The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
BILLY D. OLIVIER CIVIL ACTION NO.
VERSUS 18-CV-568-SDD-EWD
EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION
RULING
Before the Court are several pretrial evidentiary Motions urged by the Defendant,
Exxon Mobil Corporation (“Exxon” or “Defendant”). Plaintiff, Billy D. Olivier (“Olivier” or
“Plaintiff”) has filed Oppositions to which Exxon has replied. The contested Motions before
the Court are the Motion in Limine to Exclude All Evidence of Subsequent Remedial
Measures1; Motion in Limine to Exclude References to Prior Unrelated Incident2; Motion
in Limine to Exclude All Evidence of OSHA Regulations3; Motion in Limine (Omnibus).4
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This case arises out of a trip and fall. On September 23, 2017, while working on
board Exxon’s Lena Platform, the Plaintiff alleges he was injured when he tripped and fell
while walking on a rig skid beam located on the Lena Platform. The rig skid beam
contained numerous rectangular cutouts, referred to as lug slots. Plaintiff alleges that,
while walking on the rig skid beam, his foot slipped into one of the lug slots causing him
to fall and sustain injury. At the time of the incident, Plaintiff was employed Weatherford
1 Rec. Doc. 100; Opposition at Rec Doc. 116; Reply at Rec. Doc. 133.
2 Rec. Doc. 101; Opposition at Rec Doc. 118; Reply at Rec. Doc. 131.
3 Rec. Doc. 102; Opposition at Rec Doc. 117; Reply at Rec. Doc. 132.
4 Rec. Doc. 103; Opposition at Rec Doc. 119; Reply at Rec. Doc. 130.
International, LLC, as an Operator 2, or roustabout. Weatherford was an Exxon contractor
engaged by Exxon to perform plugging and abandonment operations on the Lena
Platform.
II. Motion to Exclude Subsequent Remedial Measures
Exxon moves to exclude all evidence of any modifications made to the rig skid
beam after the accident occurred.5 Exxon argues that the documents and photographs
prepared by Exxon after the September 23, 2017 incident are inadmissible under Rule
407 because they are subsequent remedial measures.6 Exxon also moves to exclude
documents in which Exxon’s agents or employees referred to the rig skid beam as a
“walkway.”7 Exxon seeks total exclusion of the subject documents, arguing that mere
redaction of the photographs of remedial measures contained in these documents will
unfairly prejudice the jury.8
In response, Plaintiff argues that Exxon’s official corporate position is that the
plywood and other additions made to the rig skid beam after his accident were not
remedial measures and, thus, the invocation of Rule 407 is improper. Plaintiff further
argues that the social policy underlying Rule 407 is not advanced by its application here
because Exxon did not take subsequent measures out of a sense of social responsibility
but rather because the changes were required by law.9 Plaintiff argues that the evidence
sought to be excluded is admissible to impeach Exxon’s assertions that the rig skid beam
as not a walkway10 and to impeach Exxon’s assertion that the hazard encountered by
5 Rec. Doc. No. 100-1, p. 1.
6 Rec. Doc. No. 133, pp. 4-5
7 Id. at p. 5.
8 Id.
9 Rec. Doc. No. 116, p. 6.
10 Id. at pp. 8-9.
Plaintiff was “open and obvious.”11 Furthermore, Plaintiff argues that post-accident
investigations do not fall within the scope of Rule 407 remedial measures because the
investigation, reports, and subsequent modifications to the rig skid beam made by Exxon
after the incident were required by law.12 Plaintiff asserts a variety of other purposes for
this evidence, including knowledge of a dangerous condition, the obviousness of said
condition, contributory negligence, feasibility, control, etc., that are subsidiary issues for
which evidence of subsequent remedial issues is admissible.13 Finally, Plaintiff argues
that the documents pertaining to Exxon’s analysis and investigation of the accident do not
fall within the scope of Rule 407, and only implemented changes should be considered
subsequent remedial measures.14
In reply, Exxon asserts that the changes it made fall squarely within the scope of
Rule 407 notwithstanding any characterizations made by Exxon representatives in
depositions.15 Exxon argues that the measures it implemented after Olivier’s accident
were intended to make that kind of injury less likely to occur in the future and therefore
the social policy goals of Rule 407 are achieved by its application here.16 Finally, Exxon
requests this Court defer ruling on the admissibility of these documents to rebut Exxon’s
open-and-obvious defense until the issue is raised at trial.17
The text of Federal Rule of Evidence 407 provides:
When measures are taken that would have made an earlier injury or harm
less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible
to prove:
11 Rec. Doc. No. 16, p. 15.
12 Id. at pp. 6-8.
13 Id. at pp. 15-16.
14 Id. at p. 17.
15 Rec. Doc. No. 133, p. 4.
16 Id. at pp. 2-3.
17 Id. at p. 6.
• negligence;
• culpable conduct;
• a defect in a product or its design; or
• a need for a warning or instruction.
But the court may admit this evidence for another purpose, such as
impeachment or--if disputed--proving ownership, control, or the feasibility of
precautionary measures.
“Rule 407 does not preclude the admission of subsequent remedial measures on grounds
other than to prove culpability.”18 Plaintiffs first argument is that the evidence does not fall
within the scope of Rule 407 because, in depositions, Exxon representatives have denied
that the measures taken following the incident were taken to mitigate risks or prevent
hazards.19 Defendant’s response is that Rule 407 concerns injuries and harms, not
hazards and risks.20 Defendant does not explain how this nuanced terminology affects
the applicability of Rule 407. It is undisputed that Exxon representatives denied that the
rig skid beam and the lug slots presented a hazard or risk. The photos and documents
may be probative to impeach that assertion. In addition to likely admissibility as
impeachment evidence, the Court concludes that FRE 407 does not bar admissibility for
the following reasons.
Plaintiff’s second argument is that Exxon’s post-accident measures were taken to
comply with legal mandates, not out of a sense of social responsibility, and that the
invocation of Rule 407 in these circumstances is inappropriate under Fifth Circuit
precedent.21 Plaintiff argues the investigation and findings prepared by EXXON were
mandated by federal regulations22 requiring Exxon to address the nature of the incident,
18 Brazos River Auth. v. GE Ionics, Inc., 469 F.3d 416, 429 (5th Cir. 2006).
19 Rec. Doc. No. 116, pp. 3- 6.
20 Rec. Doc. No. 133, pp. 1-2.
21 Rec. Doc. No. 116, pp. 6-8.
22 30 C.F.R. §250.1919.
contributing factors, and recommended changes.23 The Court agrees that the post-
accident investigation conducted by Exxon was required by federal regulations.24
Furthermore, post-accident investigations, “which by themselves do not make the
accident less likely to occur” do not fall within the literal exclusionary ambit of FRE 407.25
The Court finds that the post-accident investigation is not excluded by FRE 407. Exxon’s
Motion to exclude evidence of post-accident investigation is DENIED.
Plaintiff argues the plywood decking added to the rig skid beam after Plaintiff’s
accident were required by law as well,26 and thus does not warrant the application of Rule
407. In response, Defendant raises an argument about the legal terminology in the federal
regulations cited by Plaintiff.27 Defendant asserts that the Coast Guard regulations cited
by Plaintiff apply to decks, not equipment, and Defendant maintains that the rig skid beam
is equipment.28 If this Court finds that this regulation did legally bind Defendant and
required the actions taken by Defendant following the incident, then Fifth Circuit
precedent does support the admission of that evidence. The Fifth Circuit has held that
invoking rule 407 to justify exclusion of evidence is “particularly inappropriate” when the
actions were taken “not out of a sense of social responsibility but because the remedial
measure was to be required in any event by a superior authority.”29 The Fifth Circuit
counsels that changes made to improve a product, or as Exxon contends, a piece of
equipment, “as distinguished from remedial measures that make an ‘injury or harm less
23 Rec. Doc. No. 116, p. 7.
24 Note 22, supra.
25 Brazos, 469 F.3d at 431
26 Rec. Doc. No. 116, p. 8.
27 Rec. Doc. No. 133, pp. 2-3.
28 Id.
29 Rozier v. Ford Motor Co., 573 F.2d 1332, 1343 (5th Cir. 1978); see also, Novick v. Shipcom Wireless,
Inc., 946 F.3d 735, 740 (5th Cir. 2020).
likely to occur,’ is not barred by the rule.”30 Notably, Exxon denies that the plywood
decking was added subsequent to the Plaintiff’s accident “to eliminate any risks or
hazards with the rig skid beam or the jack lug slots.”31 Hence, it was not a measure taken
to make “injury or harm less likely to occur.” The Motion to exclude evidence of the
plywood decking added to the rig skid beam is DENIED.
III. Motion to Exclude References to Prior Unrelated Incident
Plaintiff intends to offer evidence of another alleged accident producing injury (the
“Landry” accident) on the Lena platform that occurred approximately one month prior to
Plaintiff’s accident. Defendant moves to exclude evidence of this prior accident as
irrelevant owing to a lack of substantial similarity between the two incidents, and Exxon
further urges exclusion under FRE 403, arguing that the prejudice outweighs any
probative value. Exxon argues that the Landry accident did not involve the lug slots or
the use of the rig skid beam as a walkway. Exxon argues that “Landry apparently rolled
his ankle while stepping off the skid beam, but there is no evidence that he was using the
beam as a walkway or that he stepped into a lug slot.”32 Exxon argues that the evidence
cannot support an inference that the rig skid beam was being used as a walkway and, at
best, can only support an inference that the rig skid beam was walked upon/crossed
over.33 Exxon’s incident report of the Landry accident states that Landry “‘grabbed a wire
rope sling off it[s] rack and turn[ed] to walk back to rig v-door. When turning, [he] missed
his footing on the edge of [a] platform rig skid beam, rolling his ankle.’”34 A review of the
30 Novick, 946 F3d at 739 (quoting Brazos, 469 F.3d at 428).
31 Rec. Doc. No. 116, p. 4 (quoting Erik Case, corporate representative depo., 103:04-104:15).
32 Rec. Doc. No. 101-1, p. 2.
33 Rec. Doc. No. 131, pp. 2-3.
34 Rec. Doc. No. 101-1, p. 3 (quoting Billy Landry Incident Report & Emails, at XOM000010).
documents lead this Court to conclude that the Landry accident occurred when Landry
was walking on or over the rig skid beam when he lost his footing.
The Fifth Circuit has held that, “[w]hen evidence of other accidents or occurrences
is offered for any purpose other than to show notice, the proponent of that evidence must
show that the facts and circumstances of the other accidents or occurrences are ‘closely
similar’ to the facts and circumstances at issue.35 Moreover, even when a substantial
similarity of circumstances is established, the district court has broad discretion to exclude
such evidence under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.”36
Plaintiff submits evidence that the Landry accident is being offered for the purpose
of showing Exxon’s notice that the rig skid beam was used as walkway and notice that
the rig skid beam was a slipping hazard.37 Plaintiff argues for the relaxed standard of
similarity when evidence is offered to show notice.38 When evidence is offered solely to
show notice, the proponent of such evidence must establish reasonable similarity.39
Ruling on this issue is deferred to trial. The Court will conduct a hearing outside
the presence of the jury to examine the proposed evidence and determine the probative
value as weighed against the potential for prejudice. The hearing will be conducted at a
mutually agreeable date and time during the trial, outside the presence of the jury.
IV. Motion to Exclude All Evidence of OSHA Regulations
The parties agree that Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE)
and the United States Coast Guard (USCG) had jurisdiction over the Lena platform and
35 Johnson v. Ford Motor Co., 988 F.2d 573, 579 (5th Cir. 1993)(quoting McGonigal v. Gearhart Industries,
Inc., 851 F.2d 774, 778 (5th Cir.1988); Jackson v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 788 F.2d 1070, 1082–83
(5th Cir.1986)).
36 Id. at 579 (citing Fed.R.Evid. 403).
37 Rec. Doc. No. 118, p. 3.
38 Id. at p. 4.
39 Johnson, 988 F.2d at 580 (citing Mills v. Beech Aircraft Corp., Inc., 886 F.2d 758, 762 (5th Cir.1989)).
that OSHA does not have regulatory authority over the Lena platform.40 Plaintiff has
identified various OSHA regs which define the term “hole” in occupational contexts.
Exxon’s steadfastness in denying that the lug slots encountered by Plaintiff are not “holes”
motivated Plaintiff to seek legal definition of the term “holes,” thus the OSHA regs now in
dispute.41 The Court is persuaded that if Exxon persists in its argument that the lug slots
are not holes, the OSHA regs may be used for impeachment - not substantive - evidence.
This Motion is deferred to trial.
V. Omnibus Motion in Limine
A. Cumulative Evidence
Exxon moves in limine to exclude cumulative testimony, photos, and videos under
FRE 403.42 Exxon also moves to exclude medical illustrations43 as “unnecessarily graphic
and inflammatory” and argues that the “illustrations are cumulative of information already
contained in Plaintiff’s medical records.”44 This Motion is deferred to trial. Exxon’s
objections are reserved and may be urged at trial.
B. Motion to preclude Plaintiff from using the terms “open hole hazard”
Exxon argues that, “[u]nder Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Plaintiff
should be precluded from making any misleading references at trial to the lug slots on the
rig skid beam as an “open hole hazard.”45 This Motion is DENIED for the reasons given
by the Court in its Ruling46 denying the Motion in Limine of Plaintiff’s liability experts.
40 Rec. Doc. No. 117, p. 1
41 Id. at pp. 1-2.
42 Rec. Doc. No. No. 103.
43 See Rec. Doc. No. 103-8.
44 Rec. Doc. No. 103-1, p. 4.
45 Id. at p. 5.
46 Rec. Doc. No. 94.
C. Motion to preclude use of images of sites other than the Lena Platform
Exxon moves to exclude Plaintiff’s Exhibit 81 which purports to be an “image of
another skid beam with welded jack lug slots.”47 The Motion is GRANTED on the grounds
of FRE 401 and 403.
VI. CONCLUSION
Exxon’s Motion Limine to Exclude All Evidence of Subsequent Remedial
Measures 48 is DENIED. Exxon’s Motion to Exclude References to Prior Unrelated
Incident49 is DEFERRED and will be set for hearing outside the presence of the jury.
Exxon’s Motion in Limine Exclude All Evidence of OSHA Regulations50 is DENIED without
prejudice. Objections are reserved and deferred to the time of trial. Exxon’s Motion in
Limine (Omnibus)51 is GRANTED in Part and DENIED in part as follows: the motion to
exclude cumulative evidence is DENIED without prejudice to re-urging at the time of trial;
the motion to preclude Plaintiff from using the terms “open hole hazard” is DENIED; the
motion to exclude Plaintiff’s Exhibit 81 is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, this 28th day of July, 2022.
S
________________________________
SHELLY D. DICK
CHIEF DISTRICT JUDGE
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
47 Rec. Doc. No. 103-1, p. 6.
48 Rec. Doc. No. 100.
49 Rec. Doc. No. 101.
50 Rec. Doc. No. 102.
51 Rec. Doc. No. 103.