The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
TRAVIS SHAWN DUNN
CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS
20-425-SDD-SDJ
STATE of LOUISIANA
through the DEPARTMENT
OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND
CORRECTIONS, et al
RULING
Before the Court are two Motions: the Re-Urged 12(b)(6) Partial Motion to Dismiss1
filed by Defendants, the State of Louisiana through the Department of Public Safety and
Corrections (“DPSC”), Elayn Hunt Correctional Center (“EHCC”), Warden Timothy
Hooper (“Warden Hooper”), Assistant Warden Todd Barrere (“Barrere”), Assistant
Warden Kirt Guerain (“Guerain”), Colonel Eric Hinyard (“Hinyard”), Major Donald Johnson
(“Major Johnson”), Sergeant Samantha Joubert (“Joubert”), and Cadet Unknown Cain
(“Cain”); and the 12(b)(6) Partial Motion to Dismiss2 filed by Defendant Sergeant
Damesha Johnson (“Johnson” or “Sergeant Johnson”). Plaintiff Travis Shawn Dunn
(“Dunn” or “Plaintiff”) filed an Opposition to both Motions,3 and Defendants filed one
Reply.4 For the reasons that follow, both Motions5 shall be GRANTED and Dunn granted
leave to amend his Complaint once more.
1 Rec. Doc. No. 31.
2 Rec. Doc. No. 33.
3 Rec. Doc. No. 35; Rec. Doc. No. 36.
4 Rec. Doc. No. 37.
5
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND6
This case arises out of injuries that Plaintiff Travis Shawn Dunn sustained while
incarcerated at Elayn Hunt Correctional Center in St. Gabriel, Louisiana. Dunn alleges
that on May 17, 2019, he had a verbal disagreement with Defendant Sergeant Johnson
who, during the argument, allegedly threatened Plaintiff with physical harm. The following
day, Defendant Cadet Cain allegedly released several inmates from their cells, which
inmates then opened Plaintiff’s unlocked cell door and began attacking him, beating him
and stabbing him in the face, throat, and side. During the attack, Plaintiff screamed for
help and called out to Defendants Sergeant Johnson, Sergeant Joubert, and Cadet Cain,
who Plaintiff could see on the other side of the closed tier door. Following the attack,
Plaintiff continued calling for help and requested medical attention. However, help
allegedly was not provided, with “Sergeant Johnson and/or Cadet Cain” ordering Plaintiff
to return to his cell. Plaintiff alleges that, while in his cell, he lost consciousness. The Pill
Nurse making rounds later that day found Plaintiff and called for emergency medical
services. Dunn subsequently was treated in the Intensive Care Unit of a nearby hospital.
Dunn originally filed suit against Defendants in the 18th Judicial District Court.7
Defendants filed a Notice of Removal to this Court, asserting federal question jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.8 This Court denied a subsequent Motion to Remand filed
by Dunn.9 Defendants contend in the instant Motions, among other arguments, that “the
Amended Complaint is void of sufficient allegations of a factual nature to state a claim
6 The following factual background is derived from the Complaint and previously appeared in the Report
and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge Scott D. Johnson (Rec. Doc. No. 38).
7 Rec. Doc. No. 1-4.
8 Rec. Doc. No. 1.
9
upon which relief can be granted as to certain causes of action asserted.”10 After
reviewing the Amended Complaint, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable law, the Court
agrees with Defendants, for reasons explained more fully below. Because Dunn has not
yet had an opportunity to make substantive amendments to his Complaint, the Court also
finds that he shall be granted leave to amend.
II. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Motions to Dismiss
When deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “[t]he ‘court accepts all well-
pleaded facts as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.’”11 The Court
may consider “the complaint, its proper attachments, documents incorporated into the
complaint by reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.”12 “To
survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must plead ‘enough facts to state
a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”13
In Twombly, the United States Supreme Court set forth the basic criteria necessary
for a complaint to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. “While a complaint attacked
by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a
plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires more than
labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will
not do.”14 A complaint is also insufficient if it merely “tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid
10 Rec. Doc. No. 31-1, p. 6.
11 In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litigation, 495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007)(quoting Martin v. Eby Constr.
Co. v. Dall. Area Rapid Transit, 369 F.3d 464, 467 (5th Cir. 2004)).
12 Randall D. Wolcott, M.D., P.A. v. Sebelius, 635 F.3d 757, 763 (5th Cir. 2011).
13 In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litigation, 495 F.3d at 205 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544 (2007)).
14 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)(internal citations and brackets
of ‘further factual enhancement.’”15 However, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when the
plaintiff pleads the factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference
that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”16 In order to satisfy the plausibility
standard, the plaintiff must show “more than a sheer possibility that the defendant has
acted unlawfully.”17 “Furthermore, while the court must accept well-pleaded facts as true,
it will not ‘strain to find inferences favorable to the plaintiff.’”18 On a motion to dismiss,
courts “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual
allegation.”19
B. Conspiracy Claims Under § 1983
“Federal courts view conspiracy claims under Section 1983 differently than similar
claims under section 1985.”20 To state a Section 1983 conspiracy claim, a plaintiff must
allege: (1) an agreement between a defendant and others, involving at least one person
acting under color of state law to commit an illegal act; and (2) an actual deprivation of
the plaintiff's constitutional rights in furtherance of that agreement.21 A plaintiff who
asserts a conspiracy claim under a civil rights statute must plead the operative facts upon
which their claim is based.22
Plaintiff’s Section 1983 conspiracy claim has a fatal flaw: the absence of any
specific allegations of an agreement among the Defendants. The Complaint states in
15 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)(internal citations omitted)(hereinafter “Iqbal”).
16 Id.
17 Id.
18 Taha v. William Marsh Rice Univ., 2012 WL 1576099 at *2 (S.D. Tex. 2012) (quoting Southland Sec.
Corp. v. Inspire Ins. Solutions, Inc., 365 F.3d 353, 361 (5th Cir. 2004).
19 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d
209 (1986)).
20 Ryland v. Shapiro, 708 F.2d 967, 974 (5th Cir. 1983).
21 See Krueger v. Reimer, 66 F.3d 75, 77 (5th Cir. 1995); see also Whisenant v. City of Haltom City, 106
Fed. Appx. 915, 917, 2004 WL 1778247 at *1 (5th Cir. 2004).
22
conclusory fashion that “As a result of Sergeant Damesha Johnson, Sergeant Samantha
Joubert, and/or Cadet Cain’s conspiracy to commit illegal acts against Travis Shawn
Dunn, they are all liable. . .”23 Dunn also alleges, vaguely, that “[t]he Defendants acted in
combination and in concert to commit unlawful and unconstitutional acts against
Plaintiff.”24 However, Dunn’s factual allegations regarding the events of May 18, 2019 do
not establish any interaction whatsoever among Defendants. Plaintiff alleges, without
tying the events together, that Dunn had a verbal altercation with Sergeant Johnson, that
Cadet Cain opened certain cells, and that Sergeant Johnson and Cain were “on the other
side of the Tier door” along with Sergeant Joubert.25 The Court agrees with Sergeant
Johnson that “the operative facts pled tend to show that . . .each defendant engaged
separate and distinct unlawful conduct,”26 not that there was, as required by the doctrine,
an agreement to violate Dunn’s rights. The Court finds that Dunn’s Complaint sets forth
only the possibility of a conspiracy, without specific factual allegations of an agreement
to render such a claim plausible.
This finding comports with the analysis of other courts who have considered the
sufficiency of Section 1983 conspiracy pleading. In Montgomery v. Walton, the United
States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that the plaintiff had failed to state a
Section 1983 conspiracy claim where his allegations took the following form:
At points in this complaint, Montgomery alleges that the defendants ‘act[ed]
in concert,’ ‘agree[d]’ to plant contraband, and ‘elicited aid’ from each other
for the purpose of violating his civil rights. Most importantly, although he
alleges there was an agreement—an agreement to kill or imprison him—
these allegations are largely conclusory without any identification of time,
date, or circumstance.27
23 Rec. Doc. No. 28, p. 14-15.
24 Id. at p. 14.
25 Id. at p. 6-7.
26 Rec. Doc. No. 37, p. 5.
27
Arguably, Montgomery’s allegations came closer to alleging conspiracy than the
allegations in Dunn’s Complaint, since Montgomery at least clearly stated that there was
an agreement among the parties. Dunn also does not make any allegations regarding an
“identification of time, date, or circumstance”28 of the alleged agreement in this case, as
the Fifth Circuit suggests is necessary to make out a claim. Nor does Dunn plead any
“alleged common motive”29 among the Defendants, another factor that the Fifth Circuit
identified as contributing to the plausibility of a Section 1983 conspiracy claim.30
Similarly, another section of this Court held, in a factually analogous case, that
Section 1983 claims that are “at best, speculative and conclusory”31 cannot survive a
motion to dismiss. In Mitchell v. Thomas, Judge John W. DeGravelles found that the
plaintiff had failed to allege that “the Defendants reached an agreement or understanding
to cause [him] harm”32 where he alleged that a corrections officer signaled for another
officer to open the plaintiff’s cell, at which point the officers allowed an unshackled inmate
to attack the plaintiff. Based on those allegations, the plaintiff argued that “it was obvious
that [the officers] had conspired. . .”33 The court disagreed, finding the allegations
conclusory and speculative. The same can be said here. Dunn cannot merely allege that
“[t]he Defendants acted in combination and in concert” – he must plead facts in support
of that conclusion. He does not. Accordingly, Dunn’s Section 1983 conspiracy claim shall
be dismissed without prejudice. The Court does not reach the issue of whether or not that
claim would be barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine. In any event, the
28 Id.
29 Id. at 315.
30 See also Jackson v. City of Hearne, Tex., 959 F.3d 194, 206 (5th Cir. 2020).
31 Mitchell v. Thomas, No. CV 17-00090-JWD-EWD, 2018 WL 4572667, at *5 (M.D. La. Sept. 24, 2018).
32 Id.
33
allegations are too thin to permit a thorough analysis of whether any of the exceptions to
that doctrine may apply.
1. Claims Against Elayn Hunt Correctional Center (“EHCC”)
Defendants seek the dismissal of all federal and state law claims against Elayn
Hunt Correctional Center, arguing that EHCC is not a legal entity capable of being sued
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or state law. Indeed, it is well settled that in Louisiana, correctional
centers do not have the juridical status to be sued.34 Dunn agrees and does not oppose
the dismissal of EHCC.35 Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion shall be granted on this point.
2. Official Capacity Section 1983 Claims Against the State of Louisiana
through DPSC, Warden Hooper, Warden Barrere, Assistant Warden
Guerain, Colonel Hinyard, and Major Johnson
In their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants raise several arguments for the dismissal
of the Section 1983 claims against the above-listed parties, including qualified immunity
and the fact that official capacity Section 1983 claims for money damages against state
officials cannot be sustained as a matter of law.36 In his Opposition, Dunn offers no
opposition to the dismissal of these claims. In fact, he avers that Barrere, Guerain,
Hinyard, and Johnson “are not the subject of Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims”37 at all, and concurs
that “Defendants’ Motion should be granted”38 as to the State of Louisiana through DPSC,
Warden Hooper, Warden Barrere, Assistant Warden Guerain, Colonel Hinyard, and Major
Johnson. Accordingly, the Section 1983 claims against these parties shall be dismissed
with prejudice.
34 See, e.g., Cartwright v. Goodwin, 2018 WL 21249115 at *3 (W.D. La. Mar. 28, 2018).
35 Rec. Doc. No. 35, p. 6.
36 See, e.g., Hicks v. Dept. of Pub. Safety and Corr., 2020 WL 428116 at *6 (M.D. La. 2020).
37 Rec. Doc. No. 35, p. 11.
38
3. State Law Negligence Claims
In his Amended Complaint, Dunn brings a negligence claim against the State
through DPSC and Warden Tim Hooper, setting forth the following list of allegations in
support of his claim:
l. Failure to properly hire, supervise, train and/or retain employees;
2. Failure to properly perform job duties;
3. Creating an unreasonably unsafe condition;
4. Failure to warn of unreasonably unsafe conditions;
Failure to adequately supervise;
6. Failure to institute and/or enforce reasonably adequate policies;
7. Failure to develop and/or maintain and enforce a custom, practice, or policy for the
reasonable protection of inmates;
8. Failure to reasonably care for TRAVIS SHAWN DUNN;
9. Failure to provide reasonably adequate medical care and/or safe living conditions in
violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution;
10. + Negligent hiring, training, and/or retention of personnel;
11. Ignoring patterns of abuse;
12. Other acts of negligence and/or fault which may be shown through discovery at trial;
13. Generally, the failure to act with the required degree of care commensurate with the
existing situation.
Defendants argue that these claims should be dismissed because they are “alleged in a
conclusory manner.”°? The Court agrees. A list of alleged failures, without any factual
39 Rec. Doc. No. 31-1, p. 12.
68633
support, does not suffice to move these claims into the realm of plausibility, beyond mere
possibility. Although at this stage the Court is bound to construe the pleaded facts in the
light most favorable to Plaintiff, Plaintiff has not, at least with respect to his negligence
claim against DPSC and Hooper, provided any facts for the Court to construe. Therefore,
his state law negligence claim against Hooper and DPSC shall be dismissed without
prejudice.
As Defendants correctly point out, the Amended Complaint “does not specifically
identify a negligence claim”40 against Defendants Barrere, Guerain, Hinyard, or Johnson.
Nevertheless, Plaintiff insists that Defendants’ Motion should be denied on this point and
the negligence claim against these parties allowed to remain in the action.41 Based on
the Court’s review of the Amended Complaint, Dunn has not pled adequate facts to
support this claim. The only allegations with respect to Barrere, Guerain, and Donald
Johnson appear at the beginning of the Complaint where Dunn sets forth the various
parties; the allegation that they were employed at Elayn Hunt at the time of the incident
in question surely does not suffice to establish a plausibility of liability. As for Hinyard,
Dunn offers only the conclusory allegation that he, along with another individual, “oversaw
the investigation into the attack.”42 In his Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, Dunn
argues generally about the duty owed by prison personnel to provide “adequate
supervision.”43 The Court does not disagree that such a duty exists, but it remains the
case that more is required of the Plaintiff to survive a motion to dismiss. Namely, Plaintiff
must plead factual content that demonstrates “more than a sheer possibility that the
40 Rec. Doc. No. 31-1, p. 12.
41 Rec. Doc. No. 35, p. 18.
42 Rec. Doc. No. 24-2, p. 11.
43
defendant has acted unlawfully.”44 Because he has failed to do so, the negligence claim
against Defendants Barrere, Guerain, Hinyard, and Donald Johnson shall be dismissed
without prejudice.
C. Leave to Amend
Dunn has already amended his Complaint once, but the amendment was not
substantive; the only change was to add Sergeant Damesha Johnson as a named party.45
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that leave to amend should be “freely given
when justice so requires,”46 so the Court will allow Plaintiff to amend his complaint again,
only as to the Section 1983 conspiracy claim. The Fifth Circuit has held that “unless there
is a substantial reason, such as undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, or undue prejudice
to the opposing party, the discretion of the district court is not broad enough to permit
denial.”47 Defendants do not argue that any of these reasons are present in this case, and
the Court does not find them.
III. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, Defendants’ Re-Urged 12(b)(6) Partial Motion to Dismiss48
and Damesha Johnson’s 12(b)(6) Partial Motion to Dismiss49 are hereby GRANTED.
Dunn’s Section 1983 conspiracy claim is dismissed without prejudice, as are his state law
negligence claims against Defendants DPSC, Hooper, Barrere, Guerain, Hinyard, and
Donald Johnson. Dunn’s claims against Elayn Hunt Correctional Center and his official
44 Id.
45 Plaintiff sought leave to amend specifically to add Sgt. Johnson and noted in his Motion for Leave that
“all material factual allegations and legal theories of liability remain consistent with those previously plead”
in the original complaint. (Rec. Doc. No. 24, p. 2).
46 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).
47 Martin's Herend Imports, Inc. v. Diamond & Gem Trading United States of Am. Co., 195 F.3d 765, 770
(5th Cir. 1999).
48 Rec. Doc. No. 31.
49
capacity Section 1983 claims against all Defendants are hereby dismissed with prejudice.
Plaintiff’s individual capacity Section 1983 claims against Defendants Guerain, Barrere,
Hinyard, and Johnson are also dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff shall file an Amended
Complaint, if any, within 30 days of this Ruling.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Signed in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on July 28, 2021.
S
CHIEF JUDGE SHELLY D. DICK
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA