23. The
magistrate judge also accounted for the fact that an evidentiary hearing was denied. See, Id. at 6-
7. Additionally, Petitioner’s arguments for a hearing, relying on CPL § 440.30, were raised in his
second motion to vacate the conviction, which the magistrate judge considered in its entirety when
issuing the R&R. See, R&R at 13; Pet.’s Second CPL § 440.10 Mot., Dkt. Entry No. 38-1. Thus,
this objection is overruled.
Second, Petitioner objects to the lack of a recommendation for an evidentiary hearing in
connection with the instant habeas corpus petition. Pet. Objs. at 3. However, Petitioner did not
seek an evidentiary hearing in the instant petition or his subsequent amendments, and merely
complained that one was denied by the state courts. Petitioner also conflates his burden of proof
with an entitlement to a hearing. Id. As Petitioner acknowledges, “[a] district court has broad
discretion to hear further evidence in habeas cases where § 2254(e)(2) does not apply.” Pet. Objs.
at 3 (quoting Drake v. Portuondo, 321 F.3d 338, 347 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotations and
citation omitted)). The magistrate judge correctly found that the evidence Petitioner would submit
at a hearing in support of his actual innocence “lacks indicia of credibility.” R&R at 22. Petitioner
merely disputes this finding while admitting that “the Magistrate acknowledged Mr. Broxton’s
new evidence.” Pet. Objs. at 5. Thus, Petitioner’s objection is overruled. Based on the magistrate
judge’s findings set forth in the R&R and a review of Petitioner’s submissions, this Court finds
that an evidentiary hearing would “add little or nothing to the written submissions” and, therefore,
is not required. Chang v. United States, 250 F.3d 79, 86 (2d Cir. 2001).
Third, Petitioner claims that the magistrate judge did not “differentiate which [ineffective
assistance of counsel] claims were denied” as procedurally defaulted, as opposed to on the merits,
at the state trial and appellate level. See, Pet. Objs. at 6-7. Petitioner also objects that the
magistrate judge did not discuss every single one of his alleged instances of ineffective assistance
of counsel. Id. In support, Petitioner reiterates his previously raised arguments in support of his
ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Id. at 6-10. However, these arguments were addressed
and properly rejected by the magistrate judge in the R&R. See, R&R at 23-31. While Petitioner’s
complaints about prior trial and appellate counsel were “too numerous to repeat” in the R&R, that
does not mean the magistrate judge overlooked the complaints. Id. at 23. In fact, the most serious
claim, which concerns the circumstances surrounding Petitioner’s decision to reject several alleged
plea offers and proceed to trial instead, was addressed in great detail.1 See, Id. at 23-29. Petitioner
has not pointed to any facts that were overlooked in the R&R, and it is clear that the magistrate
judge, after “[h]aving reviewed the entire record,” denied Petitioner’s claim. See, Id. at 30-31
(“the attorney errors alleged neither individually nor cumulatively meet the Strickland standard”).
Accordingly, Petitioner’s objection is overruled.
Fourth, as to his actual innocence claim, Petitioner objects to the magistrate judge’s
conclusion that the convenient timing of the submission of his newly discovered evidence rendered
it less credible. See, Pet. Objs. at 11. In so doing, Petitioner again simply disagrees with the
magistrate judge’s assessment of the record. The magistrate judge accurately and correctly
described some of Petitioner’s new evidence as the type of “eleventh-hour affidavit vouching for
a defendant and incriminating a conveniently absent suspect” that should be treated with
skepticism. R&R at 22 (citation omitted). Nevertheless, Petitioner overlooks the fact that the
timing of his new evidence was not the sole basis for the R&R’s rejection of his claim. Indeed,
the magistrate judge acknowledged that timing alone did not render the evidence incredible, and
found that, even if credited, it ultimately would not exonerate Petitioner. See, Id. at 22. Thus,
Petitioner’s objection is overruled.
Fifth, Petitioner recites his original arguments regarding prosecutorial misconduct, but fails
to raise any objections to the magistrate judge’s findings. Pet. Objs. at 12. These claims were
1 Petitioner’s assertion that he would have taken a guilty plea is belied by his claims of actual innocence, even after
his conviction at trial. See, R&R at 28-29. As Petitioner has explained, “[t]he reason petitioner has never excepted
[sic] those plea’s [sic] is because petition [sic] is innocence [sic].” Dkt. Entry No. 23 at 2.
addressed squarely and properly were rejected by the magistrate judge. See, R&R at 31-35.
Petitioner vaguely references the exclusion of a codefendant’s statement by the trial court, which
this Court construes to be a reference to his Brady claim. See, Pet. Objs. at 11; R&R at 33-35.
Petitioner does not articulate an objection to the magistrate judge’s rejection of his Brady claim,
which also was addressed properly by the magistrate judge. See, Id. Thus, to the extent objections
were raised to these findings, they are overruled.
Finally, Petitioner attaches a number of exhibits including witness affidavits and
statements, blank petition fliers, certificates and other documents pertaining to his activities while
incarcerated. See, Pet. Objs. at 13-96. Petitioner does not reference any of these materials in his
objections and does not claim that any document was overlooked by the magistrate judge. The
majority of the witness affidavits and statements were referenced and discussed by the magistrate
judge in the R&R with respect to Petitioner’s actual innocence claim. See, R&R at 17-19.2 The
remaining affidavits and statements that were not referenced specifically in the R&R do not appear
to be attached to any of Petitioner’s prior submissions or state court motions challenging his
conviction. Thus, it appears the magistrate judge did not have the opportunity to review these
remaining affidavits and statements. However, these affidavits and statements suffer from the
same infirmities that the magistrate judge found after reviewing all of the evidence provided by
Petitioner in support of his claim. A best, they are cumulative of the newly discovered evidence
discussed in the R&R and would not change the ultimate conclusion that Petitioner failed to
demonstrate his actual innocence. See, R&R at 22-23. Additionally, the magistrate judge did not
have the opportunity to consider the fliers and certificates submitted by Petitioner as they do not
2 The remaining affidavits and statements are of Sophia Goode, Christopher Darby, Robert Brown, Frank Straker,
Herbert Miranda, Timothy Acosta, and Petitioner, in addition to a transcript of an interview of Sophia Goode. See,
Pet. Objs. at 16-29, 47-48, 52-54, 56-57, 62-66.
appear to be part of Petitioner’s original submissions. Moreover, they have no bearing on any of
Petitioner’s claims in support of habeas relief. Therefore, even assuming, arguendo, that
Petitioner’s exhibits may have been overlooked, the Court finds that they do not merit a change in
the magistrate judge’s findings.
Having duly considered each of Petitioner’s objections, they are overruled. The Court does
not find any clear error in the very thorough, detailed, and well reasoned R&R. Accordingly, the
Court adopts the R&R in its entirety.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court overrules Petitioner’s objections and adopts the R&R
in its entirety. Accordingly, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus, made pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254, is denied. Petitioner is denied a certificate of appealability as he fails to make a “substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); See, also, Fed. R. App.
P. 22(b); Lucidore v. New York State Div. of Parole, 209 F. 3d 107, 112 (2d Cir. 2000). The Court
certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), that any appeal from this Order would not be taken
in good faith and, therefore, in forma pauperis status is denied for the purpose of any appeal. See,
Coppedge v. United States, 369 U.S. 438, 444-45 (1962). Respondent is directed to serve a copy
of this Order on Petitioner within five (5) days of this Order and immediately thereafter file proof
of such service with the Court.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
July 22, 2021
/s/
DORA L. IRIZARRY
United States District Judge