Boudreaux v. St Mary Parish

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

LAFAYETTE DIVISION

CLAUDE BOUDREAUX, ET AL. CASE NO. 6:65-CV-11351

VERSUS JUDGE ROBERT G. JAMES

SCHOOL BOARD OF ST MARY PARISH, MAGISTRATE JUDGE WHITEHURST

ET AL.

MEMORANDUM RULING

Before the Court in this longstanding school desegregation case is a Motion to Dismiss as

Moot for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction, filed by Defendant St. Mary Parish School Board

(“Board”) [Doc. No. 17], and a Motion to Substitute Named Plaintiffs, filed by counsel for “Private

Plaintiffs.” [Doc. No. 26]. For the reasons that follow, the Motion to Dismiss is DENIED, and the

Motion to Substitute Named Plaintiffs is GRANTED.1

I.

BACKGROUND

On August 31, 1965, five African-American students attending public schools in St. Mary

Parish filed suit for injunctive relief against the School Board of St. Mary Parish (“the Board”) and

B. Edward Boudreaux, Superintendent of the public schools of St. Mary Parish (collectively,

1 In the prescient words of Judge Higginbotham written more than thirty-five years ago, and still

echoing today:

We are learning that much of our school litigation has proceeded with ill-defined

and largely ignored classes of litigants. Indeed, in some cases we learn after as long as ten

years that no class of plaintiffs was ever certified and the originally proffered class

representatives, and sometimes their counsel, have long since departed. Attempting to

terminate such cases highlights their estrangement from classic party-oriented disputes.

Williams v. City of New Orleans, 729 F.2d 1554, 1569 n.4 (5th Cir.1984) (Higginbotham, J.,

concurring).

“Defendants”), alleging Defendants were maintaining racially segregated schools in violation of

the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. [Doc. No. 17-4 at 2, 4]. The suit was

brought as a class action:

Plaintiffs bring this action as a class suit pursuant to Rule 23(a)(3) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on behalf of themselves and on behalf of other

Negro2 children and their parents in St. Mary Parish, similarly situated, all of whom

are affected by the policy, practice, custom and usage complained of herein as more

fully appears. The members of the class on behalf of which plaintiffs sue are so

numerous as to make it impracticable to bring them all individually before this

Court, but there are common questions of law and fact involved, common

grievances arising out of common wrongs and common relief is sought for each of

the plaintiffs individually and for each member of the class. Plaintiffs fairly and

adequately represent the interests of the class.

Id. at 3. At the time the suit was filed, a prior version of Rule 23 governing class actions (the 1938

rule) was in effect. Unlike the current version of Rule 23, the former rule did not require that courts

issue an order certifying an action as a class action. Compare former Rule 23, 39 F.R.D. 69, 94-

95, with Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c) (West 2019).

On September 22, 1965, Defendants answered suit and admitted that “prior to the filing of

this suit bi-racial schools did exist in St. Mary Parish and . . . have existed as such for many years.”

Id. at 11. Defendants further stated they had passed a resolution on September 16, 1965, which

they asserted “effectively removes defendant, School Board, from the category of operating a

discriminatory bi-racial school system.”3 Id. Defendants’ prayer for relief asked the Court to

approve the resolution “as providing a proper mode of desegregation of the public schools of St.

2 The Court uses the term “Negro” only where it reflects the usage in the historical document cited.

3 The resolution, passed to “comply with anticipated orders of the United States District Court,” set

up a system allowing any parent to “request for transfer of one or more of his children to a specific school

or schools, stating reason or reasons for this request,” subject to approval by the Superintendent. [Doc. No.

17-4 at 15-17].

Page 2 of 22

Mary Parish” and to summarily dismiss the Complaint. Id. at 11-12. Alternatively, Defendants

asked “that this Court assume jurisdiction to supervise the development and implementation of an

orderly plan of desegregation of the public schools of St. Mary Parish in such a manner as to cause

an orderly transition from a bi-racial to a unitary, non-racial system.” Id. at 12. Defendants raised

no objection to the propriety of the suit proceeding as a class action; rather, the foregoing

demonstrates Defendants implicitly agreed a class action was the appropriate procedural vehicle.

Two weeks after its Answer, the Board sent a letter to the Court stating they would

“stipulate, or admit, that the plaintiffs are residents of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, and are members

of a class so numerous that it would be impractical to bring them all into court as plaintiffs, and

that plaintiffs are, therefore, under the law entitled to bring this suit as a class action.” Id. at 19.

On October 11, 1965, the Court granted Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings and

issued a Decree stating in pertinent part as follows:

For written reasons this day assigned, it being stipulated that plaintiffs are

members of the Negro race and residents of the parish of St. Mary, Louisiana, and

this being a class action affecting all members of the class to which plaintiffs belong

who are similarly situated, and the right sought to be enforced is common to all

members of such class, it is now:

I. ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the defendants, St.

Mary Parish School Board and B. Edward Boudreaux, Superintendent, . . . be and

they are hereby permanently restrained and enjoined from:

(a) Continuing to operate a segregated or biracial public school

system in said parish . . ., and

(b) from assigning . . . pupils to said public schools solely

because of the race of any or all of such pupils, and

(c) from continuing to maintain dual attendance zones or

districts in furtherance of a segregated or biracial public

school system.

Page 3 of 22

II. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that

the proposed plan of desegregation of the St. Mary Parish Public School System,

adopted and filed in this cause by defendants on September 16, 1965, retroactive to

the beginning of the fall term 1965-66, applying to grades one through twelve . . .,

be and the same is hereby approved and made the order of this Court . . . .

. . . .

IV. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that

plaintiffs’ request for desegregation of teaching personnel and other administrative

staff in said school system, is deferred and action thereon at this time is denied,

pending the progress of the pupil desegregation of said system; all subject to the

future orders of the Court.

V. Jurisdiction is retained in this case for such further proceedings as

may become necessary and proper.

Id. at 20-22, 24.

The following year, the Fifth Circuit issued an opinion impliedly overruling the Decree

issued by this Court. United States v. Jefferson Cty. Bd. of Educ., 372 F.2d 836 (5th Cir.1966), on

reh’g, 380 F.2d 385 (5th Cir.1967); see also Doc. 17-4 at 29. On May 2, 1967, in conformity with

the Fifth Circuit opinion in Jefferson County, the Court issued a superseding Decree. [Doc. 17-4

at 31-46]. The Decree was drafted by the Fifth Circuit and ordered to be entered by the district

courts on remand in the consolidated cases in Jefferson Cty.4 This second Decree imposed

“additional detailed duties” on the Defendants, including the desegregation of teaching personnel

and the submission of bi-annual reports. [Doc. 17-4 at 30, 31-46]. Two years later, the Fifth Circuit

found the “freedom of choice” desegregation plans ordered in Jefferson and in effect in the

Western District of Louisiana, including the plan in effect in St. Mary Parish, were ineffective and

remanded “in order that a new plan may be put into effect in each school district.” Hall v. St.

4 See Jefferson Cty., 380 F.2d 385, 390-96. The desegregation plans ordered in Jefferson were

known as “freedom of choice” plans or “Jefferson-decree plans.” See e.g. Hall v. St. Helena Parish School

Bd., 417 F.2d 801, 808 (5th Cir. 1969).

Page 4 of 22

Helena Parish School Bd., 417 F.2d 801, 809 (5th Cir. 1969). On August 4, 1969, the Court issued

its third and last Decree, further refining the desegregation duties of Defendants and maintaining

the requirement of bi-annual reporting. [Doc. No. 1-13 at 1-4].

The following month, the United States filed a Motion for Appointment and Designation

as Amicus Curiae. [Doc. No. 1-15]. The United States filed its motion due to the filing of a suit in

state court (the “Swope” case), whereby certain white citizens of St. Mary Parish sought to enjoin

Defendants from implementing the desegregation plan ordered by this Court.5 [Doc. No. 29 at 6;

Doc. No. 1-15 at 3-4]. The United States, relying upon 28 U.S.C. § 1651 (the All-Writs Statute)

and supporting jurisprudence, moved “to appear and participate in this action to aid this Court to

do all that reasonably and lawfully can be done to protect and effectuate its order of August 4,

1969.” [Doc No. 1-15 at 4]. The Court granted the motion the same day, thereby authorizing the

United States “to appear and participate in this action . . . as amicus curiae, with the right as such

to submit pleadings, evidence, arguments and briefs, to move for injunctive and other necessary

and proper relief, and to initiate such further proceedings that may be necessary and appropriate.”

[Doc. 1-15 at 6].6 The Court simultaneously issued a separate Order granting the United States’

Petition for Removal and Consolidation of the Swope case with the instant case. [Doc. No. 1-16 at

12-13]. On February 27, 1970, the Court granted the United States’ motion to dismiss the Swope

5 See Swope v. St. Mary Parish School Bd., 241 So.2d 238, 240 (La. 1970); see also Doc. No. 1-16

at 6.

6 Although the docket sheet identifies the United States as “Intervenor Plaintiff,” that designation

is incorrect. As set forth above, the United States was permitted to appear in this matter as amicus curiae

only.

Page 5 of 22

portion of the consolidated proceedings with full prejudice. [Doc. No. 1-30]. After dismissal of the

Swope matter, the United States’ participation in this suit ceased until 2018. [Doc. No. 8].

Over the next four and a half years, the Court issued a series of orders establishing various

remedial measures Defendants were required to undertake to desegregate their schools. In April of

1975, the Court issued the following Order:

Considering the biannual report dated April 15, 1975 filed by the defendant,

St. Mary Parish School Board,

IT IS NOW ORDERED that counsel for plaintiffs forthwith examine said

report and its contents and, on or before thirty (30) days from the date of this Order,

file any and all objections they may have to the operation of the public school

system in the parish of St. Mary, Louisiana and to the proposed construction, the

abandonment of school facilities set out therein, and any other matters pertaining

to the operation of said system to which they may object, otherwise this Court shall,

in the absence of such objections, declare said system unitary and direct that the

matter be placed on the inactive docket.

[Doc. No. 1-67]. No objections were ever filed. Thereafter, the record reflects a series of reports

submitted by Defendants from 1975 through 1983, as well as a Joint Motion by Defendants and

Plaintiffs to reconfigure certain schools, which was granted by the Court in 1981. [Doc. Nos. 1-68

through 1-79]. However, no subsequent order is found in the record declaring the St. Mary Parish

public school system unitary, placing the matter on the inactive docket, dissolving the

desegregation Decree, or dismissing the case.

For the next thirty years, no further activity is reflected in the record. Then, on May 15,

2012, the undersigned issued an Order stating as follows:

The Court has been in the process of reviewing all of the long-standing

desegregation cases in this District. After reviewing the original record in the

above-referenced matter, the Court finds that on April 9, 1975, United States

District Judge Richard J. Putnam issued an Order, indicating that the public school

system of St. Mary Parish appeared to be unitary. Absent any objection within thirty

(30) days, Judge Putnam stated that he intended to issue a unitary status finding.

No objections are found in the record. In an August 25, 1980 unopposed motion for

Page 6 of 22

expansion of the Franklin Senior High School, the School Board of St. Mary Parish

(“the School Board”) stated that “[a]ll schools in West St. Mary Parish are paired,

and there is therefore no change in racial composition, percentage wise in each

school.” After that date, the School Board continued to file bi-annual reports, but

no documents have been filed since the last bi-annual report on December 8, 1983.

Given these facts, the Court finds that the School Board has eliminated all

vestiges of the prior de jure discrimination, to the extent practicable, and there is

no longer any reason to maintain this case on the inactive docket of the Court.

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that the St. Mary Parish school system is declared unitary

in all respects.

[Doc. No. 2]. A judgment issued the same day dismissing this matter with prejudice. [Doc. No. 3].

Two days later however, the Court vacated its Judgment, stating “upon further review, the Court

finds that additional facts are necessary to address the unitary status of the school system.” [Doc.

No. 4]. On May 21, 2012, the undersigned reassigned this matter to a judge in the Lafayette

Division. [Doc. No. 5]. Four years later, the case was again reassigned to a judge in the Alexandria

Division. [Doc. No. 6]. Beginning in early 2018, new counsel moved to enroll on behalf of all

parties.7 [Doc. Nos. 7-10, 15; see also Doc. Nos. 19-20]. On March 25, 2019, the Board filed the

present Motion to Dismiss [Doc. No. 17], and on May 29, 2019, counsel for Plaintiffs filed “The

Plaintiff Class’ Motion to Substitute Named Plaintiffs.” [Doc. No. 26]. On June 11, 2019, this

matter was again transferred to the undersigned. The Court now issues its Ruling on the pending

motions.

7 This is the first activity of any party since 1983.

Page 7 of 22

II.

MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

By this motion, the Board argues the Court no longer retains jurisdiction over this suit,

because the original Plaintiffs’ claims have become moot and no class action was ever certified.

Thus, the Board contends there is no longer a case or controversy before the Court, thereby

depriving it of jurisdiction. Plaintiffs and the United States oppose the motion.

A. Standard of Review

“The objection that a federal court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, see Fed. R. Civ. Proc.

12(b)(1), may be raised by a party, or by a court on its own initiative, at any stage in the litigation,

even after trial and the entry of judgment.” Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 507 (2006).

Rule 12(h) instructs, “If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction,

the court must dismiss the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). The party asserting jurisdiction bears

the burden of proof. Ramming v. U.S., 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001). Thus, in this matter,

Plaintiffs “constantly bear[] the burden of proof that jurisdiction does in fact exist.” Id. “Lack of

subject matter jurisdiction may be found in any one of three instances: (1) the complaint alone; (2)

the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint

supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Id. “Ultimately, a

motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction should be granted only if it appears certain

that the plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts in support of his claim that would entitle plaintiff to

relief.” Id.

B. Arguments of the Parties

By its motion, the Board makes three arguments in support of its position that this case is

moot, and therefore the Court is without subject-matter jurisdiction. First, the Board contends that

Page 8 of 22

because this suit was never explicitly certified as a class action it is not a class action, and because

there is no named Plaintiff with a live claim, the case is moot.8 Second, the Board argues to the

extent Fifth Circuit jurisprudence recognizes an “implied class” doctrine, such caselaw “is directly

contrary to Supreme Court precedent [and] is not binding.” [Doc. No. 17-1 at 11]. Finally, and in

the alternative, the Board argues that if the Court determines that the implied class doctrine has

not been overruled, the facts of this case do not give rise to that doctrine, because: (1) “other than

the initial 1965 order and stipulation by the Board, this case has not been treated as a class action,”

Id. at 12; (2) neither the 1965 Decree nor the two superseding Decrees adequately defined the

class; and (3) Plaintiffs have not sought to substitute new plaintiffs with live claims.9 Plaintiffs

respond that the implied class doctrine has not been overruled, and that under the facts of this

matter, an implied class exists.

C. Applicable Jurisprudence

The Board primarily relies upon three decisions in support of its argument: Pasadena City

Board of Education v. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424 (1976); Tasby v. Estes, 643 F.2d 1103 (5th Cir.

1981); and Graves v. Walton County Bd. of Educ., 686 F.2d 1135 (5th Cir. 1982).10 Each of those

cases are discussed below.

8 No party disputes that the individual claims of the named Plaintiffs have become moot with the

passage of time.

9 After submission of the Boards motion, counsel for Plaintiffs submitted the Motion to Substitute

Named Plaintiffs. That motion is addressed in Section III, infra.

10 The Board additionally relies upon Hereford v. United States, 2014 WL 12781219 (N.D. Ala.

May 20, 2014). However, the Court finds that case distinguishable on its facts, most notably that the United

States intervened in that case, and once it did so, it, rather than plaintiffs, “propelled the litigation forward.”

Id. at *6.

Page 9 of 22

In Spangler, several students attending the public schools of Pasadena, California, joined

by their parents, brought a class action suit in federal court in 1968 seeking injunctive relief from

allegedly unconstitutional segregation of Pasadena’s public high schools. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424,

427 (1976). The United States intervened pursuant to Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.11

Id. No class was ever formally certified by the court in accordance with Rule 23. On January 23,

1970, after a trial on the allegations, the court entered judgment in favor of plaintiffs, finding

defendants’ educational policies and procedures were violative of the Fourteenth Amendment. The

court ordered defendants to submit a plan for desegregating the Pasadena schools and retained

jurisdiction over the case “in order to continue to observe and evaluate the plans and the execution

of the plans . . . .” Id. at 428. The following September, defendants’ desegregation plan was

approved and implemented. Id. In January 1974, defendants filed a motion seeking relief from the

court’s 1970 order, which the court denied. Id. at 428-29.

The Supreme Court granted certiorari to address “the extent of a district court’s authority

in imposing a plan designed to achieve a unitary school system.” Id. at 429. However, before

reaching the merits, the Court addressed defendants’ argument – raised for the first time in the

Supreme Court12 – that because the original student plaintiffs had graduated, and because the

11 42 U.S.C. § 2000h-2 provides:

Whenever an action has been commenced in any court of the United States seeking

relief from the denial of equal protection of the laws under the fourteenth amendment to

the Constitution on account of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, the Attorney

General for or in the name of the United States may intervene in such action upon timely

application if the Attorney General certifies that the case is of general public importance.

In such action the United States shall be entitled to the same relief as if it had instituted the

action.

12 See U.S. Parole Commission v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 400 n.7 (1980); Graves v. Walton County

Bd. of Educ., 686 F.2d 1135, 1138 (5th Cir. 1982).

Page 10 of 22

district court never certified the suit as a class action pursuant to Rule 23, the case was moot. Id.

at 430. On this issue, the Supreme Court stated as follows:

Counsel for the individual named respondents, the original student plaintiffs

and their parents, argue that this litigation was filed as a class action, that all the

parties have until now treated it as a class action, and that the failure to obtain the

class certification required under Rule 23 is merely the absence of a meaningless

“verbal recital” which counsel insists should have no effect on the facts of this case.

But these arguments overlook the fact that the named parties whom counsel

originally undertook to represent in this litigation no longer have any stake in its

outcome. As to them the case is clearly moot. And while counsel may wish to

represent a class of unnamed individuals still attending the Pasadena public schools

who do have some substantial interest in the outcome of this litigation, there has

been no certification of any such class which is or was represented by a named party

to this litigation. Except for the intervention of the United States, we think this case

would clearly be moot.

The case did not remain an individual private action seeking to desegregate

the Pasadena schools, however. The United States intervened in this case pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 2000h-2. That section provides that “the United States shall be

entitled to the same relief as if it had instituted the action.” The meaning of this

provision is somewhat ambiguous, and there is little legislative history to shed any

light upon the intention of Congress. But we think the statute is properly read to

authorize the United States to continue as a party plaintiff in this action, despite the

disappearance of the original plaintiffs and the absence of any class certification,

so long as such participation serves the statutory purpose, and that the presence of

the United States as a party ensures that this case is not moot.

Id. at 430-31 (citations omitted).13

Five years after Spangler, the Fifth Circuit decided Tasby v. Estes, 643 F.2d 1103 (5th Cir.

1981). There, the parents of black children attending school in the Dallas Independent School

District (“DISD”) brought suit in 1970, alleging the school district’s student disciplinary policies

and practices discriminated against black students and violated due process guarantees. Tasby v.

Estes, 643 F.2d 1103, 1104 (5th Cir. 1981). Litigation to desegregate DISD’s school facilities had

13 The Court notes the Spangler suit was filed in 1968 – two years after the amendments to Rule 23

mandating courts to certify by order whether a matter may proceed as a class action.

Page 11 of 22

begun in the 1950s, and the actual desegregation process began in 1961. Id. A decade later,

plaintiffs brought the Tasby suit “to purge the remaining traces of de jure racial segregation in the

DISD.” Id. In 1976, the court issued an order adopting a detailed student assignment plan, as well

as additional remedial measures, including provisions addressing student disciplinary policies. Id.

In March of 1979, plaintiffs filed a “Motion for Further Relief,” alleging the DISD had failed to

comply with the district court’s desegregation order as it pertained to student discipline. Id. at

1105. After a hearing, the district court dismissed plaintiff’s motion and plaintiffs appealed.

On appeal, the Fifth Circuit first addressed DISD’s contention that the controversy was

moot “because the plaintiffs ha[d] not shown that any of the black students originally named in the

complaint still attend[ed] school in the district and because the district court never certified this

suit as a class action pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23.” Id. at 1105. The Fifth Circuit found this

argument to be without merit:

The DISD does not contest the plaintiffs’ standing to bring this lawsuit when it was

originally filed, and there is no reason to believe that the plaintiffs have necessarily

lost their personal stake in the outcome of this litigation during the intervening

years. Of course, a school desegregation case can become moot if it is not certified

as a class action, the named plaintiffs have graduated from school, and there is no

other factor which avoids mootness. If the DISD thought that the plaintiffs no

longer resided within the school district or had graduated from school, then the way

was open for it to make such a showing. In the absence of proof by the DISD that

the plaintiffs no longer have a present interest in this litigation, we hold that this

action was properly maintained in the district court.

Id. at 1105-06 (citations omitted; emphasis added). The Fifth Circuit did not expound upon the

district court’s failure to certify the suit as a class action.14

14 The Court notes the Tasby suit was brought in 1970 – four years after the amendments to Rule

23 were enacted, requiring district courts to certify class actions.

Page 12 of 22

The year after the Tasby decision, the Fifth Circuit rendered its opinion in Graves v. Walton

County Bd. of Educ., 686 F.2d 1135 (5th Cir. 1982). The Graves suit was filed in 1968 as a class

action on behalf of all black school children in Walton County, Georgia, and sought to force the

desegregation of two school systems in that county. Id. at 1136. That same year, the district court

entered a judgment desegregating the two school systems. The plan operated effectively for many

years, but in 1979, disagreements arose as to whether the plan was being followed. Id. Around the

same time, “a group of predominantly white parents, known as the Concerned Citizens of Walton

County,” were granted leave to intervene in the case. Id. The intervenors immediately filed a

motion to vacate the 1968 decree and to dismiss the action for mootness, asserting “the graduation,

or departure, from school of the original named plaintiffs and the failure of the district court to

certify the case as a class action mooted the action.” Id. In an effort “to quell the mootness claim,”

a motion was filed to add as plaintiffs two black students enrolled in the subject schools.

Thereafter, the district court granted the motion to add the additional plaintiffs and vacated its prior

order allowing the parents to intervene. Id. at 1137.

On appeal, the intervenors sought to set aside the district court’s order adding additional

plaintiffs, asserting that “the lack of class certification of the action and the change in status of the

original plaintiffs since the commencement of the suit rendered the action moot, thus depriving

the district court of power to add additional plaintiffs under Fed. R. Civ. P. 21.” Id. at 1137. The

Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court, finding intervenors’ reliance on the Jacobs15 and Spangler

line of cases unpersuasive, reasoning as follows:

15 In Jacobs, issued the year prior to Spangler, six high school students challenged the

constitutionality of regulations issued by the school board, which plaintiffs argued violated their First and

Fourteenth Amendment rights. Board of School Com’rs of City of Indianapolis v. Jacobs, 420 U.S. 128,

129 (1975). The suit was brought as a class action in 1972, but it was never properly certified nor was the

Page 13 of 22

It is firmly established that where a class action exists, members of the class may

intervene or be substituted as named plaintiffs in order to keep the action alive after

the claims of the original named plaintiffs are rendered moot. This procedure is

deeply implemented in desegregation cases, where the mootness problem

constantly arises because of protracted litigation and the eventual graduation of

named plaintiffs.

Id. at 1138 (citations omitted). As to the intervenors’ argument that the case was not a class action,

and therefore, as in the Jacobs and Spangler line of cases, there was no “viable action in which the

proposed party plaintiffs could be added,” the Fifth Circuit found:

After reviewing the record, we simply cannot accept this contention; we find this

case to be a class action.

This case was filed as a class action and proceeded to trial as a class action.

The description of the class affected by the alleged discrimination in the complaint

and the scope of the relief requested clearly indicate that the suit was intended to

benefit the entire class. . . . [T]he responsive pleading filed in this case “neither

admitted nor denied the specific allegations that this case should proceed as a class

action . . . .” We infer from this silence that the defendant school boards knew of

the class nature of this action and acquiesced in it. It is clear that throughout its

pendency the district court regarded the case as a class action.

Id. at 1138-39 (citations and footnote omitted).

The Fifth Circuit further relied upon the fact that the district court “adopted as its injunctive

order a proposed decree prepared and agreed upon by the defendant school boards,” the decree

provided relief “not for the individual plaintiffs but for the entire plaintiff class of (black) parents

and students,” and that “[t]hroughout this process there was never a suggestion by anyone that the

question of whether the plaintiff class should be certified was an issue to be decided.” Id. at 1139.

After discussing a line of Fifth Circuit cases recognizing the viability of cases implicitly certified

class ever properly defined. At oral argument before the Supreme Court, the Court was informed for the

first time by counsel that all of the named plaintiffs had graduated. Under such circumstances, the Supreme

Court held the case was moot. Id. at 130.

Page 14 of 22

as class action suits16, the Court held that the matter was in fact a class action despite the lack of a

formal certification order, concluding: “To state at this late date that this was not a class action,

‘would be to ignore the substance of the proceeding below in favor of an excessively formalistic

adherence to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.’”17 Id. (quoting Senter v. General Motors

Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (5th Cir. 1976)).

D. Analysis

“Article III of the Constitution imposes a threshold requirement that those who seek to

invoke the power of federal courts must allege an actual case or controversy.” Graves at 1137; see

also U.S. Parole Commission v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 395 (1980). “The starting point for

analysis is the familiar proposition that ‘federal courts are without power to decide questions that

cannot affect the rights of litigants in the case before them.’” DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312,

316 (1974) (quoting North Carolina v. Rice, 404 U.S. 244, 246 (1971)). “The inability of the

federal judiciary ‘to review moot cases derives from the requirement of Art. III of the Constitution

under which the exercise of judicial power depends upon the existence of a case or controversy.’”

Id. (quoting Liner v. Jafco, Inc., 375 U.S. 301 (1964)).

“In general a case becomes moot when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the

parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.”18 Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481

16 See Bing v. Roadway Express, Inc., 485 F.2d 441 (5th Cir. 1973); Johnson v. General Motors

Corp., 598 F.2d 432 (5th Cir. 1979); and Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 522 (5th Cir.

1976).

17 The Court notes the Graves suit was brought in 1968 – two years after the amendments to Rule

23.

18 It is clear in this case that the controversy over the unlawful segregation of the St. Mary Parish

public schools is still a “live” controversy between the Board and at least some members of the class

Plaintiffs seek to represent; this is demonstrated by the fact that students currently attending St. Mary Parish

Page 15 of 22

(1982) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445

U.S. 388, 396 (1980)). As a rule, “[t]he mootness doctrine requires that the controversy posed by

the plaintiff's complaint be ‘live’ not only at the time the plaintiff files the complaint but also

throughout the litigation process.” Rocky v. King, 900 F.2d 864, 866 (5th Cir. 1990). A notable

exception to the mootness doctrine exists in class action suits, where the Article III mootness

doctrine is more “flexible.” Geraghty at 388. Where a district court certifies a case as a class action,

the class of unnamed persons described in the certification acquires a legal status separate from

the interest asserted by the named plaintiff. Sosna v. Iowa, 419 U.S. 393, 399 (1975). The named

plaintiff must have a live case or controversy at the time the complaint is filed, and at the time the

class action is certified by the District Court.19 Id. at 402.

The Board is correct here that no class was ever formally certified in this matter. When the

suit was filed in 1965, there was no requirement that courts issue an order certifying whether a

case could properly proceed as a class action. The following year, Rule 23 “was amended to

include a mandatory requirement of class certification.”20 Jones v. Caddo Parish School Bd., 704

F.2d 206, 212 (5th Cir. 1983). The Order of the Supreme Court issued in conjunction with the

1966 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure stated that the amendments “shall

govern all proceedings in actions brought [after July 1, 1966] and also in all further proceedings

public schools have moved to be substituted as “named” Plaintiffs in this case. See Geraghty, 445 U.S. at

396.

19 On appellate review, “[t]he controversy may exist, however, between a named defendant and a

member of the class represented by the named plaintiff, even though the claim of the named plaintiff has

become moot.” Sosna, 419 U.S. at 402.

20 “Rule 23(c)(1), effective July 1, 1966, provided that ‘[a]s soon as practicable after the

commencement of an action brought as a class action, the court shall determine by order whether it is to be

so maintained . . . .’” Jones v. Caddo Parish School Bd., 704 F.2d 206, 212 (5th Cir. 1983) (alterations in

original).

Page 16 of 22

in actions then pending, except to the extent that in the opinion of the court their application in a

particular action then pending would not be feasible or would work injustice, in which event the

former procedure applies.” Id. (citing 383 U.S. 1031 (1966) (emphasis added)). No order

retroactively certifying the class after the 1966 amendments to Rule 23 went into effect is found

in the record; nor has the Court located any express determination that it “would not be feasible or

would work injustice” to apply amended Rule 23. Thus, it appears unless the Court finds the

implied class action doctrine has not been overruled, and further finds the facts of this matter give

rise to that doctrine, the case is moot. For the reasons that follow, the Court finds the implied class

action doctrine has not been overruled, and further finds under the facts of this matter this suit

constitutes an implied class action.

According to the Board, Spangler and Tasby dictate that the case is moot because the

original Plaintiffs no longer have a live claim, this matter was never properly certified as a class

action, and “there is no other factor which avoids mootness.”21 [Doc. No. 17-1 at 9 (quoting Tasby

at 1106; citing Spangler at 430-31)] The Court disagrees with the Board’s position for several

reasons. First, as Plaintiffs correctly argue, the statements in Spangler and Tasby upon which the

Board relies are dicta. See e.g. In re Cajun Elec. Power Coop., Inc., 109 F.3d 248, 256 (5th Cir.

1997) (statements that can be deleted “without seriously impairing the analytical foundations of

the holding” are dicta).22 Additionally, several courts, including the Supreme Court, have

21 The Board appears to argue the only “other factor” available to prevent mootness is “the presence

of the United States as a party plaintiff.” [Doc. No. 17-1 at 9; see also Doc. No. 32 at 3]. The Court disagrees

with the Board’s argument, as it finds neither the Spangler nor Tasby set forth such an exclusive limitation.

22 Courts “are generally bound by Supreme Court dicta, especially when it is ‘recent and detailed.’”

Hollis v. Lynch, 827 F.3d 436, 448 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Gearlds v. Entergy Servs., Inc., 709 F.3d 448,

452 (5th Cir. 2013)). The Fifth Circuit, however, is not bound by its own dicta. See e.g. Netsphere, Inc. v.

Baron, 799 F.3d 327, 333 (5th Cir. 2015).

Page 17 of 22

distinguished Spangler as “a case in which there was an attempt to appeal the merits without first

having obtained proper certification of a class.” Geraghty at 400 n.7 (further describing Jacobs

and Spangler as cases “adopting a less flexible approach” to the Article III mootness doctrine than

other cases decided by the Supreme Court); see also Graves at 1138; Navarro-Ayala v. Hernandez-

Colon, 951 F.2d 1325, 1335 (1991). Thus, Spangler is distinguishable, as the issue of class

certification in this matter is being raised in the first instance not on appellate review, but in the

trial court. Further distinguishing Spangler is that the defendants there did not stipulate to the

propriety of handling the matter as a class action, see Navarro-Ayala, 951 F.2d at 1135, the suit

was initiated after the amendments to Rule 23 were in effect, and no motion had been filed in the

trial court seeking to substitute named plaintiffs with live claims.

The Court finds Graves is practically on all-fours with the case at bar. In Graves, the Fifth

Circuit found that although the case was never explicitly certified as a class action, it was in fact

filed as a class action, defendants knew of the class nature of the action and acquiesced in it, the

case proceeded to trial as a class action, and the case was regarded as a class action at all times by

the district court. Graves at 1138-39. Other courts have found such exceptions to the requirement

of class certification post-Spangler under facts similar to Graves. See e.g. Johnson v. General

Motors Corp., 598 F.2d 432, 435 (5th Cir. 1979) (class action may exist in absence of formal

certification order if litigation was conducted as a class action); Navarro-Ayala v. Hernandez-

Colon, 951 F.2d 1325, 1334 (1st Cir. 1991) (“When the parties stipulate that the action is a class

action and clearly define the members of the class, and the court enters judgment pursuant to the

stipulated terms, this may sufficiently imply certification for purposes of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)”)

(citing Bing v. Roadway Express, Inc., 485 F.2d 441, 447 (5th Cir. 1973)); Kelly v. Metropolitan

County Bd. of Ed. of Nashville and Davidson County, Tenn., 463 F.2d 732, 743, 749-50 (6th Cir.

Page 18 of 22

1972); Lockett v. Board of Educ., 976 F.2d 648, 649 (11th Cir. 1992) (per curiam); Doe, 1-13 ex

rel. Doe St. 1-13 v. Bush, 261 F.3d 1037, 1049-52 (11th Cir. 2001); Wyatt By and Through Rawlins

v. Poundstone, 169 F.R.D. 155, 159-60 (M.D. Ala. 1995); but see Brown v. Philadelphia Housing

Authority, 350 F.3d 338, 346 (3rd Cir. 2003) (finding the Supreme Court “summarily dismissed

any doctrine of ‘implied class certification’ in dicta”); Partington v. American Intern. Specialty

Lines Ins. Co., 443 F.3d 334, 341 (4th Cir. 2006); Davis v. Hutchins, 321 F.3d 641 (7th Cir. 2003).

In the matter before this Court, Plaintiffs brought “a class suit pursuant to Rule 23(a)(3) of

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on behalf of [Plaintiffs] and on behalf of other Negro children

and their parents in St. Mary Parish, similarly situated, all of whom are affected by the policy,

practice, custom and usage complained of herein . . .,” namely, the operation of a “compulsory

biracial school system.” [Doc. No. 17-4 at 3, 5]. The Complaint described the named Plaintiffs

(i.e., those to whom the class members are “similarly situated”) as follows:

Infant and adult plaintiffs are Negro citizens of the United States and of the

State of Louisiana presently residing in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. The minor

plaintiffs allege that they, and each of them, are either currently attending the public

free schools of St. Mary Parish or are in all material respects eligible to register,

enroll, enter, attend classes and receive instruction in the public free schools of St.

Mary Parish.

Id. at 4. The suit sought injunctive relief prohibiting the Board from, inter alia, “continuing to

operate a compulsory biracial school system in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana,” and from “assigning

teachers, principals and other professional personnel to the public schools under their jurisdiction

on the basis of race or color” Id. at 7. In its Answer, the Board admitted it had operated bi-racial

schools for many years and voluntarily offered two resolutions to the case, both of which offered

class-wide relief. Id. at 11-12. Two weeks after filing its Answer, the Board stipulated that

Plaintiffs were “under the law entitled to bring this suit as a class action.” Id. at 19. Six days after

Page 19 of 22

this admission, the Court issued its first Decree, which began by recognizing and relying upon the

stipulation of the parties as to the class nature of the suit. Id. at 20. The Court then permanently

enjoined the Board from discriminating against all black public school students of St. Mary Parish,

thereby granting relief that was aimed at a class of people. Id. Likewise, the superseding Decree

issued on May 2, 1967 (and the first filing after the amendments to Rule 23 went into effect)

granted class-wide relief by permanently enjoining the Board “from discriminating on the basis of

race or color in the operation of the St. Mary Parish public school system.” Id. at 30-31. The third

and final Decree issued in this matter also granted class-wide relief, permanently enjoining the

Board “from discriminating on the basis of race or color in the operation of their parish school

system.” [Doc. 1-13 at 1]. On appeal, the Fifth Circuit implicitly treated this matter as a class action

and made no mention of the amendments to Rule 23. Hall v. St. Helena Parish School Bd., 417

F.2d 801, 808-811 (5th Cir. 1969) (ordering revisions to parish-wide desegregation plans). The

underlying record shows that all parties to this action not only knew of its class nature but

stipulated to same. See e.g. Bing v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 485 F.2d 441, 446 (5th Cir. 1973).

Throughout the litigation, the Court believed the suit to be a class action and treated it as such.23

The only conclusion to be drawn from these facts is that the “court implicitly determined that this

suit would be maintained as a class action.” Id. at 447. In light of the foregoing, the Court finds

despite the lack of a formal certification order, this case is a class action filed on behalf of all black

students attending public schools in St. Mary Parish.24

23 See also Conley v. Lake Charles Sch. Bd., 303 F.Supp. 394, 398-99 (“These law suits are all class

actions for black citizens. . . .”) (W.D. La. 1969).

24 Further, this suit “is the type properly brought under Rule 23(b)(2).” Bing at 447. That section is

designed for situations in which “the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that

apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate

Page 20 of 22

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Court is of the opinion the class in this matter should

be formally recertified and its parameters should be clarified. Accordingly, the Court will set a

briefing schedule forthwith.25

III.

MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE NAMED PLAINTIFFS

Plaintiffs have filed a Motion to Substitute Named Plaintiffs, whereby they seek to

substitute two parents, in a representative capacity, on behalf of their children who attend St. Mary

Parish public schools. [Doc. No. 26]. The Board opposes the motion but makes no argument other

than those presented in its Motion to Dismiss. Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiffs’ motion.

IV.

CONCLUSION

The Court has made its best effort at applying the law to the facts of this case but is

cognizant that much of the pertinent caselaw is from times past, and times (as well as

jurisprudence) have changed. Further, the Court recognizes there are factors undercutting its

decision – e.g., the failure of the parties and the Court to expeditiously move this case to resolution;

respecting the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. 23(b)(2); see also Bing at 447. The suit alleges the St. Mary

Parish School Board was maintaining racially segregated schools in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment

to the United States Constitution. “Such conduct clearly constitutes acting ‘on grounds generally applicable

to the class.’” Id.; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 advisory committee’s note to 1966 amendment. As this is a

class action pursuant to Rule 23(b)(2), notice to the class is not required, although it is permissive. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(A)

25 One additional argument bears mention. In its opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, the United

States “requests” that it “be permitted to continue to participate in the instant litigation pursuant to the broad

authority granted it by this Court in 1969.” [Doc. No. 29 at 5; see also Id. at 19]. While the Court recognizes

the United States was previously granted broad authority, that authority was granted to ensure enforcement

of the Court’s desegregation decrees. The limits of the government’s authority are not before the Court at

this time, but the Court merely notes that the United States did not seek, nor was it granted, permission to

intervene in this matter. Thus, the limits of its authority are likely less than those of a party. See e.g. Bing

v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 485 F.2d 441, 452 (5th Cir. 1973) (“As amicus curiae the Government cannot control

the course of this litigation to the extent of requesting individual relief not requested by anyone else.”).

Page 21 of 22

the fact the United States has appeared only as amicus, rather than as an intervenor; certain dicta

found in Supreme Court and Fifth Circuit opinions; etc. Accordingly, the Court would look

favorably upon a request to certify this matter for interlocutory appeal. See e.g. 28 U.S.C. 8

1292(b). As foretold by Judge Higginbotham:

[This] case is a warning to courts struggling with public law cases. Difficult

legal questions, particularly in school cases, are magnified by failure to adhere

strictly to procedure. With these public law cases we are learning that the fastest

path between two points is not a straight line. It is, instead, the sometimes tedious

and seemingly tortuous path of procedural due process.

... Critically, failure to define the parties to this lawsuit in times past has

led to difficulty in achieving a final result.

Jones v. Caddo Par. Sch. Bd., 735 F.2d 923, 938 (Sth Cir.1984) (Higginbotham, J., dissenting).

For the reasons set forth above, the Motion to Dismiss as Moot for Lack of Subject Matter

Jurisdiction [Doc. No. 17], filed by Defendant St. Mary Parish School Board (“Board”), is

DENIED, and the Motion to Substitute Named Plaintiffs [Doc. No. 26], filed by counsel for

“Private Plaintiffs” is GRANTED.

SIGNED this 18th day of September 2019.

ROBERT G. JAMES

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Page 22 of 22