Davis v. Bowersox

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

WESTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI

WESTERN DIVISION

MICHAEL DAVIS, )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) Case No. 4:16-CV-00246-RK

)

MICHAEL BOWERSOX, et al., )

)

Respondents. )

ORDER DENYING AMENDED PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

Before the Court is Petitioner Michael Davis’ (“Davis”) Amended Petition Under 28

U.S.C. § 2254 for Writ of Habeas Corpus by Person in State Custody. (Doc. 24.) Davis is currently

in custody under a state court judgment and now seeks federal habeas relief. For the reasons set

forth below, the Amended Petition is denied, and the Court declines to issue a certificate of

appealability.

Background

In 1996, Davis shot and killed Ronald Rosendahl. Davis was 17 years old at the time of

this offense. After a jury trial in the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri, Davis was

convicted of first degree murder and armed criminal action. On January 29, 1998, he was

sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole on the murder charge, and a consecutive

100 year sentence for armed criminal action. On February 23, 1999, Davis’ conviction was

affirmed on direct appeal. Davis did not pursue post-conviction proceedings at that time.

In 2013, Davis filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus with the Supreme Court of

Missouri. Case No. SC93475. He requested that his sentence be brought in conformity with Miller

v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012). In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that the Eighth

Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment precludes life imprisonment without

the possibility of parole for individuals under the age of 18 at the time of their offense. Miller,

567 U.S. at 489.1 Miller found that “[m]andatory life without parole for a juvenile precludes

consideration of his chronological age and its hallmark features—among them, immaturity,

1 The Eighth Amendment is “applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment.” See Roper v. Simmons,

543 U.S. 551, 560 (2005).

impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences.” Id. at 477. Consequently, “[b]y

making youth (and all that accompanies it) irrelevant to imposition of that harshest prison sentence,

such a scheme poses too great a risk of disproportionate punishment.” Id. at 479.

While Davis’ state habeas action was pending, the United States Supreme Court decided

Montgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016). Montgomery held that “Miller announced a

substantive rule that is retroactive in cases on collateral review.” Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 732.

Montgomery further held that:

Giving Miller retroactive effect . . . does not require States to relitigate sentences,

let alone convictions, in every case where a juvenile offender received mandatory

life without parole. A State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile

homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them.

See, e.g., Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6–10–301(c) (2013) (juvenile homicide offenders

eligible for parole after 25 years). Allowing those offenders to be considered for

parole ensures that juveniles whose crimes reflected only transient immaturity—

and who have since matured—will not be forced to serve a disproportionate

sentence in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

Id. at 736.

On March 15, 2016, the Missouri Supreme Court granted Davis’ habeas petition in part.

The Missouri Supreme Court ordered that Davis “shall be eligible to apply for parole after serving

25 years’ imprisonment on his sentence of life without parole unless his sentence is otherwise

brought into conformity with Miller and Montgomery by action of the governor or enactment of

necessary legislation.”

On March 29, 2016, Davis filed a motion for rehearing and argued that this remedy did not

satisfy the requirements under Miller. While Davis’ motion for rehearing was pending, a new

Missouri law went into effect on July 13, 2016. The new law, codified at Missouri Revised Statute

§ 558.047.1(1), provides that:

Any person sentenced to a term of imprisonment for life without eligibility for

parole before August 28, 2016, who was under eighteen years of age at the time of

the commission of the offense or offenses, may submit to the parole board a petition

for a review of his or her sentence, regardless of whether the case is final for

purposes of appeal, after serving twenty-five years of incarceration on the sentence

of life without parole.

Mo. Rev. Stat. § 558.047.1(1).

On July 19, 2016, the Missouri Supreme Court vacated its March 15, 2016 Order. The

Order states, in its entirety, “On the Court’s own motion, the Court’s March 15, 2016, order is

vacated. The motion for rehearing is overruled as moot. The petition is denied. See Senate Bill

No. 590, 98th General Assembly. All other pending motions are overruled as moot.” On

November 3, 2016, Davis filed a second petition for writ of habeas corpus with the Missouri

Supreme Court. Case No. SC96014. In part, Davis argued that the new statute did not resolve the

constitutional issues he previously raised.

On March 21, 2016, Davis filed the instant federal habeas action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

2254. On January 26, 2017, this Court granted Davis leave to file an amended habeas petition but

also stayed all federal proceedings so that he could fully exhaust his claims under Miller and

Montgomery in state court. (Doc. 23.) On April 30, 2019, the Missouri Supreme Court denied the

second state habeas petition without prejudice and without any explanation. (Doc. 29-1.) This

Court lifted the stay on August 20, 2019. (Doc. 30.) Respondent then filed a response opposing

the amended petition (Doc. 32), and Davis filed a Traverse (Doc. 37).

Davis’ amended federal habeas petition raises three separate grounds for relief. In part, he

argues that the Missouri Supreme Court’s denial of his petition was contrary to federal law because

his sentence remains unconstitutional under Miller and Montgomery, and that Mo. Rev. Stat. §

558.047 does not cure the constitutional violations. The Respondents contend that the new statute

resolves any constitutional issues, and that the statute itself is constitutional. The parties’

arguments are addressed below.

I. Discussion

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, a federal court cannot grant habeas relief on a claim adjudicated

on the merits in state court “unless the adjudication of the claim—

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court

of the United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the

facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2).2

The “‘contrary to’ and ‘unreasonable application’ clauses of § 2254(d)(1) have independent

meaning.” Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 792 (2001). A state court decision is “contrary to”

2 Based on the record and the parties’ briefs, the Court finds that Davis’ claims were adjudicated and otherwise

exhausted. Counsel for Davis notes that she “is unaware of any currently available remedy for the issues raised in this

amended petition” and that “the state has not raised any exhaustion defense.” (Doc. 37, p. 5 n.2.)

clearly established federal law if it “arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme

Court on a question of law,” or “decides a case differently than the Supreme Court has on a set of

materially indistinguishable facts.” White v. Dingle, 757 F.3d 750, 754 (8th Cir. 2014) (cleaned

up). A state court decision is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law if it

“identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s decisions but

unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Ali v. Roy, 950 F.3d 572,

574 (8th Cir. 2020) (citations and quotations omitted). If the state court did not explain the

rationale for the decision at issue, the federal “habeas court must determine what arguments or

theories supported or . . . could have supported, the state court’s decision[.]” Harrington v. Richter,

562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011). The federal court must then “ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists

could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision

of” the Supreme Court. Id.

Under § 2254, a federal court’s review of a state court decision “is highly deferential.” Ali,

950 F.3d at 574. A petitioner must show that the decision “was so lacking in justification that

there is an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for

fairminded disagreement.” Fenstermaker v. Halvorson, 920 F.3d 536, 540 (8th Cir. 2019) (cleaned

up). In conducting its analysis, the federal court must “presume state courts know and follow the

law.” Id.

Before addressing Davis’ arguments, the Court must first identify the state court decision

at issue and the rationale upon which it was based. The Missouri Supreme Court denied Davis’

first habeas petition and cited the new Missouri statute that makes him parole eligible in 25 years.

The Missouri Supreme Court denied Davis’ second petition without explanation. Upon review of

the record, it seems apparent that the Missouri Supreme Court believed the new statute remedied

any constitutional infirmities. Therefore, the issue before this Court is whether the Missouri

Supreme Court’s denial of relief was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Miller,

Montgomery, and/or applicable provisions of the United States Constitution.

A. Ground One—Whether Davis’ Sentence Violates His Due Process Rights and/or

His Right to Be Free From Cruel and Unusual Punishment.

Davis’ first ground for relief argues that he has been denied due process of law and the

right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment because he is subject to an unlawful mandatory

sentence of life without parole. This argument contains three sub-parts: (1) allowing the parole

board to change his sentence violates Missouri law (including the separation of powers) and the

Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution; (2) subjecting Davis to § 558.047 violates

his equal protection rights because he is not entitled to the same rights as a juvenile defendant who

has not yet been sentenced; and (3) § 558.047 is an unlawful bill of attainder. (Doc. 24, pp. 7-12;

Doc. 37, pp. 7-13.) Each argument is addressed in turn.3

1. The Legislative Grant of Authority to the Parol Board is Not Unconstitutional.

Davis argues that under Missouri law, the legislature cannot give the parole board authority

to change a sentence previously imposed by a Missouri court. However, as discussed above, the

Missouri legislature and Missouri Supreme Court have determined otherwise. “In § 2254

proceedings, a federal court may not re-examine a state court’s interpretation and application of

state law.” Nunley v. Bowersox, 784 F.3d 468, 471 (8th Cir. 2015) (quotations omitted).

Therefore, Davis’ argument is rejected to the extent it relies on the construction and application of

Missouri law.

With respect to federal law, Davis contends that the Missouri Supreme Court’s denial of

his petition violates his rights under the federal Due Process Clause. Davis argues that he “is

entitled to the benefit of Missouri law as applied to other litigants,” and appears to argue that

federal law requires a resentencing, not a parole hearing. Upon review of the record and applicable

law, the Court rejects these arguments.

Montgomery expressly recognized that Miller “does not require States to relitigate

sentences . . . [a] State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders

to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them.” Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 736.

As an example of such a remedy, Montgomery cited a Wyoming statute which, like Missouri,

makes juvenile homicide offenders eligible for parole after 25 years. Id. (citing Wyo. Stat. Ann.

§ 6-10-301(c) (2013)). Montgomery is the most applicable and controlling federal authority on

this issue, and it disposes of Davis’ argument.

Despite Montgomery, Davis relies on State v. Nathan, 404 S.W.3d 251 (Mo. 2013) and

State v. Hart, 404 S.W.3d 232 (Mo. 2013). He contends that under Nathan and Hart, a jury must

decide whether juvenile offenders should be sentenced to life without parole. (Doc. 37, pp. 8-9.)

However, Nathan and Hart were both decided on direct appeal, before Montgomery was handed

down, and before enactment of the new Missouri statute that makes Davis eligible for parole.

3 Many of Davis’ arguments are unclear. The following attempts to decipher and address each argument presented.

Under these circumstances, Nathan and Hart are not persuasive on the issues currently before the

Court.

For similar reasons, the Court rejects Davis’ reliance on Hicks v. Oklahoma, 447 U.S. 343

(1980), and Rust v. Hopkins, 984 F.2d 1486 (8th Cir. 1983). (Doc. 24, p. 9; Doc. 37, pp. 9-10.)

Those cases did not address the constitutionality of juvenile sentences, were decided prior to Miller

and Montgomery, and prior to enactment of the new Missouri statute. Consequently, Hicks and

Rust do not assist the Court in determining whether the Missouri Supreme Court’s denial of relief

was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.

2. Davis’ Equal Protection Arguments Do Not Warrant Habeas Relief.

Davis argues that the new Missouri statute violates his equal protection rights. He contends

that juvenile offenders may be resentenced if their sentences are not yet final, but that resentencing

is not available to him and others whose sentences are final. (Doc. 24, p. 10; Doc. 37, pp. 10-12.)

“The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that no state shall

‘deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws[.]’” New Doe Child #1

v. United States, 901 F.3d 1015, 1027 (8th Cir. 2018) (citing U.S. Const. amend XIV, § 1.)) “The

Equal Protection Clause demands that similarly situated individuals be treated alike.” Id. The

Equal Protection Clause thus protects individuals against “intentional and arbitrary

discrimination.” Walker v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 831 F.3d 968, 976 (8th Cir. 2016).

However, it “does not guarantee that all persons must be dealt with in an identical manner, and

does not forbid all statutory classifications.” Id. (quotations, citations, and alterations omitted).

On the current record, the Court finds that it is not unreasonable to draw a distinction

between those individuals who have completed direct review and those who have not.

Specifically, the Respondents correctly argue that “[i]t is reasonable not to resentence multiple

dozens of offenders, who have long since completed direct review of their cases, when an adequate

remedy approved by the United States Supreme Court can be crafted by making them eligible for

parole, and the passage of time makes resentencing proceedings difficult.” (Doc. 32, p. 7.)

In his Traverse, Davis argues that there are approximately 95 individuals who are serving

a similar sentence, and that “[t]his is not an unmanageable number of persons to resentence.” (Doc.

37, p. 11.) However, regardless of the number of individuals who may be affected, Davis’ equal

protection argument fails because he does not present any “evidence of discriminatory effect or

purpose.” Hack v. Cassady, 2019 WL 320586, at * 8 (W.D. Mo. Jan. 24, 2019) (denying equal

protection claim under similar circumstances). Davis also “fails to identify a similarly situated

person who was treated better than he was treated.” Id. Under these circumstances, Davis has not

presented a colorable equal protection claim, and he has not shown that an evidentiary hearing is

warranted.

3. Missouri Statute § 558.047 is Not an Unlawful Bill of Attainder.

Davis argues that the Missouri Supreme Court’s decision is contrary to and an unreasonable

application of the Bill of Attainder Clause. See U.S. Const., art. I, § 10, cl. 1 (providing that “No

State shall . . . pass any Bill of Attainder”); (Doc. 24, pp. 10-12; Doc. 37, p. 12). “A bill of attainder

is a law that legislatively determines guilt and inflicts punishment upon an identifiable individual

without provision of the protection of a judicial trial.” WMX Tech., Inc. v. Gasconade Cnty., 105

F.3d 1195, 1201 (8th Cir. 1997) (quotations omitted). To qualify as a bill of attainder, the law

must: “(1) specify the affected persons; (2) impose punishment; and (3) lack a judicial trial.”

Palmer v. Clarke, 408 F.3d 423, 433 (8th Cir. 2005). As relevant here, “punishment” means that

the “harm must fall within the traditional meaning of legislative punishment, fail to further a

nonpunitive punishment, or be based on congressional intent to punish.” Planned Parenthood of

Mid-Missouri and Eastern Kansas, Inc. v. Dempsey, 167 F.3d 458, 465 (8th Cir. 1999).

Here, Missouri Statue § 558.047 is not an unconstitutional bill of attainder because it does

not impose punishment on Davis. To the contrary, it provides an avenue of relief from the sentence

previously imposed on him. Although Davis contends the relief is inadequate, that does not make

it a punishment. Moreover, Montgomery expressly contemplated the type of relief adopted by the

Missouri legislature. Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 736. Similarly, Davis fails to present any evidence

of an intent to punish. Instead, it appears that § 558.047 was enacted with the intent of remedying

sentences deemed unconstitutional by Miller and Montgomery. Under these circumstances, the

Missouri Supreme Court’s denial of relief was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,

the Bill of Attainder Clause.

B. Ground Two—Whether Davis Has Been Wrongly Denied the Right to

Individualized Sentencing and a Reasonable Opportunity For Release.

In his second ground for relief, Davis argues that he has been denied the right to

individualized sentencing and a reasonable opportunity for relief as required by the United States

Supreme Court. (Doc. 24, pp. 13-20; Doc. 37, pp. 14-20.) This ground for relief contains two

subparts: (1) the opportunity for parole is not a sufficient remedy; and (2) the new Missouri statute

does not comply with Miller and Montgomery. Each subpart is addressed below.

1. The Opportunity for Parole is Not Contrary to, or an Unreasonable Application of,

Miller and Montgomery.

Davis argues that an opportunity for parole is not adequate under Miller and Montgomery.

(Doc. 24, pp. 13-14; Doc. 37, pp. 14-15.) He contends that Montgomery “did not say that in all

cases, simply allowing an opportunity for parole was enough to remedy the imposition of a

mandatory life without parole sentence.” (Doc. 37, pp. 14-15) (emphasis in original.) In support

of this proposition, Davis relies on Justice Sotomayor’s concurring opinion in Adams v. Alabama,

136 S. Ct. 1796 (2016). According to Davis, Justice Sotomayor “did not suggest that a parole

board” could decide whether a juvenile offender had “permanent incorrigibility.” (Doc. 37, p. 15.)

However, as stated above, Montgomery expressly held that “[a] State may remedy a Miller

violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by

resentencing them.” Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 736. This clear and explicit holding is not altered

by a subsequent concurring opinion. To the extent Davis wishes to extend or otherwise enlarge

the holding in Montgomery, that argument is not cognizable in the § 2254 context. See White v.

Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 426 (2014) (“Section 2254(d)(1) provides a remedy for instances in which

a state court unreasonably applies this Court’s precedent; it does not require state courts to extend

that precedent or license federal courts to treat the failure to do so as error.”) (emphasis in original).

2. The Parole Procedures Under Missouri Law Are Not Contrary to, or an Unreasonable

Application of, Federal Law.

Davis argues that the parole procedures set forth by Missouri law are not adequate under

Miller and Montgomery. (Doc. 24, pp. 14-20; Doc. 37, pp. 15-20.) Davis argues that Missouri’s

parole statute “does not ‘ensure’ that a juvenile who has matured will be given an opportunity for

release” because that decision rests with the discretion of the parole board. (Doc. 24, pp. 14-15.)

He contends that even if mitigating factors are present, parole may be denied based solely on the

“circumstances surrounding the offense.” Davis also complains that only the parole board has the

right to obtain additional information, that he has no right to counsel, and no right to present

evidence at the parole hearing. Upon review of the record, the Court rejects these arguments.

In Miller, the Supreme Court found that a life sentence without the possibility of parole

impermissibly fails to consider the juvenile’s “chronological age and its hallmark features—among

them, immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences,” the “family and

home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot usually extricate himself—no

matter how brutal or dysfunctional,” the “circumstances of the homicide offense,” and “the

possibility of rehabilitation[.]” Miller, 567 U.S. at 477-78. Montgomery thus recognized that

“[t]hose prisoners who have shown an inability to reform will continue to serve life sentences. The

opportunity for release will be afforded to those who demonstrate the truth of Miller’s central

intuition—that children who commit even heinous crimes are capable of change.” Montgomery,

136 S. Ct. at 736.

Under Miller and Montgomery, the Missouri Supreme Court’s denial of relief is not an

unreasonable application or, or contrary to, federal law. The new Missouri statute requires the

parole board to consider the following factors:

(1) Efforts made toward rehabilitation since the offense or offenses occurred,

including participation in educational, vocational, or other programs during

incarceration, when available;

(2) The subsequent growth and increased maturity of the person since the offense

or offenses occurred;

(3) Evidence that the person has accepted accountability for the offense or

offenses, except in cases where the person has maintained his or her innocence;

(4) The person’s institutional record during incarceration; and

(5) Whether the person remains the same risk to society as he or she did at the

time of the initial sentencing.

Mo. Rev. Stat. § 558.047.5(1)-(5). The statute requires the parole board to consider additional

factors set forth in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.033.2. Among other things, those factors include the

offender’s age and maturity at the time of the offense, the “nature and circumstances of the

offense,” the offender’s degree of culpability, the offender’s home and family background, and the

likelihood of rehabilitation. Id.

These provisions adequately account for the youth-related concerns identified in Miller and

Montgomery, such as Davis’ age and maturity, his family environment, the circumstances of the

offense, and prospects for rehabilitation. See Miller, 567 U.S. at 477-78. Moreover, Davis’

arguments misconstrue Miller and Montgomery. Federal law does not require that he be released

if certain facts are present, and does not mandate specific procedural rights at the parole hearing.

Instead, Miller and Montgomery require that Davis have an “opportunity for release.”

Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 736. Under Missouri law, Davis now has that opportunity.

In his Traverse, Davis argues that “the court in Brown v. Precythe, 2:17-cv-04082-NKL,

granted declaratory and injunctive relief finding that § 558.047 is unconstitutional because it does

not provide persons like Mr. Davis with ‘a meaningful and realistic opportunity to obtain

release[.]’” (Doc. 37, pp. 18-19.) However, Brown was brought as a class action (of which Davis

is a class member) under § 1983 and it is currently on appeal before the Eighth Circuit.

Importantly, Brown was not decided under the deferential standards applicable to § 2254 motions.

In the § 2254 context, courts in this district have rejected arguments similar to those raised by

Davis. See Wolf v. Cassady, 2019 WL 1089125, at * 2-3 (W.D. Mo. Mar. 7, 2019) (Harpool, J.);

Hack, 2019 WL 320586, at * 5-8 (Smith, J.); Ramirez v. Griffith, No. 16-CV-1058 (W.D. Mo.

Dec. 2, 2016) (Whipple, J.); see also Saddler v. Pash, 2018 WL 999979, at * 3 (E.D. Mo. Feb. 21,

2018).

In addition, the Respondents correctly note that “the injunction [in Brown] will either be

upheld, or it will be overturned” on appeal. (Doc. 32, p. 13.)4 “No matter what the result of the

civil rights appeal, the class members will receive the constitutional protections. So, assuming for

the sake of argument that the pre-injunction procedures were unconstitutional, Davis will receive

the benefit” of that appellate decision. (Id.) On a related note, it does not appear that Davis has

served 25 years of his sentence. Consequently, even if Davis’ arguments were persuasive, “claims

challenging the constitutionality of a future parole hearing are premature.” Hack, 2019 WL

320586, at * 7.5

C. Ground Three—Whether Davis’ 100 Year Consecutive Sentence for Armed

Criminal Action Violates the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.

Although not clear, Davis appears to argue that his 100 year consecutive sentence for

armed criminal action will prevent him from ever being eligible for parole. (Doc. 24, pp. 20-21;

Doc. 37, pp. 20-21.) In response, Respondents argue that Davis must serve at least three years on

his consecutive sentence for armed criminal action, which would make him eligible for parole after

28 years. In his Traverse, Davis “agrees that if he is in fact eligible for parole consideration after

he has served 28 years, that in itself is not an additional constitutional violation.” (Doc. 37, p. 21.)

Nonetheless, Davis contends that “should the parole board determine not to grant him a parole

4 According to the appellate docket sheet, it does not appear that briefing is complete in Brown and a date for oral

arguments has not been set. See Brown v. Precythe, Eighth Circuit Case No. 19-3019.

5 Similarly, Davis’ request for an evidentiary hearing is premature.

hearing because of the consecutive sentence, that would implicate the Cruel and Unusual

Punishment Clause[.]” (Id.)

Upon review of the parties’ arguments, the Court finds that Davis has not shown that he

will be ineligible for parole based on his consecutive sentence. Davis has also not shown that

parole eligibility after 28 years would violate Miller, Montgomery, or other clearly established

federal law. Finally, for the reasons discussed above, Davis’ argument regarding the effect of his

consecutive sentence is premature. Wolf, 2019 WL 1089125, at * 3. Consequently, Davis’ third

ground for relief will be denied.

II. Certificate of Appealability

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), the Court may issue a certificate of appealability only where

a petitioner “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” This means

that “reasonable jurists” could find the Court’s decision “debatable or wrong.” Tennard v. Dretke,

542 U.S. 274, 282 (2004) (quotation marks and citations omitted). For the reasons set forth above,

Davis has not met this standard.

Conclusion

Accordingly, Davis’ Amended Petition Under § 2254 for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 24)

is DENIED, a certificate of appealability is DENIED, and this case is DISMISSED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Roseann A. Ketchmark

ROSEANN A. KETCHMARK, JUDGE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DATED: April 15, 2020