Nichols v. Gamewell

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA

STATESVILLE DIVISION

CIVIL CASE NO. 5:19-cv-00055-MR

JONATHAN NICHOLS, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) MEMORANDUM OF

vs. ) DECISION AND ORDER

)

MARILYN GAMEWELL, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

___________________________ )

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendant Marilyn

Gamewell’s Motion to Dismiss [Doc. 20].

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Jonathan Nichols, proceeding pro se, brings this action

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the violation of his civil rights while

incarcerated at the Alexander Correctional Institution (“Alexander”). [Doc.

1]. The Complaint asserts claims of deliberate indifference to a serious

medical need against Alexander employees Nurse Practitioner Marilyn

Gamewell (“Gamewell” or “Defendant Gamewell”), Nurse Renee Harris

(“Nurse Harris”), and Nurse Christine Fox (“Nurse Fox”). [Id.]. Defendant

Gamewell now moves to dismiss the claims against her pursuant to Rule

12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. [Doc. 20].

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The central issue for resolving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is whether the

claims state a plausible claim for relief. See Francis v. Giacomelli, 588 F.3d

186, 189 (4th Cir. 2009). In considering the Defendant’s motion, the Court

accepts the allegations in the Complaint as true and construes them in the

light most favorable to the Plaintiff. Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v.

Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 253 (4th Cir. 2009); Giacomelli,

588 F.3d at 190-92. When considering a motion to dismiss, the Court is

obligated to construe a pro se complaint liberally, “however inartfully

pleaded[.]” Booker v. S.C. Dep't of Corr., 855 F.3d 533, 540 (4th Cir. 2017),

cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 755 (2018) (quoting Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89,

94 (2007)), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 755 (2018).

Although the Court must accept any well-pleaded facts as true and

construe such facts liberally, it is not required to accept “legal conclusions,

elements of a cause of action, and bare assertions devoid of further factual

enhancement....” Consumeraffairs.com, 591 F.3d at 255; see also

Giacomelli, 588 F.3d at 189.

The claims need not contain “detailed factual allegations,” but must

contain sufficient factual allegations to suggest the required elements of a

cause of action. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007);

see also Consumeraffairs.com, 591 F.3d at 256.

Namely, the complaint is required to contain “enough facts to state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.

Ct. at 1974; see also Consumeraffairs.com, 591 F.3d at 255. “A claim has

facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court

to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); see also

Consumeraffairs.com, 591 F.3d at 255. The mere possibility that a

defendant acted unlawfully is not sufficient for a claim to survive a motion to

dismiss. Consumeraffairs.com, 591 F.3d at 256; Giacomelli, 588 F.3d at

193. Ultimately, the well-pled factual allegations must move a plaintiff’s claim

from possible to plausible. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570; Consumeraffairs.com,

591 F.3d at 256.

III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Construing the well-pled factual allegations of the Complaint as true

and drawing all reasonable inferences in the Plaintiff’s favor, the following is

a summary of the relevant facts.

Since arriving at Alexander in May of 2017, “Doctor Gamewell”1 and

Nurse Harris “have ‘continually and aggressively’ interfered” with

medications and scheduled medical treatments previously prescribed by

Plaintiff’s physician, Dr. Osunkwo. [Doc. 1 at 3]. Dr. Osunkwo, a specialist

in sickle cell disease and the Medical Director of the sickle cell disease

program at the Levine Cancer Institute, has been treating Plaintiff for sickle

cell anemia, a life-threatening disease, for several years and “knows better

than anyone” what treatments Plaintiff best responds to. [Id. at 3-4, 6].

Gamewell is putting Plaintiff’s life in “grave danger” by refusing to follow the

treatment plan established by Dr. Osunkwo. [Id. at 4]. Plaintiff has received

red blood cell transfusions only twice in the two years before filing his

Complaint, although he should be receiving them every month. [Id.].

Furthermore, Gamewell and Nurse Harris are refusing to provide Plaintiff

with prescribed medications that are “vital to [his] livelihood,” including

Subuxone, Mirtazapine, and Ferrous Sulfate. [Id. at 5]. The absence of

these medications poses “significant and imminent risk of severe

cardiovascular/psychiatric and hematological crisis and/or death.” [Id. at 5

(emphases omitted)]. Plaintiff has “been living in constant physical agony

1 Although Plaintiff refers to her as a doctor, according to Defendant Gamewell’s brief in

support of her motion to dismiss, she is a Nurse Practitioner licensed to practice in North

Carolina and currently working at Alexander. [Doc. 21 at 1-2].

for two years with the added fear of ‘sudden death’ due to Defendants[’]

refusal to treat [him].” [Id. at 10]. Finally, Plaintiff’s health has gotten

progressively worse since arriving at Alexander. [Id. at 4].

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiff’s Claim of Deliberate Indifference

Defendant Gamewell first moves to dismiss the claims against her on

the ground that the Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for deliberate

indifference under the Eighth Amendment.

Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a prisoner may bring a cause of action for a

violation of the “cruel and unusual punishments” clause of the Eighth

Amendment to the United States Constitution for deliberate indifference to a

prisoner’s serious medical needs. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104-05

(1976). To prove such a claim, the plaintiff must show: (1) that he had a

serious medical need, which is an objective inquiry, and (2) that the

defendant acted with deliberate indifference to that need, which is a

subjective inquiry. See Iko v. Shreve, 535 F.3d 225, 241 (4th Cir. 2008). A

“serious medical need” is “one that has been diagnosed by a physician as

mandating treatment or one that is so obvious that even a lay person would

easily recognize the necessity for a doctor's attention.” Id. (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted).

To be found liable under the Eighth Amendment, a prison official must

know of and consciously or intentionally disregard “an excessive risk to

inmate health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994);

Johnson v. Quinones, 145 F.3d 164, 167 (4th Cir. 1998). A mere delay or

interference with treatment can be sufficient to constitute a violation of the

Eighth Amendment. Smith v. Smith, 589 F.3d 736, 739 (4th Cir. 2009).

However, allegations that might be sufficient to support negligence and

medical malpractice claims do not, without more, rise to the level of a

cognizable § 1983 claim. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106; Grayson v. Peed, 195

F.3d 692, 695 (4th Cir. 1999) (“Deliberate indifference is a very high standard

— a showing of mere negligence will not meet it.”).

In the Complaint, the Plaintiff alleges that he suffers from sickle cell

anemia, an undoubtedly serious medical condition, and that Defendant

Gamewell refuses to provide Plaintiff’s with medications and treatment that

are necessary to treat this condition and to prevent cardiovascular,

psychiatric, and hematological crises or even death. The allegation that

Plaintiff received only two transfusions over two years when he should have

been receiving a transfusion every month, if true, is reflective of deliberate

indifference to Plaintiff’s serious medical needs. Based on all these

allegations, Defendant Gamewell’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a

deliberate indifference claim will be denied.

B. Qualified Immunity

Defendant Gamewell also argues that, to the extent that Plaintiff

asserts any claims against her in her individual capacity, such claims are

barred by the doctrine of qualified immunity because Plaintiff cannot

establish any constitutional violation. For the reasons set forth above, the

Court cannot conclude at this stage that no constitutional violation occurred.

Accordingly, Gamewell’s motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity is

also denied.

C. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

Next, Gamewell argues that dismissal of the claims against her is

appropriate because the Plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative

remedies.

The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) requires a prisoner to

exhaust any “available” administrative remedies before filing a section 1983

action. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The PLRA’s exhaustion requirement applies

to all inmate suits about “prison circumstances or occurrences.” Porter v.

Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 520 (2002). The exhaustion requirement is mandatory

in cases under § 1997e(a). Id. at 524. Although the PLRA does not define

the term “available,” the Fourth Circuit has held that “an administrative

remedy is not considered to have been available if a prisoner, through no

fault of his own, was prevented from availing himself of it.” Moore v.

Bennette, 517 F.3d 717, 725 (4th Cir. 2008).

Although exhaustion of administrative remedies is a mandatory

prerequisite to filing suit, an inmate is not required to allege exhaustion of

remedies in his complaint. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 216 (2007); see

also Moore, 517 F.3d at 725 (“[I]nmates need not plead exhaustion, nor do

they bear the burden of proving it.”). Rather, the failure to exhaust

administrative remedies is an affirmative defense that a defendant must

raise. Jones, 549 U.S. at 216. Only where the failure to exhaust is “apparent

from the face of [the] complaint” may the Court dismiss an action for failure

to exhaust administrative remedies. Custis v. Davis, 851 F.3d 358, 361 (4th

Cir. 2017).

Here, before the Court conducted initial review of Plaintiff’s Complaint,

Plaintiff filed a Verified Statement, under penalty of perjury, in which he

attests that he exhausted his administrative remedies and “attached copies

of grievances demonstrating completion.” [Doc. 6 at 1]. In the attached

documents, Plaintiff included the “Step Two” institutional responses for two

different grievances that appear to be related to the matters at issue in the

instant Complaint.2 Grievance Number 4870-2018-KPODC00120, dated

January 16, 2018, provides the following grievance response:

This grievance has been investigated. Clinical

review of the record indicates inmate Nichols has

received ongoing health services. DPS health

service providers render care in accordance with

established protocols, clinical practice guidelines,

utilization management policies & professional

medical judgment. No further action is required.

[Id. at 7]. Next, Grievance Number 4870-2018-KPO[illegible]5, dated

October 10, 2018, provides the following grievance response:

After review of the electronic health record it was

noted that this patient is being treated for his medical

condition. In addition, his medical care was

transferred to another Hematologist for Health and

Safety reasons which was already explained to him.

The providers treat conditions as they deem

appropriate. This patient is receiving medications

and treatment the providers have ordered. If there

are further concerns, the patient should follow up

utilizing the sick call process.

[Id. at 6].

2 It is unclear why Plaintiff did not include the Step One and Step Three responses for

each of these grievances with his Verified Statement. The Step Two responses do,

however, indicate that Plaintiff appealed those decisions to Step Three. [See Doc. 6 at 6

-7]. Typically, in support of a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust, a defendant will

submit a copy of all grievances submitted by a plaintiff during the relevant timeframe to

demonstrate that such plaintiff did not properly exhaust administrative remedies relative

to the claim or complaint at issue. Here, Defendant Gamewell did not submit any such

documents in support of her motion. As such, given Plaintiff’s attestation that he did

exhaust his administrative remedies and that the documents he submitted tend to support

this, the Court will, at this stage of these proceedings, overlook the absence of the Step

One and Step Three responses in the Plaintiff’s materials.

Defendant Gamewell claims that “Plaintiff has provided no allegations

whatsoever demonstrating that he has pursued, let alone exhausted, his

administrative remedies.” [Doc. 21 at 11]. Gamewell continues, “the

grievances attached to Plaintiff’s Verified Statement that Administrative

Remedies Have Been Exhausted do not even reference Mrs. Gamewell.”

[Id.]. Gamewell’s arguments on these issues are without merit. As noted,

an inmate is not required to allege exhaustion of remedies in his complaint.

Jones, 549 U.S. at 216; see also Moore, 517 F.3d at 725. Plaintiff, here,

filed his statement verifying that he exhausted his administrative remedies,

which reflects that such exhaustion occurred before Plaintiff’s filed his

Complaint. Furthermore, prison grievances do not have to name particular

defendants in order to satisfy the PLRA’s exhaustion requirements against

those defendants. See Moore, 517 F.3d at 726 (citing Jones, 127 S. Ct. at

922-23).

As such, the Court cannot say that the Plaintiff failed to exhaust the

administrative remedies available to him. Accordingly, Defendant

Gamewell’s motion to dismiss based on the Plaintiff’s failure to exhaust

administrative remedies is denied.

D. Claims of Medical Malpractice

Finally, Defendant Gamewell argues that, to the extent that the

Plaintiff’s Complaint purports to make any claims for medical negligence

under North Carolina law, such claims must be dismissed due to the

Plaintiff’s failure to comply with Rule 9(j) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil

Procedure.

The Complaint does not appear to contain a claim of medical

negligence or malpractice and the Court did not exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over any such claim in its Order on initial review. [See Doc. 9].

Further, in responding to the motion to dismiss, the Plaintiff made no

argument responsive to Gamewell’s position on such a claim. [See Doc. 32].

As the Plaintiff has not attempted to state any medical malpractice

claims under North Carolina law, Defendant Gamewell’s motion to dismiss

any medical malpractice claims asserted in the Complaint is denied as moot.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant Gamewell’s Motion to Dismiss

is denied.

ORDER

IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that Defendant Marilyn Gamewell’s

Motion to Dismiss [Doc. 20] is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Signed: October 12, 2020

5 a sal

< Reidinger ey

Chief United States District Judge MS

12