The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
ALEXANDRIA DIVISION
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, * CIVIL ACTION NO. 69-14430
Plaintiff *
*
VERSUS * JUDGE DOUGHTY
*
CATAHOULA PARISH SCHOOL *
BOARD, et al., *
Defendants *
*
RULING
This is a desegregation action originally brought in 1969 by the United States of America
(“the United States”) against the Catahoula Parish School Board (“the Board”) and the individual
members of the Board at that time.
Pending before the Court is a Joint Motion for Declaration of Unitary Status [Doc. No.
94]. The United States has reviewed the compliance of the Board (collectively, the “Parties”)
with the 1969 court order that permanently enjoined it from operating a dual system of schools
segregated on the basis of race. Based on a review of the information provided by the Board
and other data, the United States advised the Board that in its view the Board has fulfilled its
affirmative desegregation obligations under applicable federal law. The Parties now move the
Court for a declaration that the Board has achieved unitary status in the final areas of student
assignment, faculty and staff assignment, facilities, and quality of education, and for dismissal of
this case.
For the following reasons, the motion is GRANTED. The Court finds that the Board has
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achieved unitary status in the remaining areas, relinquishes supervision, and dismisses this case
with prejudice.
I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The United States initiated this lawsuit on February 10, 1969, seeking to enjoin the
Board from operating a dual school system based on race. On July 29, 1969, this Court ordered
the Board to effectuate a specific desegregation plan designed to disestablish the dual school
system that existed in the Catahoula Parish School District (“the District”), and permanently
enjoined the Board from discriminating on the basis of race or color in the operation of the
school system. The desegregation plan identified specific actions, and time frames for said
actions, to be taken regarding student assignment and transfers, faculty and staff employment
and integration, school construction, and services, facilities, programs, and activities.
On August 1, 1969, this Court amended the July 29, 1969 Order, regarding the
assignment of students in the Jonesville and Sicily Island areas. On August 7, 1980, this Court
entered a judgment allowing the Board to reassign grade 5 from Jonesville Elementary School
to Jonesville Junior High, and grade 8 from Jonesville Junior High to Block High School. On
August 23, 1993, this Court issued an order authorizing the Board to implement a Student
Enrollment and Transfer Policy.
On May 23, 1994, Save Our Schools filed a Motion to Intervene and sought a Temporary
Restraining Order in opposition of the Board’s Motion for Authorization to Consolidate
Schools and Change Attendance Zones. On July 7, 1994, this Court dismissed the Motion to
Intervene as untimely and made in bad faith, and authorized the Board to close Enterprise High
School and transfer grades K-8 to Harrisonburg Elementary and grades 9-12 to Harrisonburg
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High, and to transfer students in grades 6-8 at Manifest Elementary to Jonesville Junior High.
On August 8, 1995, this Court authorized the Board to close Manifest Elementary and
assign its students to Jonesville Elementary and Jonesville Junior High. On March
13, 2012, this Court authorized the Board to consolidate the schools in the Harrisonburg and
Sicily Island Attendance Zones.
On January 24, 2019, the Court ordered both parties to respond to an online news report
regarding Block High School and to show cause why a special master should not be assigned to
the case. On March 15, 2019, the Louisiana State Chapter of the NAACP filed a Motion for
Leave to File and Amicus Brief. On April 2, 2019, this Court granted the NAACP’s motion,
“limited to its input on the issue of the court’s potential appointment of a special master. The
Court declined to assign a special master at that time.
On May 24, 2019, the Court authorized the Board to close Jonesville Junior High and
reassign grade 5 and grades 6-7 to Jonesville Elementary and Block High, respectively. On July
8, 2019, this Court granted the Parties’ Joint Motion for Partial Unitary Status in the area of
transportation.
On September 3, 2019, this Court signed the Plan of Work jointly filed by the Parties.
The Plan of Work required the Board to provide the United States with documents regarding
student and faculty assignment and extracurricular activities. In addition to reviewing the
documents produced, the United States requested and reviewed additional information
regarding teacher recruitment and hiring, and visited every school in the District with an expert
in facilities. The United States advised the NAACP of its assessment and findings as to each of
these reviews.
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II. LEGAL STANDARD
The goal of a school desegregation case is to eliminate the vestiges of past de jure
segregation from all aspects of school operations to the extent practicable and, thereby, achieve
full unitary status. Freeman v. Pitts, 503 U.S. 467, 491-92, 489 (1992). To obtain a
declaration of unitary status, the Board must show that its schools have: (1) fully and
satisfactorily complied with the Court’s decrees for a reasonable period of time; (2) eliminated
the vestiges of prior de jure discrimination to the extent practicable; and (3) demonstrated a
good-faith commitment to the whole of the Court’s decrees and to those provisions of the law
and the Constitution that were the predicate for judicial intervention in the first instance. See
Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70, 87-89 (1995); Bd. of Educ. of Oklahoma City Pub. Sch. v.
Dowell, 498 U.S. 237, 248-50 (1991).
The Supreme Court has identified six areas, commonly known as the “Green factors,”
which must be addressed as part of the determination of whether a school district has fulfilled its
duties and eliminated vestiges of the prior dual system to the extent practicable: (1) student
assignment; (2) faculty; (3) staff; (4) transportation; (5) extracurricular activities; and (6)
facilities. Green v. Sch. Bd. of New Kent Cty., 391 U.S. 430, 435 (1968); Anderson v. Sch. Bd.,
517 F.3d 292, 298 (11th Cir. 2008) (“To guide courts in determining whether the vestiges of de
jure segregation have been eliminated as far as practicable, the Supreme Court has identified
several aspects of school operations that must be considered, commonly referred to as the Green
factors: student assignment, faculty, staff, transportation, extracurricular activities, and
facilities.”). The Supreme Court also has approved consideration of other indicia, such as
“quality of education,” as important factors for determining whether the Board has fulfilled its
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desegregation obligations. Freeman, 503 U.S. at 492-93. The proper measure of a Board’s
progress toward unitary status “is the effectiveness, not the purpose,” of its actions. Brinkman,
443 U.S. at 537-38; see also Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 402 U.S. 1, 25
(1971). To that end, a district must demonstrate its “affirmative commitment to comply in good
faith with the entirety of a desegregation plan,” not simply that it “had [not] acted in bad faith or
engaged in further acts of discrimination since the desegregation plan went into effect.”
Freeman, 503 U.S. at 499.
III. STIPULATED FACTS
A. Student Assignment
During the 1968-69 school year, the Board operated ten schools, including two de jure
black schools: Jonesville Consolidated High School and Martin High School. The Board’s
desegregation plan maintained all ten schools, but required the schools to desegregate. The 1970
amended desegregation plan renamed the two de jure black schools as Jonesville Junior High
and Martin Junior High, respectively.
During the 1970-71 school year, the Board enrolled 3,481 students (65% white and 35%
black) in schools:
School Grade Black White Total
Sicily Island Elementary 1 – 5 149 (65%) 82 (35%) 231
Martin Junior High 5 – 8 150 (57%) 111 (43%) 261
Sicily Island High 9 – 12 134 (59%) 95 (41%) 229
Jonesville Elementary 1 – 5 328 (38%) 529 (62%) 857
Jonesville Junior High 6 – 8 213 (40%) 313 (60%) 526
Block High 9 – 12 162 (33%) 335 (67%) 497
Manifest Elementary 1 – 8 11 (10%) 103 (90%) 114
Harrisonburg High 1 – 12 75 (17%) 354 (83%) 429
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Enterprise High 1 – 12 0 177 (100%) 177
Central High 1 – 12 0 160 (100%) 160
Total 1,222 (35%) 2259 (65%) 3,481
1970 Civil Rights Data Collection
For the 2019-20 school year, the Board enrolled 1,117 students in grades K-12 in five
schools. The Board’s overall enrollment is 59% white, 39% black, and 2% other. The following
chart summarizes the enrollment at each school in the District during the 2019-20 school year:
School Grade Black White Total
Sicily Island High K – 12 118 (50%) 109 (46%) 222
Jonesville Elementary K – 5 162 (53%) 140 (46%) 286
Block High 7 – 12 144 (56%) 107 (42%) 257
Harrisonburg High K – 12 41 (15%) 231 (82%) 282
Central High K – 12 6 (9%) 64 (91%) 70
Total 449 (39%) 673 (59%) 1,117
District 2019-20 Status Report to Court
The District has experienced a substantial declining enrollment since the inception of this
case. As a result, the Board has closed two school facilities, reassigning the students enrolled at
Manifest Elementary and Enterprise High School to Harrisonburg Elementary Schools,
Jonesville Junior High, and Harrisonburg High, in a manner that strived to maintain and increase
desegregated student enrollment. Harrisonburg High’s current enrollment demographics remain
similar to the demographics in 1970, primarily due to the school serving students who live in the
rural, agricultural northwest region of the Parish. The next closest schools, Block High and Sicily
Island High, are 10 miles to the south and 12 miles to the east, respectively.
The Board also consolidated three schools in the Harrisonburg, Sicily Island, and
Jonesville areas in a manner that did not interfere with its desegregation obligations. Central
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High School, which enrolled no black students in 1970-71, currently enrolls a student body of
which only 9% are black students. Central is located in a remote southwestern part of the Parish,
a 45-minute to one-hour drive from the next closest school. Students who attend Central High
School live within a few miles of the school.
The Board continues to implement changes to ensure that it grants and denies student
transfers in compliance with the Board’s transfer policy and this Court’s order without
discriminating on the basis of race. These transfers do not have a negative effect on
desegregation in the Board’s schools.
B. Faculty and Staff Assignment
In 1970-71, the Board employed a total of 168 full-time teachers, of which 30%
were black and 70% were white. At the time, 64 white teachers worked in racially-identifiable
black schools, and 16 black teachers worked in racially-identifiable white schools.
School Grade Black White Total
Sicily Island Elementary 1 – 5 3 (27%) 8 (73%) 11
Martin Junior High 5 – 8 3 (25%) 9 (75%) 12
Sicily Island High 9 – 12 5 (36%) 9 (64%) 14
Jonesville Elementary 1 – 5 8 (29%) 20 (71%) 28
Jonesville Junior High 6 – 8 6 (29%) 15 (71%) 21
Block High 9 – 12 8 (29%) 20 (71%) 28
Manifest Elementary 1 – 8 2 (33%) 4 (77%) 6
Harrisonburg High 1 – 12 8 (35%) 15 (65%) 23
Enterprise High 1 – 12 4 (31%) 9 (69%) 13
Central High 1 – 12 4 (35%) 8 (65%) 12
Total 51 (30%) 117 (70%) 168
In 2019-20, the Board employed a total of 200 certified and non-certified school-level
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administrators, teachers, and staff, of which 71 (36%) are black and 129 (64%) are white. The
Board employees 82 teachers, 29% of whom are black. The following charts illustrates the
number:
School Grade Black White Total
Sicily Island High K – 12 6 (35%) 13 (65%) 17
Jonesville Elementary 1 – 5 6 (35%) 11 (65%) 17
Block High 6 – 12 11 (52%) 10 (48%) 21
Harrisonburg High K – 12 1 (5%) 18 (95%) 19
Central High K – 12 0 8 (100%) 8
Total 24 (29%) 60 (71%) 82
District 2019-20 Status Report to Court
of teachers at each individual school
Faculty at three of the five schools reflect the overall employment demographics of the
District. Between 2015 and 2019, Central High advertised only three vacancies, and due to the
steady decrease of student enrolment at the school, the Board decided not to replace the most
recent vacancy. Between 2015 and 2018, Harrisonburg High advertised only four vacancies,
which the school filled with one black and three white teachers. In 2019, Harrisonburg advertised
seven vacancies. The school received only one application from a black applicant, whom they
hired along with six white teachers. The United States requested and reviewed the Board’s
documentation regarding recruitment and hiring at all five schools, and determined that there is
no evidence of discrimination in faculty and staff assignment; nor is there evidence of
discrimination in the Board’s employment practices.
C. Extracurricular Activities
The Board offers a wide variety of student activities, and race is not a consideration for
participation in those activities. Due to the consolidation of schools in specific attendance zones,
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not every school offers the same extracurricular sports. For example, neither Harrisonburg High
nor Central High offer football, as neither have football fields. However, aside from school
assignment based on attendance zone, student participation in sports, student government, clubs,
and extracurricular and co-curricular activities reflects that activities are available to all students
in the District regardless of race.
D. Facilities
There is no evidence of discrimination in school facilities. The Board assigns students to
facilities in a non-segregated and non-discriminatory manner. In response to concerns raised by
the community in Fall of 2018, the Board replaced carpet and air conditioning units and painted
sections of Block High School. In order to accommodate the closure of Jonesville Junior High
and the transfer of two grades to the High School, the Board conducted substantial renovations of
the “A” Building at Block. Due to the consolidation of schools in specific attendance zones,
school facilities are not identical. As noted above, every school does not have the same sports
facilities. However, each of the five schools maintains physical facilities which are comparable
to each other.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the information and data provided and the applicable law, the Court finds that
the Board has acted in good faith to comply with the Court’s 1969 Order and its subsequent
amendments for a reasonable period of time, has refrained from taking actions that would reverse
its progress in desegregating its system, eliminated the vestiges of past de jure discrimination to
the extent practicable, and is operating a unitary school system. The Court, therefore, concludes
that the Board has met the legal standards for a declaration of unitary status and is entitled to
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dismissal of this case.
Accordingly, the Court will enter judgment, granting the Joint Motion, declaring the
District unitary, dissolving all prior injunctions against the Board, relinquishing supervision of
the District and returning that supervision to the Board, and dismissing this case with prejudice.
MONROE, LOUISIANA, this 3"¢ day of September, 2020.
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i Y A. DOUGHT
UNITER. STATES DISTRICT JUD
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