Murdock v. Ingram

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA

CHARLOTTE DIVISION

CIVIL CASE NO. 3:18-cv-00050-MR

AJANAKU MURDOCK, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) MEMORANDUM OF

vs. ) DECISION AND ORDER

)

KEVIN INGRAM, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

_______________________________ )

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion for

Summary Judgment [Doc. 59].

I. BACKGROUND

The incarcerated Plaintiff Ajanaku Murdock (“Murdock” or “the

Plaintiff”), proceeding pro se, filed this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983

addressing incidents that allegedly occurred at the Lanesboro Correctional

Institution.1 The Plaintiff named as Defendants: Kevin Ingram (“Ingram”), a

unit manager; and John Herring (“Herring”), the facility administrator. The

unverified Amended Complaint passed initial review2 on claims that

1 Now known as Anson Correctional Institution.

2 This case was assigned to Judge Frank D. Whitney at that time. [See Doc. 39].

Defendants Ingram and Herring failed to protect Plaintiff from a stabbing by

other inmates and that Defendant Ingram was deliberately indifferent to a

serious medical need after Plaintiff was stabbed.

The Defendants now move for summary judgment as to all the

Plaintiff’s claims. [Doc. 59].

The Court notified the Plaintiff of the opportunity to respond to

Defendants’ Motion and to present evidence in opposition pursuant to Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56. [Doc. 64]. The Plaintiff filed a Response3 [Doc. 70] and the

Defendants have filed a Notice of Intent Not to File a Reply [Doc. 71]. Having

been fully briefed, this matter is ripe for disposition.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A factual dispute is

genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict

for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248

3 Plaintiff’s Response is dated October 9, 2020, the date it was due to be filed. The

Response, however, is post-marked November 30, 2020, and the Court received it on

December 15, 2020. There is no clear indication when the Response was delivered to

prison authorities for mailing. See Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266 (1988) (establishing

the prisoner mailbox rule); see Lewis v. Richmond City Police Dep’t, 947 F.2d 733 (4th

Cir. 1991) (applying prisoner mailbox rule to § 1983 case). As such, the Court cannot

determine on the face of the Response whether it was timely filed. Nevertheless, the

Court will consider the Plaintiff’s Response.

(1986). A fact is material only if it might affect the outcome of the suit under

governing law. Id.

The movant has the “initial responsibility of informing the district court

of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with

the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine

issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)

(internal citations omitted).

Once this initial burden is met, the burden shifts to the nonmoving

party. The nonmoving party “must set forth specific facts showing that there

is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 322 n.3. The nonmoving party may not

rely upon mere allegations or denials of allegations in his pleadings to defeat

a motion for summary judgment. Id. at 324. Rather, the nonmoving party

must oppose a proper summary judgment motion with citation to

“depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or

declarations, stipulations ..., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other

materials” in the record. See id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(a). Courts “need

not accept as true unwarranted inferences, unreasonable conclusions, or

arguments.” Eastern Shore Mkt., Inc. v. J.D. Assoc.’s, LLP, 213 F.3d 175,

180 (4th Cir. 2000). The nonmoving party must present sufficient evidence

from which “a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248; accord Sylvia Dev. Corp. v. Calvert County, Md.,

48 F.3d 810, 818 (4th Cir. 1995).

When ruling on a summary judgment motion, a court must view the

evidence and any inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. “‘Where the record taken

as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving

party, there is no genuine issue for trial.’” Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557,

586 (2009) (quoting Matsushita v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587

(1986)).

III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The parties’ forecasts of evidence show the following, which is

undisputed except as otherwise noted.

A. Plaintiff’s Safety

The Plaintiff was recommended for 90 days of modified housing in late

June 2016.4 [Doc. 70-3 at 2: Notice of Action Taken by Classification

Authority]. Six months later, the Plaintiff wrote a letter to Administrator

Herring stating that gang members had targeted the Plaintiff after Plaintiff

4 Defendant Herring did not arrive at Lanesboro C.I. until October 2016 and therefore has

no knowledge of any of the alleged incidents that occurred before that date. [See Doc.

61-2: Herring Decl. at ¶ 16].

came into a large amount of money and “[t]hey’re threatening me … saying

they’ll stab me if I refuse to pay.”5 [Doc. 70-6 at 4: Plaintiff’s Dec. 17, 2016

Letter to Herring]. The letter further states that Plaintiff had been in modified

housing for the required 90-day period; that he was infraction free; that he

had complained to Unit Manager Ingram and two case managers about the

issue; and that Ingram had refused to move the Plaintiff without a justifiable

reason.6 [Id.]. The Plaintiff was subsequently moved to a different housing

pod within the modified housing unit. [Doc. 70-6 at 6: Plaintiff’s Jan. 30, 2017

Letter to Herring].

In a second letter to Herring dated January 30, 2017, Plaintiff states

that he had sent Ingram and Herring numerous requests which were ignored

and that he needed to be moved to another housing unit because gang

members in the neighboring pod were discussing Plaintiff “through the door.”

[Id.]. The letter further states that Ingram refused Plaintiff’s request for

5 Defendant Herring states that he has no knowledge of the incidents alleged in the

Complaint; that he learned of these allegations when he was asked to waive service; that

he does not recall having any direct interactions with the Plaintiff; and that he attempted

to locate any documentation related in any way to the incidents alleged in this action but

was unable to locate any such documentation. [Doc. 61-2: Herring Decl. at ¶¶ 13-18].

6 Defendant Ingram states that he has no knowledge of the incidents alleged in the

Complaint; that he learned of these allegations when he was asked to waive service; and

he attempted to locate any documentation related in any way to the incidents alleged in

this action but was unable to locate any such documentation. [Doc. 61-1: Ingram Decl.

at ¶¶ 13-20].

protective custody because Plaintiff would not provide names of the

individuals who were threatening him and “snitching isn’t an option….” [Doc.

70-6 at 6: Plaintiff’s Jan. 30, 2017 Letter to Herring; see also Doc. 70-5 at 2:

Jan. 26, 2017 Request for Information (advising Mr. Estridge,7 a case

manager, that he is in danger as a “civilian”8 in the cell block, that he needs

to move to a “neutral” block, and that Ingram keeps telling Plaintiff he is

moving but it has not happened)].

The Plaintiff’s brother, Lamerick Blackwell, further states in a

declaration that he and other family members contacted Ingram and others9

about having Plaintiff moved to a safer due to threats from gang members.10

According to Blackwell, these complaints were “met with terse dispositions”

and family members were given the run-around when they asked to speak

with the superintendent and officer in charge. [Doc. 70-1 at 3: Blackwell

Decl.].

7 The Plaintiff did not name Mr. Estridge as a defendant in this action.

8 The Plaintiff explains that a “civilian” is a prisoner who is not part of a gang or other

organization. [Doc. 40 at 3: Amended Complaint].

9 Blackwell appears to identify these individuals as Mr. Victor, a case manager, and

Captain Aaron. The Plaintiff has not named Mr. Victor or Captain Aaron as defendants

in this action.

10 Blackwell asserts that these contacts occurred in September, November and December

2017; this appears to be a typographical error and that Blackwell means to refer to 2016.

The Plaintiff alleges that he was jumped and stabbed by inmates from

the neighboring cell block around May 25, 2017.11 [Doc. 70 at 4: Summary

Judgment Response (alluding to an attack); Doc. 70-5 at 6: July 22, 2017

Request for Information (requesting a transfer from Mr. Victor, stating “I was

stabbed and jumped about a month ago.”); Doc. 70-5 at 8: Aug. 2, 2017

Request for Information (same); Doc. 70-6 at 3: Plaintiff’s Oct. 23, 2017

Letter to Ingram (stating that Ingram “[has] been made aware of me being

assaulted and stabbed on Union 2 E-Block…” yet requests from Plaintiff and

his family to be moved have been ignored)].

The Defendants have submitted an undisputed forecast of evidence

that, in accordance with Department policy and training, if correctional staff

observe a prisoner with apparent injuries such as stab wounds, they must

immediately report the incident to the Officer in Charge and complete an

incident report. [Doc. 61-1: Ingram Decl. at ¶ 21]. The Defendants have

further submitted an undisputed forecast of evidence that there are no

incident reports relating to the Plaintiff for the months of May and June of

11 The Plaintiff alleges in his unverified Amended Complaint that he was stabbed in his

arm and leg on or about May 25, 2017, by inmates housed in the block next door and that

Officer N. Owens opened the cell door for them. [Doc. 40 at 6: Amended Complaint].

The Plaintiff did not name Officer Owens as a defendant in this action.

2017 and that there were no reports of a stabbing or altercation between the

Plaintiff and other offenders during the relevant time.12 [Id. at ¶¶ 18-19].

B. Medical Care

Plaintiff alleges that Sergeant Krantz13 noticed his injuries after the

stabbing but that the Plaintiff refused medical treatment “due to shock” and

out of concern for “becoming more of a target.”14 [Doc. 70 at 7: Summary

Judgment Response]. The Plaintiff further alleges that he became

concerned about a possible infection several days later and told Defendant

Ingram about the stabbing, but that Defendant Ingram refused to refer him

for medical treatment. [Doc. 40 at 7: Amended Complaint]. The Plaintiff

further alleges that he received a tetanus shot around June 13, 2017 when

he told a nurse about the stabbing incident during an unrelated sick call.

[Doc. 40 at 7: Amended Complaint]. However, the Plaintiff offers no forecast

of evidence to support these allegations.

12 Ingram further states that he was not personally aware of any incidents or an alleged

stabbing involving Plaintiff in May 2017. [Doc. 61-1: Ingram Decl. at ¶ 20]. Herring states

that he has no knowledge of any of the alleged incidents regarding the Plaintiff. [Doc. 61-

2: Herring Decl. at ¶¶ 13].

13 The Plaintiff did not name Sergeant Krantz as a defendant in this action.

14 The Plaintiff alleges in the unverified Amended Complaint that, after his assailants left

his cell, he cleaned up the blood with shirts then flushed them down the toilet. [Doc. 40

at 7: Amended Complaint]. In his verified Response, however, the Plaintiff denies ever

having said that he flushed bloody clothes down the toilet. [Doc. 70 at 7: Summary

Judgment Response].

By contrast, the Defendants have submitted an unrefuted forecast of

evidence that there are no records or reports in the Department Incident

Management System regarding the Plaintiff during the relevant time period.

[Doc. 61-1: Ingram Decl. at ¶¶ 17-19]. Further, the Defendants have

submitted a forecast of evidence that Department policy and training requires

any correctional staff who observes an offender with apparent injuries (such

as stab wounds) to insist on the offender receiving medical attention and to

document any refusal of medical attention. [Doc. 61-1: Ingram Decl. at ¶ 21].

Further, correctional staff are required to document any apparent injuries to

offenders in an incident report and take photographs of those injuries, and

refer an injured offender to the medical unit for treatment. [Id. at ¶ 22-23].

The Defendants have presented an undisputed forecast of evidence

that the Defendant Ingram never communicated with the Plaintiff about his

concern regarding a possibly infected stab wound or refused him access to

medical care for that issue. [Doc. 61-1: Ingram Decl. at ¶ 14].

Defendants have submitted the declaration of Sergeant Krantz, in

which he denies that he was personally aware of a stabbing incident

involving the Plaintiff or that he spoke with the Plaintiff about being stabbed.

Sergeant Krantz further denies ever noticing that the Plaintiff had any injuries

or that he referred the Plaintiff for medical treatment. [Doc. 61-3: Krantz

Decl. at ¶¶ 11-13].

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Failure to Protect

The Plaintiff alleges that Defendants knew he was in danger from gang

members who had threatened to stab him and that they failed to protect him

from that risk of harm, which came to pass.

The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual

punishments” and the “unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Estelle v.

Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103 (1976) (quoting Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153,

173 (1976)). To establish a violation of the Eighth Amendment, an inmate

must allege (1) a “sufficiently serious” deprivation under an objective

standard and (2) that prison officials acted with “deliberate indifference” to

the inmate’s health and safety under a subjective standard. Wilson v. Seiter,

501 U.S. 294, 297-99 (1991).

This constitutional guarantee imposes a duty on prison officials to

“protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners.” Farmer v.

Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994) (internal quotations omitted). To obtain

relief on a failure to protect claim, an inmate must show that he is

incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm and

that prison officials had a deliberately indifferent state of mind. Id. at 834.

Prison officials who lacked knowledge of a risk cannot be said to have

inflicted punishment, so they may avoid liability by showing, for instance,

“that they did not know of the underlying facts indicating a sufficiently

substantial danger and that they were therefore unaware of the danger, or

that they knew the underlying facts but believed (albeit unsoundly) that the

risk to which the facts gave rise was insubstantial or nonexistent.” Id. at 844.

Where prison officials actually knew of a substantial risk to inmate health or

safety, they may still be found free from liability “if they responded reasonably

to the risk, even if the harm was not averted.” Id.

The Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Ingram and Herring knew that the

Plaintiff’s housing assignment exposed him to a substantial risk of serious

harm because the Plaintiff informed them that he was receiving threats from

gang members, and that the Defendants were deliberately indifferent to that

risk or harm. The Plaintiff’s forecast of evidence, however, demonstrates

only that that Plaintiff and his family notified Defendants Ingram and Herring

that Plaintiff was receiving threats from gang members in late 2016 and that

Plaintiff had been moved to a different pod by January 2017. The Plaintiff

has not submitted any forecast of evidence from which a jury could find that

the Defendants knew that Plaintiff continued to face a substantial risk of

serious harm after the move to a different pod and deliberately failed to

protect him from that risk of harm. At most, the Plaintiff has presented a

forecast of evidence that the Defendants knew that the Plaintiff did not feel

his new pod was safe enough and that he alleged that gang members in the

neighboring pod were talking about him “through the door.” [Doc. 70-6 at 6:

Plaintiff’s Jan. 30, 2017 Letter to Herring]. There is no forecast of evidence,

however, that the Plaintiff’s continued fear was anything more than

speculative or that the Defendants had any reason to know that the January

move was inadequate to reasonably ensure the Plaintiff’s safety. Indeed,

the Plaintiff admits that protective custody was available to him but that he

decided to forego that placement because he was unwilling to provide names

to prison staff. Assuming that the Plaintiff’s allegation that he was stabbed

about four months after his move to the new pod is true,15 this fails to

demonstrate that the Defendants were deliberately indifferent to a

substantial risk to Plaintiff’s safety. The Court therefore concludes that the

Defendants are entitled to summary judgment with respect to the Plaintiff’s

15 The Court notes that the documentation upon which the Plaintiff relies to support his

allegation that he was stabbed around May 25, 2017 is not contemporaneous to the

alleged incident and in fact post-dates the alleged incident by several months. [See Doc.

70-5 at 6: July 22, 2017 Request for Information; Doc. 70-5 at 8: Aug. 2, 2017 Request

for Information; Doc. 70-6 at 3: Plaintiff’s Oct. 23, 2017 Letter to Ingram].

claims that they failed in their constitutional duty to protect him from violence

at the hands of fellow inmates.

B. Deliberate Indifference to a Serious Medical Need

The Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Ingram was deliberately indifferent

to a serious medical need when he refused the Plaintiff’s request for medical

care several days after the alleged stabbing when Plaintiff feared an

infection.

To state a claim for deliberate indifference to a serious medical need,

a plaintiff must show that he had serious medical needs and that the

defendant acted with deliberate indifference to those needs. Heyer v. United

States Bureau of Prisons, 849 F.3d 202, 210 (4th Cir. 2017) (citing Iko v.

Shreve, 535 F.3d 225, 241 (4th Cir. 2008)). A “serious medical need” is “one

that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or one that

is so obvious that even a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for

a doctor’s attention.” Iko, 535 F.3d at 241 (internal quotation marks omitted).

To constitute deliberate indifference to a serious medical need, “the

treatment [a prisoner receives] must be so grossly incompetent, inadequate,

or excessive to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental

fairness.” Miltier v. Beorn, 896 F.2d 848, 851 (4th Cir. 1990), overruled on

other grounds by Farmer, 511 U.S. at 825.

The Plaintiff alleges in his unverified Amended Complaint that he

became concerned about a possible infection in the days following the

alleged stabbing and told Defendant Ingram, who denied medical care. The

Defendants, however, have presented a forecast of evidence that the

Defendant Ingram never communicated with the Plaintiff about his concern

regarding a possibly infected stab wound and that Defendant Ingram never

refused Plaintiff access to medical care for that issue. The Plaintiff has not

attempted to rebut this forecast of evidence and has only submitted evidence

that he informed Defendant Ingram of a stabbing several months after the

incident.16 As such, no genuine dispute of material fact exists with regards

to the Plaintiff’s claim of deliberate indifference to a serious medical need.

Accordingly, the Defendants will be granted summary judgment on this

claim.

C. Qualified Immunity

“Qualified immunity protects officers who commit constitutional

violations but who, in light of clearly established law, could reasonably

believe that their actions were lawful.” Henry v. Purnell, 652 F.3d 524, 531

16 To the extent that the Plaintiff’s and the Defendants’ forecasts of evidence differ with

regards to Sergeant Krantz’s knowledge of alleged injuries that resulted from the stabbing

and any offer of medical care, such issues have no bearing on the Plaintiff’s deliberate

indifference claim because Sergeant Krantz has not been named as a defendant in this

action.

(4th Cir. 2011) (en banc). “To determine whether an officer is entitled to

qualified immunity, the court must examine (1) whether the plaintiff has

demonstrated that the officer violated a constitutional right and (2) whether

that right was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.” E.W.

ex rel. T.W. v. Dolgos, 884 F.3d 172, 178 (4th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation

marks omitted). The doctrine of qualified immunity “gives government

officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments and

protects all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the

law.” Smith v. Ray, 781 F.3d 95, 100 (4th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

Here, because the Plaintiff has not presented a forecast of evidence

that the Defendants violated the Plaintiff’s constitutional rights with respect

to his safety or medical care, the Defendants are entitled to qualified

immunity on these claims. As such, Defendants’ Motion for Summary

Judgment based on qualified immunity will be granted.

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated herein, the Court will grant Defendants’ Motion

for Summary Judgment [Doc. 59].

ORDER

IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion for Summary

Judgment [Doc. 59] is GRANTED, and this action is DISMISSED WITH

PREJUDICE.

The Clerk is directed to terminate this action.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Signed: February 1, 2021

Martifi Reidinger wey

Chief United States District Judge “AES

16