The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
SHARON LEWIS, CIVIL ACTION
Plaintiff
VERSUS NO. 21-198-SM-RLB
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF LOUISIANA
STATE UNIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL
AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE,
Defendant
ORDER AND REASONS
Before the Court is Motion in Limine No. 3: To Exclude Evidence, Argument,
Testimony and Witnesses Related to Alleged “Concealment” (“motion in limine”) filed by
Defendant, Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and
Mechanical College (the “Board”).1 The Board “moves this Court to exclude the
introduction of any evidence, argument, testimony, and witnesses related to alleged
‘concealment’” (together, the “concealment evidence”) as it relates to the actions of the
Board and certain of its members with respect to “alleged 2012 and 2013 reports of
misconduct by Les Miles, privileged and non-privileged responses to those reports, and
requests for those reports by third parties.”2 Plaintiff has filed a memorandum in
opposition.3 For the reasons that follow, the motion in limine is GRANTED IN PART
and DENIED IN PART.
1 R. Doc. 484.
2Id. at p. 1.
3 R. Doc. 502.
BACKGROUND
On March 14, 2023, the Court issued its Order and Reasons finding that, because
Plaintiff had made a prima facie showing, the crime-fraud exception to attorney-client
privilege applied to permit discovery based on Plaintiff’s allegation that the Board violated
La. R.S. 14:132(B), which prohibits injury to a public record.4 The Court compelled the
depositions of Les Miles, attorneys at Taylor Porter, and certain board members, and
further compelled production of documents related to Plaintiff’s allegation that the Board
allegedly concealed sexual harassment allegations made against Les Miles.5
The Board petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit for a
writ of mandamus as to the Court’s crime-fraud rulings,6 and the petition was denied.7 In
its order denying the petition, the Fifth Circuit wrote it was “confident [this Court] will
take reasonable measures” to monitor the crime-fraud-related discovery, including in
camera review of “responsive documents [that may] contain privileged information.”8
The Court later conducted such a review,9 finding that in response to Plaintiff’s
concealment requests, the Board had appropriately redacted the documents produced
and did not need to produce additional documents or portions of documents.10
Plaintiff now lists, as exhibits to be used at trial, certain documents that may relate
to the alleged concealment,11 and lists as witnesses individuals who Plaintiff represents
will testify regarding “the Board conspiracy to conceal Title IX complaints against
4 R. Doc. 316.
5 R. Doc. 340.
6 R. Doc. 370.
7 R. Doc. 418.
8 Id. at p. 4.
9 See R. Docs. 423, 469. This should address the Board’s concern that the Board’s attorney-client privileged
information will be disclosed. R. Doc. 484 at p. 3.
10 R. Doc. 469.
11 See R. Doc. 470.
Coaches and Athletes” or “the Board’s scheme to conceal Title IX complaints.”12
In its motion in limine, the Board argues that any “evidence, argument, testimony[,
or] witnesses related to alleged ‘concealment’ should be precluded” from trial as
“irrelevant to Plaintiff’s remaining claims.”13 In the alternative, the Board offers that
should the Court find relevance, “any probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice to the Board, confusion of the remaining claims at issue, and
potential for misleading the jury.”14
LAW AND ANALYSIS
“It is well settled that motions in limine are disfavored.”15 “[T]he purpose of a
motion in limine is to prohibit opposing counsel ‘from mentioning the existence of,
alluding to, or offering evidence on matters so highly prejudicial to the moving party that
a timely motion to strike or an instruction by the court to the jury to disregard the
offending matter cannot overcome its prejudicial influence on the jurors' mind.’”16
“Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.”17
That said, “[e]vidence is relevant” if “it has any tendency to make a fact . . . of
consequence in determining the action” “more or less probably than it would be without
the evidence.”18 The Court may exclude even relevant evidence “if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.”19 “‘Unfair prejudice’ . . .
means an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though
12 Id. at p. 61.
13 R. Doc. 484. at p. 2.
14 Id.
15 Auenson v. Lewis, No. CIV. A. 94-2734, 1996 WL 457258 at *1 (E.D. La. Aug. 12, 1996) (citing Hawthorne
Partners v. AT & T Technologies, Inc., 831 F.Supp. 1398, 1400 (N.D.Ill.1993).
16 MGMTL, LLC v. Strategic Tech., 2022 WL 594894, at *2 (E.D. La. Feb. 28, 2022).
17 Fed. R. Evid. 402.
18 Fed. R. Evid. 401 (emphasis added).
19 Fed. R. Evid. 403.
not necessarily, an emotional one.”20
“An order in limine excludes only clearly inadmissible evidence; therefore evidence
should not be excluded before trial unless it is clearly inadmissible on all potential
grounds.”21 “Instead, courts should reserve evidentiary rulings until trial so that questions
as to the evidence ‘may be resolved in the proper context.’”22 “When ruling on motions in
limine, the Court ‘maintains great discretion [as to] evidentiary determinations.’”23 If the
evidence is not clearly inadmissible on all grounds, the better course is for the court to
decline to rule in advance of trial so that it will have the opportunity to resolve issues in
context.
In an employment discrimination case, relevant evidence “typically includes
unflattering testimony about the employer's history,” which is evidence that “in other
kinds of cases may well unfairly prejudice the jury against the defendant.”24 Yet in these
cases, “such background evidence may be critical for the jury's assessment of whether a
given employer was more likely than not to have acted from an unlawful motive.”25
Indeed, a “plaintiff's ability to prove discrimination”—or retaliation—"indirectly,
circumstantially, must not be crippled by evidentiary rulings that keep out probative
evidence because of crabbed notions of relevance or excessive mistrust of juries.”26
The Court finds the factual evidence relating to the alleged misconduct by Les
Miles and the investigation of that misconduct is relevant and its relevance is not
20 Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180 (1997).
21 Rivera v. Robinson, 464 F. Supp. 3d 847, 853 (E.D. La. 2020) (quoting Auenson v. Lewis, 1996 WL
457258, at *1 (E.D. La. Aug. 12, 1996).
22 Washington v. E. Baton Rouge Par. Sch. Bd., No. CV 21-00192-BAJ-RLB, 2023 WL 2072083 at *1 (M.D.
La. Feb. 17, 2023) (quoting Auenson, 1996 WL 457258, at *1).
23 Jackson v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 656 F. Supp. 3d 676 (W.D. La. 2023) (quoting Parker v. John W.
Stone Oil Distributors, L.L.C., 2019 WL 5212285, at *2 (E.D. La. Oct. 16, 2019)).
24 Estes v. Dick Smith Ford, Inc., 856 F.2d 1097, 1103 (8th Cir.1988)
25 Id.
26 Riordan v. Kempiners, 831 F.2d 690, 698 (7th Cir. 1987).
outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice.
Plaintiff may inquire as to the facts surrounding Miles’s conduct, the
investigation, the public records request, and where the related documents were held.27
Plaintiff may not refer to “crime-fraud,” the rulings of this Court or of the Fifth Circuit,28
or describe the documents as being “concealed.” The risk of unfair prejudice from these
characterizations outweighs any limited probative value. Nor may Plaintiff’s counsel refer
to a scheme, plot, conspiracy, or “pattern and practice” with respect to the Miles Report
or investigation.29 The Plaintiff must make her points through the evidence, not through
her counsel’s characterizations of what it shows.
Neither may the Plaintiff question Robert Barton, Vicki Crochet, and Board
members about their attorney-client communications. As the Board correctly points out,
the Court’s rulings on the crime-fraud exception occurred in the context of discovery
only,30 when the threshold for relevance is lower than at the trial stage. The Court finds
that the invasion of the attorney-client privilege during questioning at the trial is not
warranted. There are other witnesses the Plaintiff may question about the Miles Report,
the investigation, and where the related documents were retained. The Plaintiff has not
shown why she should be given leave to invade the privilege.
27 With respect to whether Robert Barton and Vicki Crochet will be allowed to testify on these topics, an
appeal is pending. See Dkt. No. 41, Lewis v. Crochet, 5th Cir. No. 23-30386 (November 30, 2023).
28 See R. Doc. 505 at p.4 n.20.
29 Plaintiff overreads the case law concerning an organization’s “pattern and practice” of discrimination. To
support her point that she will attempt to show a “pattern and practice of illegal conduct” by the Board, she
cites a discussion of “systemwide discrimination” in International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United
States, a case that arose out of a years-long government enforcement action against the Teamsters. 431 U.S.
324, 328–32. “As the plaintiff, the Government bore the initial burden of making out a prima facie case of
discrimination,” and its key evidence was a statistical analysis of the race of more than 6,400 employees
and those employees assigned to the 1,828 higher-paying “line driver[]” jobs. Id. at p. 337. The Government
supplemented those “cold numbers” with individual testimony. Id. at 337–39. Plaintiff has not conducted
an investigation of this scale and does not possess the quantity of evidence necessary to show any “pattern
and practice” by the Board.
30 See R. Docs. 316, 340.
The Board also argues that these events occurred too long ago to have any
relevance.31The Court acknowledges that Plaintiff’s recovery for Title IX and Title VII
claims is limited to events that took place after April 8, 2020 and June 19, 2020,
respectively.32 The Court also has held that discrete incidents of racial or sexual
harassment occurring in 2016 or before may not be used under the “continuing violation
theory” to support Plaintiff’s claim that her harassment was so severe and pervasive as to
constitute a hostile work environment.33
Nevertheless, incidents occurring outside of the statutory period may be used as
evidence of a discriminatory or retaliatory atmosphere regarding Plaintiff’s remaining
Title IX and/or Title VII claims. “[B]ecause an employer's past . . . practice[s] may well
illustrate that the employer's asserted reasons for disparate treatment are a pretext for
intentional discrimination, this evidence should normally be freely admitted at trial.”34
Accordingly;
IT IS ORDERED that the Board’s Motion in Limine No. 3: To Exclude Evidence,
Argument, Testimony and Witnesses Related to Alleged “Concealment” is GRANTED
IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
Plaintiff is permitted to inquire as to the facts surrounding Miles’s conduct, the
investigation, the public records request, and where the related documents were held.
Plaintiff is not permitted to: refer to “crime-fraud,” the rulings of this Court, or of
the Fifth Circuit; describe the documents as being “concealed”; refer to a scheme, plot,
conspiracy, or “pattern and practice” with respect to the Miles Report or investigation; or
31 R. Doc. 484-1 at 10.
32 See R. Doc. 107 and Order and Reasons on Board’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
33 Order and Reasons on Board’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
34 Id. (quoting Kelly v. Boeing Petroleum Servs., Inc., 61 F.3d 350, 359 (5th Cir. 1995)).
question Robert Barton, Vicki Crochet, and Board members about their attorney-client
communications.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 4th day of December, 2023.
SUSIE noe
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE