The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
ALEXANDRIA DIVISION
ANTHONY T. BROWN, ET AL CIVIL ACTION NO. 17-0798
VERSUS JUDGE S. MAURICE HICKS, JR.
CITY OF ALEXANDRIA, ET AL MAGISTRATE JUDGE PEREZ-MONTES
MEMORANDUM RULING
Before the Court are Defendants the City of Alexandria (“City”) and Mayor Jacques
Roy (“Mayor Roy”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Record Document 43) under
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure seeking dismissal of Plaintiffs, Anthony
and Bianca Brown’s (“Browns” or “Plaintiffs”), federal claims. The Browns oppose
summary judgment (Record Document 52). For the reasons stated in the instant
Memorandum Ruling, Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is hereby
GRANTED.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The instant suit arises from an altercation at the movie theater on the night of May
21, 2016 in Alexandria, Louisiana. See Record Document 1-5 at 3. The altercation was
between Mr. Stevenson (“Stevenson”) and the Browns. See id; see also Record
Document 18-3 at 1. On May 21, 2016, Plaintiffs attended a movie. See Record Document
1-5 at 3. Upon entering the theater, Stevenson approached Plaintiffs and began speaking
to Ms. Brown. Mr. Brown went to the concession stand. See Record Document 18-1 at
52. After Stevenson and Ms. Brown finished their conversation, Ms. Brown went to the
restroom. See id. At this time, Mr. Brown approached Stevenson and engaged him in
conversation. See id. at 42 According to Mr. Brown’s deposition, the purpose of this
conversation was to let Stevenson know that Mr. and Ms. Brown had been married for 18
years, and to ask Stevenson to acknowledge Mr. Brown’s presence whenever he spoke
to Ms. Brown in the future. See id. Plaintiffs then went to their movie.
After the movie ended, Plaintiffs began moving towards the theater’s exit, but were
“accosted” by Stevenson, who was standing in the doorway. Record Document 1-5 at 3.
Stevenson “attempted to commence a conversation with Ms. Brown.” Id. Stevenson told
her that before the movie, Mr. Brown had accused them of having an affair. See Record
Documents 18-1 at 58 & 18-2 at 65. Plaintiffs turned to walk away. See Record Document
1-5 at 3. Stevenson then “jumped in front of them” and became hostile. Id. Stevenson
then pushed Mr. Brown and “commenced attacking him, causing a fight to break out
between them.” Id. Ms. Brown then yelled for help from the police officer, Officer Rennier
(“Rennier”) who was working security at the theater. See id.; see also Record Document
18-1 at 64.
Rennier intervened to break up the fight. See Record Document 43-3 at 10.
Plaintiffs allege that Rennier engaged in excessive force and caused significant injuries
to both of them during the course of his intervention. See Record Document 1-5 at 3 & 4.
More specifically, Plaintiffs assert Rennier “arbitrarily slammed” Mr. Brown to the ground
and “sat on his back using profanity.” Id. at 3. Further, Rennier “struck Ms. Brown,” and
knocked her to the floor. Id. at 4; see also Record Document 18-1 at 65. Both Mr. and Ms.
Brown assert significant injuries from this altercation. However, Mr. Brown alleges “no
medical services were provided by the Alexandria Police Department,” even after Mr.
Brown indicated multiple times he was hurt. Record Document 1-5 at 4.
Plaintiffs allege federal and state constitutional claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1983 against Officer Rennier, the City of Alexandria, Mayor Roy, the Alexandria City
Council, and the Alexandria Police Department. See id. at 4. The Court dismissed all
claims against the Alexandria City Council and Alexandria Police Department as they are
entities incapable of being sued. See Record Document 13. Plaintiffs also sued the
theater for negligent hiring of Stevenson, but all claims against the theater were also
dismissed. See Record Document 50.
The City and Mayor Roy filed the instant Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
asserting Plaintiffs failed to provide any evidence demonstrating a § 1983 violation. See
Record Document 43-1 at 13-20. Further, Mayor Roy asserts the defense of qualified
immunity. See id. at 17-18. The Browns oppose the motion. See Record Document 52.
Defendants replied to Plaintiffs’ opposition. See Record Document 55.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
I. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is proper pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” A genuine dispute of material fact exists if the
record, taken as a whole, could lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party.
See Geoscan, Inc. of Texas v. Geotrace Techs., Inc., 226 F.3d 387, 390 (5th Cir. 2000).
Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for
discovery and upon motion, against a party “who fails to make a showing sufficient to
establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof [at trial].” Patrick v. Ridge, 394 F.3d 311, 315 (5th Cir.
2004) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 2552 (1986)).
If the movant demonstrates the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact, “the
nonmovant must go beyond the pleadings and designate specific facts showing that there
is a genuine [dispute] for trial.” Gen. Universal Sys., Inc. v. Lee, 379 F.3d 131, 141 (5th
Cir. 2004).
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court must view “all facts and
inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Rogers v. Bromac Title
Servs., L.L.C., 755 F.3d 347, 350 (5th Cir. 2014). But the non-moving party “cannot defeat
summary judgment with conclusory allegations, unsubstantiated assertions, or only a
‘scintilla of evidence.” Hathaway v. Bazanay, 507 F.3d 312, 319 (5th Cir. 2007) (internal
citations omitted). Where critical evidence is so weak or tenuous on an essential fact that
it could not support a judgment in favor of the nonmovant, then summary judgment should
be granted. See Boudreaux v. Swift Transp. Co., 402 F.3d 536, 540 (5th Cir. 2005).
II. Analysis
In their complaint, the Browns assert § 1983 Monell claims against the City of
Alexandria and Mayor Roy for (1) excessive force; (2) deliberate indifference to Mr.
Brown’s medical needs; and (3) failing to adequately train the officer involved in the
incident. See id. at 4. It is not clear from the complaint whether the Browns are suing
Mayor Roy in his official or individual capacities in his § 1983 claims, so the Court will
assume that the Browns are suing him in both capacities.
A. The Browns’ Federal Claims Against Mayor Roy in his Official Capacity
and the City
A suit against a state or municipal officer in his or her official capacity is treated as
a suit against the entity itself. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166, 105 S.Ct.
3099, 3105 (1985). As such, a plaintiff must prove the elements necessary for a Monell
municipal liability claim to prevail in an official capacity suit. See Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S.
21, 25, 112 S.Ct. 358, 361-62 (1991). Therefore, the analysis of claims against the City
and Mayor Roy in his official capacity are identical.
i. Excessive Force Claim
Local government entities may not be held vicariously liable under § 1983. See
Monell v. Dept. of Social Serv., 436 U.S. 658, 691 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2036 (1978). However,
they can be held liable “when execution of a government's policy or custom, whether
made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent
official policy, inflicts the injury.” Id., 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. at 2037-38.
To succeed on a Monell claim against a local government entity, the plaintiff must
establish (1) an official policy or custom, of which (2) a policymaker can be charged with
actual or constructive knowledge, and (3) a constitutional violation whose “moving force”
is that policy or custom. Rayborn v. Bossier Parish School Bd., 881 F.3d 409, 416-17 (5th
Cir. 2018), (citing Rivera v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 349 F.3d 244, 247 (5th Cir. 2003)).
Official policy includes “the decisions of a government's lawmakers, the acts of its
policymaking officials, and practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have
the force of law.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61, 131 S.Ct. 1350, 1359 (2011).
After reviewing Plaintiffs’ complaint and opposition, it appears Plaintiffs are relying
on the third category, or attempting to prove official policy through widespread practice.
See Record Documents 1-5 & 52-2. Plaintiffs must therefore demonstrate that there
existed “[a] persistent, widespread practice of city officials or employees, which, although
not authorized by officially adopted and promulgated policy, is so common and well
settled as to constitute a custom that fairly represents municipal policy.” Webster v. City
of Houston, 735 F.2d 838, 841 (5th Cir. 1984). Furthermore, Plaintiffs must also show
“actual or constructive knowledge of such custom” by the municipality or the official who
had policymaking authority. Id.
Plaintiffs’ only evidence of this alleged custom derives from a previous civil suit
filed against Officer Rennier and expert testimony regarding law enforcement standards
generally. See Record Document 52-2 at 10-12. Plaintiffs allege an off-duty incident with
Rennier, three other off-duty cops, and a private citizen serve as evidence of Rennier’s
violent propensity. See id. at 10. The alleged incident led to a simple battery conviction
for Rennier and a civil suit filed against the city. See Record Document 43-3 at 22. This
one incident from 20 years ago is simply not enough to demonstrate a “persistent and
widespread practice” of city employees. Webster, 735 F.2d at 841; see also Adams v.
City of Laredo, 08-165, 2011 WL 1988750, at *7 (S.D. Tex. May 19, 2011) (finding Plaintiff
failed to establish a custom necessary for Monell liability with evidence that the officers
involved had at least one prior excessive force complaint).
The Browns also presented evidence from John G. Peters, Jr., Ph.D. (“Peters”),
who was offered as an expert in the field of law enforcement and correctional practices.
See Record Document 52-5 at 2.1 Peters observes, “[I]t appears from the tactics used by
APD Captain Michael Rennier…that he was not trained on how to properly approach
1 Defendants have filed a “Motion to Strike and/or in Limine” to strike Dr. Peters’ report
and opinions from consideration of the Motion for Summary Judgment. Record Document
56. For purposes of this motion, the Court will consider Dr. Peters’ report and opinions.
However, the Court notes it has significant doubts regarding Dr. Peters’ methodology.
disabled individuals…”2 See Record Document 52-5 at 4. Further, Peters notes he has
not reviewed any of Alexandria Police Departments’ (“APD”) training records and is
merely relying on information from the APD website. See id. Peters’ opinion is simply
inadequate to demonstrate a practice “so common and well settled as to constitute a
custom that fairly represents municipal policy.” Webster, 735 F.2d at 84. Rather, his report
merely serves as his unsubstantiated opinion. Furthermore, the Fifth Circuit has made
clear that “an expert’s opinion should not be alone sufficient to establish constitutional
‘fault’ by a municipality in a case of alleged omissions, where no facts support the
inference that the town's motives were contrary to constitutional standards.” Stokes v.
Bullins, 844 F.2d 269, 276 (5th Cir. 1988).
Viewing all facts and inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, the Court finds Plaintiffs have
failed to provide evidence sufficient to indicate a “persistent and widespread practice” of
excessive force. Therefore, the federal claims of excessive force must be DISMISSED
against the City and Mayor Roy in his official capacity.
ii. Deliberate Indifference Claim
Plaintiffs also assert the City and Mayor Roy are in violation of § 1983 for “acting
with deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s medical needs.” See Record Document 1-5 at 5.
Plaintiffs’ only evidence of a policy or widespread practice or custom of deliberate
indifference of medical needs is the expert testimony of Peters. See Record Document
52-2 at 17-18. Peters’ bald opinion regarding deliberate indifference of medical needs is
based solely on Mr. Brown’s deposition. See Record Document 52-5 at 8. Again, this is
2 Plaintiffs did not allege Mr. Brown had a disability in their complaint. The opposition to
the motion for summary judgment mentions Mr. Brown’s alleged disability, but because it
was raised for the first time at summary judgment it will not be considered by this Court.
simply not enough to establish a “persistent and widespread custom” of the City or Mayor
Roy to deny medical care. See Webster, 735 F.2d at 841. Furthermore, as noted above,
expert testimony alone is insufficient to establish a custom or policy generally under
Monell. See Stokes, 844 F.2d at 276. Thus, as Plaintiffs have failed to establish the first
essential element for a Monell § 1983 claim—the presence of an official policy or
custom—the claim of deliberate indifference for Plaintiffs’ medical needs against the City
and Mayor Roy in his official capacity must be DISMISSED.
iii. Inadequate Hiring and Failing to Train Claims
Only in very limited circumstances may a municipality be held liable for a failure to
train its police officers. See City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 387 109 S.Ct. 1197,
1204 (1989). To succeed on such claims, Plaintiffs must “prove a direct causal link
between the municipal policy or custom and the alleged constitutional deprivation.” Id. at
385, 109 S. Ct. at 1203. Upon proof of the direct causal link, Plaintiffs must then “establish
that the city consciously enacted a policy reflecting ‘deliberate indifference’ to the
constitutional rights of its citizens.” Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 796 (5th Cir.
1998). The Supreme Court made clear the “deliberate indifference” standard will be
difficult to satisfy: “Only when a failure to train reflects such a ‘deliberate’ or ‘conscious’
choice by a municipality…can a city be liable for such a failure under § 1983.” City of
Canton, 489 U.S. at 389, 109 S. Ct. at 1205.
Plaintiffs attempt to use the same evidence of Rennier’s off-duty incident and
Peters’ expert testimony to establish a custom of inadequate hiring and failing to train on
the part of the City and Mayor Roy. See Record Document 52-2 at 10-12. As noted in
Parts i. and ii. supra, this evidence is inadequate to demonstrate an official policy or
custom required for Monell liability. However, even assuming Plaintiffs could prove a
policy or custom, they cannot satisfy the “deliberate indifference” standard. The record is
devoid of any evidence indicating a conscious or deliberate decision by the City or Mayor
Roy to fail to provide training to Officer Rennier. See City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 389, 109
S.Ct. at 1205. Because Plaintiffs have failed to provide evidence necessary to
demonstrate a widespread practice of inadequate hiring and failing to train APD officers
the claim against the City and Mayor Roy must be DISMISSED.
B. The Browns’ Federal Claims Against Mayor Roy Individually
Section 1983 actions are often brought against persons acting under the color of
state law in their individual capacity, but these persons are often protected from liability
by qualified immunity. “The basic thrust of the qualified-immunity doctrine is to free
officials from the concerns of litigation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 685, 129 S.Ct.
1937, 1953 (2009) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Once the defendant raises
a qualified immunity defense, the plaintiff carries the burden of demonstrating the
inapplicability of qualified immunity. See Keller v. Flemming, 930 F.3d 746 (5th Cir. 2019).
A plaintiff may only recover under § 1983 against defendants who were either
personally involved in the alleged constitutional violation or whose acts are casually
connected to the constitutional violation. See Roberts v. City of Shreveport, 397 F.3d 287,
292 (5th Cir. 2005). The record is devoid of any evidence that Mayor Roy was personally
involved in this incident between Plaintiffs and Rennier, therefore, the only way Mayor
Roy could be held personally liable is through supervisory liability.
When the plaintiff seeks to impose supervisory liability on a defendant public
official in his individual capacity, “the plaintiff must show that: (1) the supervisor either
failed to supervise or train the subordinate official; (2) a causal link exists between the
failure to train or supervise and the violation of the plaintiff's rights; and (3) the failure to
train or supervise amounts to deliberate indifference." Estate of Davis v. City of N.
Richland Hills, 406 F.3d 375, 381 (5th Cir. 2005). Thus, in a supervisory liability case, a
plaintiff must demonstrate a genuine dispute of material fact as to each of these elements
once the defendant has asserted a qualified immunity defense to survive a motion for
summary judgment.
The Court finds no genuine dispute as to any of these elements as they relate to
Mayor Roy. Plaintiffs provided no evidence that Mayor Roy had any supervisory or
training authority over APD officers, including Officer Rennier. Rather, Plaintiffs only
provided one statement regarding Mayor Roy and his defense of qualified immunity: “[A]s
Dr. Peters’ expert report shows, Mayor Roy failed to control an officer with a known
propensity for violence, so he is not entitled to qualified immunity either.” See Record
Document 52-2 at 20. Peters’ report alleges Mayor Roy, in conjunction with the Alexandria
City Council and former Police Chief “created an organizational atmosphere that
condoned unconstitutional, reckless, and dangerous behavior by the police officers.”
Record Document 52-5 at 4. However, Peters has no evidence to prove this and merely
cites general theories regarding the importance of law enforcement culture, and the duty
law enforcement administrators have over that culture. See id. at 4-5. Peters provides
zero evidence of Roy’s participation or creation of this “organizational atmosphere.”
The Browns cannot demonstrate a genuine dispute as to (1) a “causal link” exists
between Mayor Roy’s failure to train or supervise Officer Rennier or (2) that Mayor Roy’s
failure to train or supervise Officer Rennier constituted “deliberate indifference.” Estate of
Davis, 406 F.3d at 381. Plaintiffs cannot overcome Mayor Roy’s qualified immunity
defense absent a showing that Mayor Roy ever violated the Browns’ rights. Therefore,
the Browns’ federal claims against Mayor Roy individual fail and must be DISMISSED.
CONCLUSION
Defendants met their summary judgment burdens by negating at least one
essential element of each of Browns’ claims or by demonstrating that their claims were
barred as a matter of law. As such, Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Record Document 43) is
therefore GRANTED. All of the Browns’ federal claims against the City of Alexandria and
Mayor Roy are hereby DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
The Court continues to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1367 over the remaining state law claims against Defendants, as the state law analysis
should substantially track the federal law analysis.
An order consistent with the terms of the instant Memorandum Ruling will issue
herewith.
THUS DONE AND SIGNED at Shreveport, Louisiana, on this the 30th day of
September 2019.
L/Gpetwee on /peln /
S. MAURICE HICKS, JR., CHIEF JUD
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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