The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
CHARLOTTE DIVISION
3:22-cv-00099-MR
WALTER T. GAUSE, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
vs. ) ORDER
)
)
STEPHEN JACOBS, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
________________________________ )
THIS MATTER is before the Court on initial review of Plaintiff’s
Complaint, filed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 [Doc. 1], and Plaintiff’s Addendum
to his Complaint [Doc. 6].1
I. BACKGROUND
Pro se Plaintiff Walter T. Gause (“Plaintiff”) is a prisoner of the State of
North Carolina currently incarcerated at Scotland Correctional Institution
(“SCI”) in Laurinburg, North Carolina. He filed this civil rights action pursuant
to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985(3) on March 10, 2022, alleging violations of
his constitutional rights. [Doc. 1]. Plaintiff names Stephen Jacobs, identified
1 Plaintiff moved to proceed in this matter in forma pauperis. [Doc. 2]. Because Plaintiff
is subject to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)’s bar to filing civil actions in forma pauperis, the Court
ordered that Plaintiff pay the filing fee. [Doc. 5]. He has now done so. [See 4/1/2022
Docket Entry]. The Court, therefore, will proceed with its initial review pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1915A.
as the Warden of SCI; Yolanda Gause and FNU Covington, identified as
Captains at SCI; and unidentified “Staff” of SCI as Defendants, all in their
individual and official capacities. [Id.; Doc. 6 at 1-2]. It appears that Plaintiff
alleges as follows.
On November 3, 2021, Plaintiff complained of “filth and trash” in the
quarantine area at SCI because it had not been cleaned. Plaintiff alleges
that the quarantine area subjected him to a “health risk environment.” After
he complained, Defendant Covington and other custody staff harassed
Plaintiff and then brought him to an “operation holding cell.” Plaintiff alleges
that, on the same day, Defendant Covington intentionally and deliberately
assaulted Plaintiff with a deadly weapon. [Doc. 6 at 3]. On November 4,
2021, Plaintiff filed a grievance against Defendant Covington for Covington
placing a taser an inch from Plaintiff’s face. [Id. at 4].
As to Defendant Jacobs, Plaintiff alleges only that he, Plaintiff, sent a
copy of his grievance to Jacobs and received no response. [Id. at 6]. Plaintiff
also alleges that “each defendant et al. conspire & collude by joint
[participation] and systemic retaliation, campaine hars-ment,” and that
Defendant Gause, of no relation to Plaintiff, colludes with gang members and
a “great many staff.” [Id. at 3, 6]. Other than the vague references described
above, Plaintiff does not identify any particular conduct by any particular
“Staff” that he purports to name as a Defendant.
Finally, Plaintiff alleges that on February 8, 2022, he “sign[ed] for
protective custody due to the [illegible] corruption by staff et al., as well gang
member oppression & [illegible] threat of physical bodily harm, as well death
threats.” [Id. at 7].
Plaintiff claims this conduct violated his rights under the First, Eighth,
and Fourteenth Amendments. [Doc. 1 at 3]. Plaintiff alleges no injuries from
the alleged conduct other than “fear for his life.” [See Doc. 6 at 4]. For relief,
Plaintiff seeks declaratory judgment, a “preliminary judgment,”
compensatory and punitive damages, and indemnification. [Id. at 5; Doc. 6
at 8-9].
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under § 1915A, the Court must conduct an initial review and identify
and dismiss the complaint, or any portion of the complaint, if it is frivolous,
malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; or seeks
monetary relief from a defendant who is immune to such relief. 28 U.S.C. §
1915A.
In its frivolity review, this Court must determine whether the Complaint
raises an indisputably meritless legal theory or is founded upon clearly
baseless factual contentions, such as fantastic or delusional scenarios.
Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327-28 (1989). Furthermore, a pro se
complaint must be construed liberally. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520
(1972). However, the liberal construction requirement will not permit a
district court to ignore a clear failure to allege facts in his Complaint which
set forth a claim that is cognizable under federal law. Weller v. Dep’t of Soc.
Servs., 901 F.2d 387 (4th Cir. 1990).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Section 1983
“To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege the
violation of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States
and must show that the deprivation of that right was committed by a person
acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988).
Plaintiff generally claims that his rights under the First, Eighth, and
Fourteenth Amendments were violated by Defendants’ conduct. Plaintiff,
however, does not allege what conduct he contends violated each right. The
Court, therefore, addresses those claims fairly raised by Plaintiff’s
allegations.
1. Official Capacity Claims
“[A] suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit
against the official but rather is a suit against the official’s office.” Will v.
Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989). Because a state is not
a “person” under § 1983, state officials acting in their official capacities
cannot be sued for damages thereunder. Allen v. Cooper, No. 1:19-cv-794,
2019 WL 6255220, at *2 (M.D.N.C. Nov. 22, 2019). Furthermore, the
Eleventh Amendment bars suits for monetary damages against the State of
North Carolina and its various agencies. See Ballenger v. Owens, 352 F.3d
842, 844-45 (4th Cir. 2003). As such, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for
relief against Defendants in their official capacities and these claims will be
dismissed.
2. First Amendment
An inmate has a clearly established First Amendment right to be free
from retaliation for filing lawsuits. See Booker v. S.C. Dep’t of Corrs., 855
F.3d 533, 540 (4th Cir. 2017); Thompson v. Commonwealth of Va., 878 F.3d
89, 110 (4th Cir. 2017). Inmates also have a protected First Amendment
right to complain to prison officials about prison conditions and improper
treatment by prison employees that affect them. See Patton v. Kimble, 717
Fed. App’x 271, 272 (4th Cir. 2018).
To state a colorable First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must
allege that (1) he engaged in protected First Amendment activity, (2) the
defendant took some action that adversely affected his First Amendment
rights, and (3) there was a causal relationship between his protected activity
and the defendant’s conduct. Martin v. Duffy, 977 F.3d 294, 299 (4th Cir.
2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Retaliation claims brought by
prisoners, however, are treated with skepticism because every act of
discipline by a prison official is retaliatory in that it responds directly to
prisoner misconduct. See Adams v. Rice, 40 F.3d 72, 74 (4th Cir. 1994).
Plaintiff alleges, that, due to his complaint regarding the quarantine
area, Defendant Covington and other custody staff harassed Plaintiff and
Defendant Covington threatened him with a taser.2 Taking Plaintiff’s
allegations as true and giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference,
the Court finds that Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim is not clearly
frivolous and survives initial review as to Defendant Covington in his
individual capacity.
3. Eighth Amendment
The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual
punishments,” U.S. CONST. amend. VIII, and protects prisoners from the
“unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312,
2 Plaintiff also alleges that he was moved to a holding cell after complaining to prison
officials. To the extent that Plaintiff contends that such transfer was itself retaliatory, it
seems such transfer was a reasonable and appropriate response by prison officials to
Plaintiff’s concerns.
319 (1986). The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane
methods of punishment and from inhumane conditions of confinement.
Williams v. Benjamin, 77 F.3d 756, 761 (4th Cir. 1996). “Prison conditions
may be harsh and uncomfortable without violating the Eighth Amendment
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.” Dixon v. Godinez, 114
F.3d 640, 642 (7th Cir. 1997).
To establish an Eighth Amendment claim, an inmate must satisfy both
an objective component–that the harm inflicted was sufficiently serious–and
a subjective component–that the prison official acted with a sufficiently
culpable state of mind. Williams, 77 F.3d at 761. In adjudicating an
excessive force claim, the Court must consider such factors as the need for
the use of force, the relationship between that need and the amount of force
used, the extent of the injury inflicted, and, ultimately, whether the force was
“applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously
and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at
320-21.
“The Supreme Court has held, however, that ‘not every malevolent
touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause of action.’” Jackson v.
Holley, 666 Fed. App’x 242, 244 (4th Cir. 2016) (citing Wilkins v. Gaddy, 559
U.S. 34, 37, 130 S. Ct. 1175 (2010)). “An inmate who complains of a push
or a shove that causes no discernible injury almost certainly fails to state a
valid excessive force claim.” Wilkins, 559 U.S. at 38, 130 S. Ct. 1175
(internals quotation marks omitted). Moreover, the law is well-established
that taunting comments, slurs, threats, and other verbal harassment by
correctional facility staff, without more, are not actionable under § 1983.
Wilson v. United States, 332 F.R.D. 505, 520 (S.D. W.Va. Aug. 19, 2019)
(collecting cases).
Here, taking Plaintiff’s allegations as true and drawing all reasonable
inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, Plaintiff has not stated a claim under the Eighth
Amendment. At most, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Covington threatened
him with a taser. While certainly uncomfortable and perhaps frightening to
Plaintiff, this is not an Eighth Amendment violation. Plaintiff’s allegation of
harassment also plainly fails to state a claim under the Eight Amendment.
The Court will dismiss this claim.
4. Fourteenth Amendment
Plaintiff does not allege how he believes his Fourteenth Amendment
rights were violated. To the extent Plaintiff contends that Defendant Jacobs
violated his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment for failing to respond to
his grievance, this claim fails. “The Constitution creates no entitlement to
grievance procedures or access to any such procedure voluntarily
established by a state.” Adams v. Rice, 40 F.3d 72, 75 (4th Cir. 1994). The
Court sees no other Fourteenth Amendment rights fairly implicated by
Plaintiff’s allegations. As such, Plaintiff has a failed to state a claim for relief
under the Fourteenth Amendment and this claim will be dismissed.
B. Section 1985
To state a claim under Section 1985, a plaintiff must allege “concrete
facts” showing that defendants entered a conspiracy which deprived the
plaintiff of his civil rights. Francis v. Giacomelli, 588 F.3d 186, 196-97 (4th
Cir. 2009). Section 1985(3) enjoins conspiracies that deprive plaintiff of his
civil rights based on some “racial” or otherwise “class-based, invidiously
discriminatory animus.” 42 U.S.C. § 1985; Williams v. Carolinas Healthcare
System, No. 3:12-cv-241-GCM, 2012 WL 2994699, at *5 (W.D.N.C. July 23,
2012).
Courts reject “section 1985 claims whenever the purported conspiracy
is alleged in a merely conclusory manner, in the absence of concrete
supporting facts.” Williams, at *5 (quoting Simmons v. Poe, 47 F.3d 1370,
1377 (4th Cir. 1995)). The Fourth Circuit has “rarely, if ever, found that a
plaintiff has set forth sufficient facts to establish a section 1985 conspiracy.”
Simmons, 47 F.3d at 1377. To allege a conspiracy, a party must show that
two or more persons acted in concert to commit an unlawful act or to commit
a lawful act by unlawful means. See Simmons, 47 F.3d at 1376. Further, “a
party must show an agreement or meeting of the minds between parties to
inflict a wrong or injury upon another that results in damage.” Williams, at *5
(citations omitted). A plaintiff must also show harm resulting from the alleged
conspiracy. Id. (citations omitted).
Taking Plaintiff’s allegations as true and drawing reasonable
inferences therefrom in Plaintiff’s favor, Plaintiff has plainly failed to allege a
conspiracy to deprive his civil rights. Plaintiff makes only vague references
to “collusion” among and between Defendants and nothing more. Plaintiff,
therefore, has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under
42 U.S.C. § 1985. The Court will dismiss this claim.
C. “Staff” Defendants
Plaintiff names as Defendants and references in his Complaint “Staff,”
who allegedly participated in certain alleged conduct. [See Docs. 1, 6]. If
Plaintiff intends to name these unidentified individuals as Defendants in this
matter, he must name them individually as John Doe defendants until they
can be identified through discovery or otherwise. He must also allege in what
conduct each individually named Doe Defendant engaged. Simply naming
them as “staff” is insufficient and improper. The Court, therefore, will dismiss
the “Staff” Defendants.
IV. MOTION FOR APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL
Plaintiff also moves for appointment of counsel. [Doc. 6 at 9-10]. As
grounds, Plaintiff states he is unable to afford an attorney, has no access to
a law library, the issues are complex and will require significant research, his
imprisonment will limit his ability to litigate this matter, a trial will involve
conflicting testimony, and an attorney would be better able to present
evidence and cross examine witnesses effectively. [Id.].
A plaintiff must present “exceptional circumstances” to require the
Court to seek the assistance of a private attorney for a plaintiff who is unable
to afford counsel. Miller v. Simmons, 814 F.2d 962, 966 (4th Cir. 1987). The
Plaintiff here has not presented exceptional circumstances that justify
appointment of counsel. Plaintiff’s request for counsel, therefore, will be
denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
In sum, the Complaint survives initial review under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A
as to Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim against Defendant
Covington in his individual capacity. Plaintiff’s remaining claims and the
remaining Defendants will be dismissed in accordance with the terms of this
Order.
Plaintiff’s motions for issuance of summons [Docs. 10, 11] will be
denied. The Court will order service on Defendant Covington as provided
below. Finally, the Court will deny Plaintiff’s request for counsel as provided
above.
Plaintiff is strongly cautioned to carefully review the Order of
Instructions [Doc. 3], the Local Rules of this Court, and the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure before filing further documents with the Court
in this matter. Plaintiff has a history of filing duplicative, ineffectual,
and improper documents with this Court. Such documents may be
stricken and/or summarily denied by this Court without further notice
to Plaintiff should he persist in filing such documents in this action.
ORDER
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that all claims asserted in this matter
as to all Defendants are hereby DISMISSED for failure to state a claim,
except for Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim against Defendant
Covington in his individual capacity, which is allowed to pass initial review.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants Jacobs, Gause, and
“Staff” are hereby DISMISSED as Defendants in this matter for failure to
state a claim.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff's motions [Docs. 10, 11] and
motion for appointment of counsel [Doc. 6 at 10] are DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall commence
the procedure for waiver of service as set forth in Local Civil Rule 4.3 for
Defendant Covington, who is alleged to be a current or former employee of
NCDPS.
IT IS SO ORDERED. Signed: April 11,2022
Martifi Reidinger ey
Chief United States District Judge AS
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