Leckie v. Department of Corrections

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

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NAQUAN M. LECKIE,

Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

-against- 18-CV-3917 (RRM) (LB)

THE CITY OF NEW YORK, CAPTAIN JONES, and

CORRECTION OFFICER LING,

Defendants.

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ROSLYNN R. MAUSKOPF, Chief United States District Judge.

Plaintiff Naquan M. Leckie, proceeding pro se, brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §

1983, against defendants City of New York, Captain Ashley Jones (“Jones”), and Correction

Officer Chi Ling (“Ling”), alleging deliberate indifference to his safety in connection with an

allegedly homophobic inmate-on-inmate attack on December 25, 2017. (Compl. (Doc. No. 2).)

Defendants now move for summary judgment. (Mot. (Doc. No. 59).) For the reasons stated

below, defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.

BACKGROUND

Factual Background

The relevant facts outlined below are drawn from defendants’ Local Rule 56.1 Statement

of Material Facts, to the extent that those facts are supported by evidence submitted by

defendants in connection with the motion for summary judgment.1 Unless otherwise noted, the

facts are undisputed.

1 Defendants’ motion is unopposed. In the case of an unopposed motion for summary judgment, “in determining

whether the moving party has met [its] burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue for trial, the district court

may not rely solely on the statement of undisputed facts contained in the moving party’s Rule 56.1 statement. It

must be satisfied that the citation to evidence in the record supports the assertion.” Vt. Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800

BEARGRAM Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir. 2004); see also Giannullo v. City of New York, 322 F.3d 139, 143 n.5

(2d Cir. 2003) (stating that not verifying in the record the assertions in the motion for summary judgment “would

derogate the truth-finding functions of the judicial process by substituting convenience for facts”).

On December 25, 2017, Naquan Leckie was a pre-trial detainee incarcerated at Brooklyn

Detention Complex (“BKDC”), a New York City Department of Correction (“DOC”) facility

located at 275 Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn. (Defendants’ Rule 56.1 Statement of Undisputed

Facts (“Defs.’ SOF”) (Doc. No. 61) at ¶ 3.) Prior to being housed at BKDC, Leckie was held at

Manhattan Detention Center (“MDC”), but was transferred out of that complex on December 14,

2017, because “the guys in there felt like [Leckie] was gay because [he] had took a shower, but

[he] had [his] drawers on.” (Excerpt from Leckie Deposition, Exhibit B (Doc. No. 60-3) at 5.)2

In accordance with the Prison Rape Elimination Act (“PREA”) and DOC policy, upon his

arrival at BKDC, Leckie participated in an initial intake interview and was asked whether he

considered himself to be lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex or gender nonconforming.

(Defs.’ SOF at ¶ 7.) During the intake interview, Leckie indicated that he did not identify as

such and said that he was straight. (Id. at ¶ 8.) At no point did Leckie inform Ling, Jones, or any

other correctional staff of his sexual orientation or alert them of any risks to his safety due to his

sexual orientation. (Id. at ¶ 9.) However, Leckie told correction officials that he feared for his

life due to his previous gang affiliation and was placed in protective custody at BKDC. (Id. at ¶

5.) Leckie testified that he submitted a signed statement that he feared for his life because he

“did not want to be around the people that he was around.” (Id. at ¶ 6.) Leckie testified that

prior to the incident on December 25, 2017, he did not fear for his life, did not fear any particular

individual, and did not believe he was in danger, nor had any inmates made any threats against

him. (Id. at ¶ 4.)

At BKDC, Leckie was housed in a protective custody housing area located on the sixth

floor, Housing Area 6B. (Id. at ¶ 10.) A protective custody housing area is a housing area where

2 All page numbers refer to ECF pagination.

inmates can be placed on a voluntary or involuntary basis to protect them from fears or threats

pertaining to their physical safety concerns. (Id. at ¶ 11.) Inmates placed in protective custody

are afforded the same lock-in/lock-out privileges and access to mandated services and programs

as general population inmates but are segregated from the rest of the inmate population. (Id at ¶

12.) The Housing Area Supervisor is not informed of the reason that an inmate is placed in

protective custody. (Declaration of Correction Captain Ashley Jones (“Jones Dec.”) (Doc. No.

64) at ¶ 4.) There are four housing areas located on the sixth floor: Housing Areas 6A, 6B, 6C,

and 6D. (Defs.’ SOF at ¶ 14.) Each housing area consists of two tiers, a dayroom, and houses

approximately 20–28 inmates. (Id. at ¶ 15.) The dayroom is a common area recreation room

where inmates can unwind, watch television, play games, and/or talk on the phone. (Id. at ¶ 16.)

On the day of the incident, as the Housing Area Supervisor, Jones was responsible for

conducting tours of approximately eight housing areas, including Housing Area 6B. (Id. at ¶ 17.)

Sometime prior to 6:15 p.m. that day, Jones conducted a security inspection of Housing Area 6B.

(Id. at ¶ 18.) During the security inspection, Jones did not have any communication with Leckie

and Leckie could not hear any communication that Jones may have had with any other inmates.

(Id. at ¶ 19.)

At that same time, Ling was manning the control post for Housing Areas 6A, 6B, 6C, and

6D, where he was responsible for communicating with other parts of the facility, such as the

Control Room, the Area Supervisor, Law Library, Social Services, Commissary, and the

Kitchen. (Id. at ¶ 20.) The control post for Housing Areas 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D was

approximately 20 feet away from the Housing Area 6B dayroom; Housing Areas 6A, 6B, 6C,

6D, and their respective dayrooms were in partial view from the control post. (Id. at ¶ 21.)

The parties disagree as to the details of the incident. At his deposition, Leckie testified

that Jones entered the dayroom while he was playing chess, looked around the room, and then

said, “come on, guys, let’s have an exciting day.” (Deposition of Naquan Leckie (“Leckie

Dep.”) (Doc. No. 60-2) at 9.) Jones states in her declaration that she did not “have any

communication with” Leckie “at any point” during her security inspection in Housing Area 6B.

(Jones Dec. at ¶ 7.) According to Leckie, Jones then stepped out of the dayroom, and several

inmates followed her. (Leckie Dep. at 9.) They spoke, but Leckie could not hear what was said.

(Id.) Then, those inmates re-entered the room and pointed at Leckie, with at least one of them

referring to him as a “faggot” and telling him to go “lock … in now.” (Id. at 9–10.) Leckie

testified that he stood up and asked why he was required to lock in when several inmates started

to “jump” him. (Id.) He testified that the attack lasted between a minute and “three or four”

minutes and he did not fight back because “when they see you fight back that’s when they try to

cut you,” though he stated that he did not see any of his attackers with a weapon. (Id. at 18.)

Defendants assert that the fight lasted about one minute. (Declaration of Correction Officer Chi

Ling (“Ling Dec.”) (Doc. No. 63) at ¶ 9.)

Ling was sitting at the control post “when he heard a commotion coming from Housing

Area 6B dayroom” and he “immediately responded.” (Defs.’ SOF at ¶¶ 22, 24.) Ling responded

by calling the Probe Team and notifying the Area Supervisor by pressing the “personal body

alarm on his belt which activated the institutional alarm.” (Id. at ¶ 26.) Ling simultaneously

issued verbal commands directing the inmates to stop fighting and gained compliance. (Id. at ¶

27.) During this incident, Jones was conducting a security inspection of Housing Area 6C, a

different housing area on the same floor that is approximately six feet away from Housing Area

6B but separated by a concrete wall, and so she did not witness the incident. (Id. at ¶¶ 31–32.)

After Ling activated the institutional alarm, Jones left Housing Area 6C and immediately

returned to Housing Area 6B. (Id. at ¶ 33.)

Upon Jones’s arrival to the Housing Area 6B dayroom, Ling reported that Leckie was

involved in a physical altercation with inmates Jonathan Sanchez, Christopher Rodriguez, and

Lumumba Moss, and further reported that his instructions and direct orders to the inmates to stop

fighting had terminated the incident. (Id. at ¶ 34.) The Probe Team, which arrived within ten

minutes of being called by Ling, escorted Leckie, Sanchez, Rodriguez, and Moss outside of the

housing area. (Id. at ¶ 35.) All four inmates were taken to the clinic and subsequently rehoused

in different housing areas. (Id. at ¶ 36.)

Leckie was treated at the clinic by Dr. Iosif Shpits, M.D. (Id. at ¶ 37.) An “injury to

inmate” report and medical record were generated, to reflect that Leckie complained of arm pain,

denied loss of consciousness or blurry vision, was diagnosed with a left-hand contusion, and was

given 800mg of Ibuprophen for the pain. (Id.; see also Injury to Inmate Report Ex. D; see also

Medical Records Exhibit E.) The Injury to Inmate Report, which is handwritten and only

partially legible, also indicates “lump on scalp” but “no bleeding no wound.” (Exhibit D.) The

Medical Records indicate that Leckie had “no scalp lesions” and that his nose had normal pink

mucosa. (Exhibit E at 2.)

Ling issued Notices of Infraction to Sanchez, Rodriguez, and Moss, charging them with

fighting and refusing to obey direct orders. (Id. at ¶ 39.) After generating these Notices of

Infraction and submitting them to Jones, Ling’s involvement in the incident concluded. (Id. at ¶

40.) Upon receiving these Notices of Infraction, Jones investigated each infraction, completed

an Investigation Report, and referred Sanchez, Rodriguez, and Moss to the Adjudication Unit for

a hearing. (Id. at ¶ 41.) Jones recommended the maximum penalty indicated. (Id.)

When asked at his deposition whether any of the inmates who had attacked him had

previously threatened him, Leckie said, “they just looked and stared at me but they never said

nothing … they looked at me but they never did nothing physically to make it look like they

were trying to harm me.” (Leckie Dep. at 10.)

The Complaint

Leckie timely filed his complaint on June 26, 2018, as a form § 1983 complaint that does

not allege any causes of action. Rather, the complaint attaches a narrative. Leckie asserts that

while his assailants were kicking him in the face, punching him in the head and arms, and calling

him a “faggot” a “gay ass nigga” and saying “I hate you you fucking homo,” Ling was outside of

the room but “didn’t bother to come in and help. He just watched from the outside and [Leckie]

was screaming for them to stop but they didn’t listen.” (Compl. at 6–7.) Leckie further alleges

that Jones, who was initially “across the room on the other side patro[l]ling,” “never came to

diffuse the situation” when she returned to Housing Area 6B, but “just walk[ed] the other way as

though nothing was happening.” (Id. at 7–8.) Leckie also states that it is “very suspicious” that

the assault occurred immediately after Jones had a conversation with the inmates who attacked

him. (Id. at 8.) Finally, Leckie asserts that the cameras in the facility were not operable, placing

the facility “out of compliance.” (Id. at 7.) For the injuries he suffered in the attack, including a

bloody nose and bruises and bumps to his head an arms, as well as the mental anguish and

discriminatory conduct, unsafe environment, and the threats to his life and safety, Leckie seeks

$30 million in damages. (Id. at 4, 10.) The Court construes this narrative as raising two

deliberate indifference claims against all defendants, for failure to protect Leckie prior to the

attack and failure to intervene during the ongoing attack, as well as an excessive force claim

against Jones for inciting the attack.

The Instant Motion

Defendants now bring the instant motion for summary judgment. Defendants construe

Leckie as bringing only deliberate indifference to safety claims under § 1983, and do not brief

the excessive force claim. Defendants first argue that Leckie has failed to demonstrate a

sufficiently serious condition, as Leckie had not notified Jones, Ling, or anyone else at BKDC

that he felt unsafe or that he anticipated a threat to his safety due to his sexual orientation or the

conditions of his confinement in Housing Area 6B, nor did Leckie inform anyone at BKDC that

he was bisexual. (Mem. (Doc. No. 62) at 12–16.) Next, Defendants argue that Leckie’s injuries

do not satisfy the objective standard for deliberate indifference because they were not

sufficiently serious. (Id. at 17–18.) Further, Defendants argue that Leckie also fails to

demonstrate that either Ling or Jones was deliberately indifferent, as he cannot show that the

Defendants were aware of the risk of attack by other inmates or that they failed to intervene to

stop it. (Id. at 18–19.) Additionally, Defendants argue that the surprise attack is insufficient to

support a claim of deliberate indifference. (Id. at 20–21.) Moreover, Defendants assert that the

claim against Jones must fail as she was not present for the attack and thus Leckie cannot show

personal involvement. (Id. at 21–22.)

Defendants also argue that Ling and Jones are entitled to qualified immunity because

neither of them violated a clearly established right, nor were they on notice to any risk of harm

due to Leckie’s sexual orientation. (Id. at 24.) Viewing Ling’s actions in the light most

favorable to him, his actions could be construed as a reasonable officer’s determination of the

safest and most effective way to intervene in the fight. (Id. at 24–25.) Finally, Defendants argue

that Leckie has failed to state a claim against the City of New York because he has failed to

provide any evidence that a policy or custom exists that resulted in the deprivation of a

constitutional right. (Id. at 25–27.)

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, interrogatories, and

affidavits demonstrate that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). A fact is “material” if it may impact the “outcome of the suit under

the governing law.” Gayle v. Gonyea, 313 F.3d 677, 682 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). A genuine issue of material fact exists “if the

evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Roe v.

City of Waterbury, 542 F.3d 31, 35 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248).

In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the evidence of the non-

movant “is to be believed,” and the Court must draw all “justifiable” or reasonable inferences in

favor of the non-moving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (citation omitted); see also Rodriguez

v. City of New York, 72 F.3d 1051, 1061 (2d Cir. 1995) (“[T]he court is to draw all factual

inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought, viewing the factual

assertions . . . in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” (citations omitted)).

The same standards for summary judgment apply where, as here, the non-movant is

proceeding pro se. Williams v. Savory, 87 F. Supp. 3d 437, 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2015). However,

“special solicitude should be afforded pro se litigants generally, when confronted with motions

for summary judgment.” Graham v. Lewinski, 848 F.2d 342, 344 (2d Cir. 1988).

DISCUSSION

I. Deliberate Indifference

42 U.S.C. §1983 provides: “Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance,

regulation, custom, or usage, of any State … subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of

the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights,

privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable.” To state a §

1983 claim brought under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, a pre-trial

detainee must allege two elements, one subjective and one objective. First, to establish an

objective deprivation, the pre-trial detainee “must show that the conditions, either alone or in

combination, pose an unreasonable risk of serious damage to his health, which includes the risk

of serious damage to physical and mental soundness.” Darnell v. Pineiro, 849 F.3d 17, 30 (2d

Cir. 2017) (internal quotations and citations omitted). “There is no static test to determine

whether a deprivation is sufficiently serious; instead, the conditions themselves must be

evaluated in light of contemporary standards of decency.” Id. at 30 (quoting Blissett v. Coughlin,

66 F.3d 531, 537 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal quotations omitted)). Second, the pre-trial detainee

must “prove that the defendant-official acted intentionally to impose the alleged condition, or

recklessly failed to act with reasonable care to mitigate the risk that the condition posed to the

pretrial detainee even though the defendant-official knew, or should have known, that the

condition posed an excessive risk to health or safety.” Id, at 35.

a. Failure to Protect

“[P]rison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other

prisoners.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994). However, “not every injury that a

prisoner suffers at the hands of another [prisoner] results in constitutional liability.” Taylor v.

City of New York, No. 16-CV-7857 (NRB), 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52308, at *29 (S.D.N.Y.

Mar. 27, 2018) (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834). To establish a failure to protect claim under the

Fourteenth Amendment, an inmate must satisfy a two-pronged test demonstrating that (1) he was

incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm, and (2) that prison

officials demonstrated deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s safety. See Molina v. County of

Westchester, No. 16-CV-3421, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65195, at *2–3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2017)

(applying the Farmer test to Fourteenth Amendment failure to protect claim). When the claim is

based on an alleged failure to prevent harm or provide safety, the inmate must show that he

“[was] incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of harm.” Lynch v. Jane Doe

Corr. Officer Blue, No. 14-CV-6919 (VB), 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24683, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.

29, 2016) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834).

Defendants are entitled to summary judgment with respect to Leckie’s claims of

deliberate indifference as to Jones and Ling. Leckie does not demonstrate that he was

incarcerated in conditions that posed a substantial risk of harm, because prior to this attack he

testified that he did not fear for his life or safety; further, Leckie had not complained about his

attackers, raised concerns about his safety in Housing Area 6B, or otherwise provided notice to

Ling or Jones that he was at a substantial risk of harm.

b. Failure to Intervene

Leckie’s complaint also appears to allege a deliberate indifference claim against both

Ling and Jones for failing to intervene when the fight broke out. “The failure of a correction

officer to oversee prisoners, intervene in an attack, or otherwise fail to abide by prison safety

protocols may under certain circumstances create a condition which poses a substantial risk of

serious harm thus constituting a sufficiently serious constitutional violation.” See Molina 2017

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65195 at *7 (collecting cases). Specifically, “failing to intervene is a

Fourteenth Amendment violation where the officer acted with deliberate indifference to a

substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate.” Rosen v. City of N.Y., 667 F. Supp. 2d 355, 359–

60 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 828 (internal quotation marks omitted)). “In

the context of a failure to intervene claim, an officer displays deliberate indifference when he has

adequate time to assess a serious threat against an inmate and a fair opportunity to protect the

inmate without risk to himself, yet fails to intervene.” Id. at 360.

Here, the undisputed facts show that Ling responded to the altercation – which both

Leckie and Ling estimated lasted about a minute – by promptly activating the alarm, summoning

a Probe Team, and separating Leckie from the other inmates. Additionally, the undisputed

record establishes that Jones was not in the immediate vicinity of the altercation but responded

promptly to the institutional alarm. There is nothing in the record to indicate that either Ling or

Jones failed to intervene in the incident, let alone that they did so with deliberate indifference.

Accordingly, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment with respect to Leckie’s deliberate

indifference claims against Ling and Jones.

II. Excessive Force

Though Defendants construe Leckie’s complaint as stating only a deliberate indifference

claim under § 1983, Leckie’s complaint can also be construed as alleging a § 1983 excessive

force claim pursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. “[T]he Due

Process Clause protects a pretrial detainee from the use of excessive force that amounts to

punishment.” Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 397 (2015). Though for excessive force

claims brought under the Eighth Amendment “the core judicial inquiry is . . . whether force was

applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to

cause harm,” Cole v. Fischer, 379 F. App’x 40, 42 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Hudson v.

McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6-7 (1992)), “pretrial detainees (unlike convicted prisoners) cannot be

punished at all, much less maliciously and sadistically,” Kingsley, 576 U.S. at 400 (internal

quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, to prevail in a Fourteenth Amendment excessive force

claim, a pre-trial detainee must demonstrate only that the challenged actions “are not rationally

related to a legitimate nonpunitive governmental purpose or that the actions appear excessive in

relation to that purpose.” Id. at 398.

Here, Defendants have failed to show that no reasonable juror could find in Leckie’s

favor with respect to his excessive use of force claim against Jones. In Leckie’s deposition

testimony, he states that after Jones announced they were going to have an exciting day, she

brought several other inmates out into the hallway and spoke to them, then brought them back

into the day room where they immediately attacked Leckie while using homophobic slurs.

Jones’s own affidavit does not contradict this account: she states only that she did not speak to

Leckie during her security check but is silent regarding whether she spoke with other inmates. A

reasonable juror could conclude, based on the record, that when Jones spoke with those inmates

outside of the day room, she incited them to assault Leckie, and that her statement about having

“exciting day” was an allusion to the attack the intend to instigate. Inciting violence is not

rationally related to any legitimate government purpose. Accordingly, Leckie’s §1983 excessive

use of force claim against Jones survives summary judgment.

III. Qualified Immunity

Defendants argue only that Ling and Jones are entitled to qualified immunity with respect

to the deliberate indifference claims but are silent regarding the claim of excessive force. An

individual defendant is entitled to qualified immunity if 1) his or her actions did not violate

clearly established law, or 2) it was objectively reasonable to believe that his or her actions did

not violate such law. Warren v. Keane, 196 F. 3d 330 (2d Cir. 1999); see also Salim v. Proulx,

93 F.3d 86, 89 (2d Cir. 1996) (same). “A right is clearly established if the contours of the right

[are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates

that right.” LaBounty v. Coughlin, 137 F.3d 68, 73 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting Anderson v.

Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Where a right is

clearly established, “the defendants may nonetheless establish immunity by showing that

reasonable persons in their position would not have understood that their conduct was within the

scope of the established prohibition.” Id. (quoting In re State Police Litig., 88 F.3d 111, 123 (2d

Cir. 1996)).

Jones is not entitled to qualified immunity for her alleged application of excessive force.

It is well established that pre-trial detainees cannot be subject to punitive force under the

Fourteenth Amendment, and no reasonable official would believe that inciting violence against a

bisexual detainee, as Jones is alleged to have done here, falls within the scope of acceptable

activity under the Due Process Clause. Accordingly, this argument must fail.

IV. Municipal Liability

A municipality cannot be held liable as a “person” within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. §

1983 unless the municipality itself was somehow at fault. Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S.

808, 810 (1985); see also Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690–91 (1978). “The

plaintiff must first prove the existence of a municipal policy or custom in order to show that the

municipality took some action that caused his injuries . . . . Second, the plaintiff must establish a

causal connection—an ‘affirmative link’—between the policy and deprivation of his

constitutional rights.’” Vippolis v. Village of Haverstraw, 768 F.2d 40, 44 (2d Cir. 1985), cert.

denied, 480 U.S. 916 (1987) (citing Tuttle, 471 U.S. at 824 n.8). Here, Leckie does not identify a

policy or custom in his complaint, nor does he provide any other basis for finding the City of

New York liable for the allegations contained therein. Summary judgment is therefore granted

with respect to Leckie’s claims against the City of New York.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is granted with

respect to the deliberate indifference claims against Jones and Ling, and all claims against the

City of New York. This action is recommitted to Magistrate Judge Bloom for all remaining pre-

trial matters, including settlement discussions if appropriate. The Clerk of Court is respectfully

directed to mail a copy of this Memorandum and Order to the pro se plaintiff and to note the

mailing on the docket.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: Brooklyn, New York

January 11, 2021 Roslynn R. Mauskopf

____________________________________

ROSLYNN R. MAUSKOPF

Chief United States District Judge